@conference {18171,
	title = {Building efficient and effective multimedia fingerprints via joint coding and embedding},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th workshop on Multimedia and security},
	series = {MM\&$\#$38;Sec {\textquoteright}05},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {127 - 136},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting protects multimedia content from illegal redistribution by uniquely marking every copy of the content distributed to each user. One major category of collusion-resistant fingerprinting employs an explicit step of coding. Most existing works on coded fingerprinting mainly focus on the code-level issues and treat the embedding issues through abstract assumptions without examining the overall performance. In this paper, we jointly consider the coding and embedding issues for coded fingerprinting systems and examine their performance in terms of collusion resistance, detection computational complexity, and distribution efficiency. Our studies show that coded fingerprinting has efficient detection but rather low collusion resistance. Taking advantage of joint coding and embedding, we propose two new techniques, namely, a Permuted Subsegment Embedding technique and a Group-based Joint Coding and Embedding (GRACE) technique, to improve the collusion resistance of coded fingerprinting while maintaining its efficient detection. Experimental results show that the number of colluders that the proposed methods can resist is more than three times as many as that of the conventional coded fingerprinting approaches.},
	keywords = {collusion resistance, error correcting code, multimedia fingerprinting},
	isbn = {1-59593-032-9},
	doi = {10.1145/1073170.1073194},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1073170.1073194},
	author = {He,Shan and M. Wu}
}
@article {18220,
	title = {Group-oriented fingerprinting for multimedia forensics},
	journal = {EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process.},
	volume = {2004},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/01//},
	pages = {2153 - 2173},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting of multimedia data involves embedding information in the content signal and offers protection to the digital rights of the content by allowing illegitimate usage of the content to be identified by authorized parties. One potential threat to fingerprinting is collusion, whereby a group of adversaries combine their individual copies in an attempt to remove the underlying fingerprints. Former studies indicate that collusion attacks based on a few dozen independent copies can confound a fingerprinting system that employs orthogonal modulation. However, in practice an adversary is more likely to collude with some users than with other users due to geographic or social circumstances. To take advantage of prior knowledge of the collusion pattern, we propose a two-tier group-oriented fingerprinting scheme where users likely to collude with each other are assigned correlated fingerprints. Additionally, we extend our construction to represent the natural social and geographic hierarchical relationships between users by developing a more flexible tree-structure-based fingerprinting system. We also propose a multistage colluder identification scheme by taking advantage of the hierarchial nature of the fingerprints. We evaluate the performance of the proposed fingerprinting scheme by studying the collusion resistance of a fingerprinting system employing Gaussian-distributed fingerprints. Our results show that the group-oriented fingerprinting system provides the superior collusion resistance over a system employing orthogonal modulation when knowledge of the potential collusion pattern is available.},
	keywords = {collusion resistance, group-oriented fingerprinting, multimedia fingerprinting, multimedia forensics, multistage colluder identification},
	isbn = {1110-8657},
	doi = {10.1155/S1110865704312151},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/S1110865704312151},
	author = {Wang,Z. Jane and M. Wu and Trappe,Wade and Liu,K. J.R}
}
