@article {18213,
	title = {Fingerprinting Compressed Multimedia Signals},
	journal = {Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/09//},
	pages = {330 - 345},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting is a technique to deter unauthorized redistribution of multimedia content by embedding a unique identifying signal in each legally distributed copy. The embedded fingerprint can later be extracted and used to trace the originator of an unauthorized copy. A group of users may collude and attempt to create a version of the content that cannot be traced back to any of them. As multimedia data is commonly stored in compressed form, this paper addresses the problem of fingerprinting compressed signals. Analysis is carried out to show that due to the quantized nature of the host signal and the embedded fingerprint, directly extending traditional fingerprinting techniques for uncompressed signals to the compressed case leads to low collusion resistance. To overcome this problem and improve the collusion resistance, a new technique for fingerprinting compressed signals called Anti-Collusion Dither (ACD) is proposed, whereby a random dither signal is added to the compressed host before embedding so as to make the effective host signal appear more continuous. The proposed technique is shown to reduce the accuracy with which attackers can estimate the host signal, and from an information theoretic perspective, the proposed ACD technique increases the maximum number of users that can be supported by the fingerprinting system under a given attack. Both analytical and experimental studies confirm that the proposed technique increases the probability of identifying a guilty user and can approximately quadruple the collusion resistance compared to conventional Gaussian fingerprinting.},
	keywords = {coding;, coding;copy, collusion;digital, communication;video, compression;digital, compression;video, dither;collusion, domain, fingerprinting;anti-collusion, fingerprinting;multimedia, Gaussian, management;multimedia, protection;data, resistance;compressed, rights},
	isbn = {1556-6013},
	doi = {10.1109/TIFS.2009.2025860},
	author = {Varna,A.L. and He,Shan and Swaminathan,A. and M. Wu}
}
@article {18257,
	title = {Nonintrusive component forensics of visual sensors using output images},
	journal = {Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/03//},
	pages = {91 - 106},
	abstract = {Rapid technology development and the widespread use of visual sensors have led to a number of new problems related to protecting intellectual property rights, handling patent infringements, authenticating acquisition sources, and identifying content manipulations. This paper introduces nonintrusive component forensics as a new methodology for the forensic analysis of visual sensing information, aiming to identify the algorithms and parameters employed inside various processing modules of a digital device by only using the device output data without breaking the device apart. We propose techniques to estimate the algorithms and parameters employed by important camera components, such as color filter array and color interpolation modules. The estimated interpolation coefficients provide useful features to construct an efficient camera identifier to determine the brand and model from which an image was captured. The results obtained from such component analysis are also useful to examine the similarities between the technologies employed by different camera models to identify potential infringement/licensing and to facilitate studies on technology evolution},
	keywords = {ACQUISITION, array;color, authenticating, component, filter, forensics;patent, infringements;visual, Interpolation, manipulations;intellectual, modules;content, property, property;, protection;nonintrusive, rights, sensors;image, sensors;industrial, sources;color},
	isbn = {1556-6013},
	doi = {10.1109/TIFS.2006.890307},
	author = {Swaminathan,A. and M. Wu and Liu,K. J.R}
}
@article {18180,
	title = {Collusion-resistant fingerprinting for multimedia},
	journal = {Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/03//},
	pages = {15 - 27},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting is a technology for enforcing digital rights policies whereby unique labels, known as digital fingerprints, are inserted into content prior to distribution. For multimedia content, fingerprints can be embedded using conventional watermarking techniques that are typically concerned with robustness against a variety of attacks mounted by an individual. These attacks, known as multiuser collusion attacks, provide a cost-effective method for attenuating each of the colluder{\textquoteright}s fingerprints and poses a real threat to protecting media data and enforcing usage policies. In this article, we review some major design methodologies for collusion-resistant fingerprinting of multimedia and highlight common and unique issues of different fingerprinting techniques. It also provides detailed discussions on the two major classes of fingerprinting strategies, namely, orthogonal fingerprinting and correlated fingerprinting.},
	keywords = {attacks;, colluder, collusion, collusion-resistant, content;, correlated, data;, digital, fingerprinting;, identification;, multimedia, multiuser, of, orthogonal, policies;, rights, Security, systems;, techniques;, tracing;, watermarking, watermarking;},
	isbn = {1053-5888},
	doi = {10.1109/MSP.2004.1276103},
	author = {M. Wu and Trappe,W. and Wang,Z.J. and Liu,K. J.R}
}
