TY - JOUR T1 - High-Fidelity Data Embedding for Image Annotation JF - Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on Y1 - 2009 A1 - He,Shan A1 - Kirovski,D. A1 - M. Wu KW - Automated;Product Labeling;Reproducibility of Results;Sensitivity and Specificity;Signal Processing KW - Computer-Assisted; KW - Computer-Assisted;Information Storage and Retrieval;Pattern Recognition KW - JPEG compression;JPEG cropping;arbitrary imagery;data hiding;high-fidelity data embedding;image annotation;image watermarking;medical images;photographic images;data compression;image coding;watermarking;Algorithms;Computer Graphics;Documentation;Image En AB - High fidelity is a demanding requirement for data hiding, especially for images with artistic or medical value. This correspondence proposes a high-fidelity image watermarking for annotation with robustness to moderate distortion. To achieve the high fidelity of the embedded image, we introduce a visual perception model that aims at quantifying the local tolerance to noise for arbitrary imagery. Based on this model, we embed two kinds of watermarks: a pilot watermark that indicates the existence of the watermark and an information watermark that conveys a payload of several dozen bits. The objective is to embed 32 bits of metadata into a single image in such a way that it is robust to JPEG compression and cropping. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the visual model and the application of the proposed annotation technology using a database of challenging photographic and medical images that contain a large amount of smooth regions. VL - 18 SN - 1057-7149 CP - 2 M3 - 10.1109/TIP.2008.2008733 ER -