@conference {18169,
	title = {Anti-collusion of group-oriented fingerprinting},
	booktitle = {Multimedia and Expo, 2003. ICME {\textquoteright}03. Proceedings. 2003 International Conference on},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/07//},
	pages = {II - 217-20 vol.2 - II - 217-20 vol.2},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting of multimedia data involves embedding information in the content, and offers protection to the digital rights of the content by allowing illegitimate usage of the content to be identified by authorized parties. One potential threat to fingerprints is collusion, whereby a group of adversaries combine their individual copies in an attempt to remove the underlying fingerprints. Former studies indicate that collusion attacks based on a few dozen independent copies can confound a fingerprinting system that employs orthogonal modulation. However, since an adversary is more likely to collude with some users than other users, we propose a group-based fingerprinting scheme where users likely to collude with each other are assigned correlated fingerprints. We evaluate the performance of our group-based fingerprints by studying the collusion resistance of a fingerprinting system employing Gaussian distributed fingerprints. We compare the results to those of fingerprinting systems employing orthogonal modulation.},
	keywords = {anticollusion, attacks;, collusion, communication;, data;, digital, distributed, distribution;, fingerprinting;, fingerprints;, Gaussian, group-oriented, Internet;, method;, modulation;, multimedia, orthogonal, security;, Telecommunication, watermarking;},
	doi = {10.1109/ICME.2003.1221592},
	author = {Wang,Z.J. and M. Wu and Trappe,W. and Liu,K. J.R}
}
@conference {18258,
	title = {Nonlinear collusion attacks on independent fingerprints for multimedia},
	booktitle = {Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP {\textquoteright}03). 2003 IEEE International Conference on},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/04//},
	pages = {V - 664-7 vol.5 - V - 664-7 vol.5},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting is a technology for tracing the distribution of multimedia content and protecting them from unauthorized redistribution. Collusion attack is a cost effective attack against digital fingerprinting where several copies with the same content but different fingerprints are combined to remove the original fingerprints. In this paper, we investigate average and nonlinear collusion attacks of independent Gaussian fingerprints and study both their effectiveness and the perceptual quality. We also propose the bounded Gaussian fingerprints to improve the perceptual quality of the fingerprinted copies. We further discuss the tradeoff between the robustness against collusion attacks and the perceptual quality of a fingerprinting system.},
	keywords = {attacks;, average, bounded, collusion, computing;, content, copies;, digital, distribution;, fingerprinted, fingerprinting;, fingerprints;, Gaussian, independent, multimedia, nonlinear, perceptual, quality;, robustness;, watermarking;},
	doi = {10.1109/ICASSP.2003.1200058},
	author = {Zhao,Hong and M. Wu and Wang,Z.J. and Liu,K. J.R}
}
@conference {18261,
	title = {Performance of detection statistics under collusion attacks on independent multimedia fingerprints},
	booktitle = {Multimedia and Expo, 2003. ICME {\textquoteright}03. Proceedings. 2003 International Conference on},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/07//},
	pages = {I - 205-8 vol.1 - I - 205-8 vol.1},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting is a technology for tracing the distribution of multimedia content and protecting them from unauthorized redistribution. Collusion attack is a cost effective attack against digital fingerprinting where several copies with the same content but different fingerprints are combined to remove the original fingerprints. In this paper, we consider average attack and several nonlinear collusion attacks on independent Gaussian based fingerprints, and study the detection performance of several commonly used detection statistics in the literature under collusion attacks. Observing that these detection statistics are not specifically designed for collusion scenarios and do not take into account the characteristics of the newly generated fingerprints under collusion attacks, we propose pre-processing techniques to improve the detection performance of the detection statistics under collusion attacks.},
	keywords = {analysis;, attacks;, based, collusion, content;, DETECTION, digital, fingerprint, fingerprinting;, fingerprints;, Gaussian, identification;, independent, multimedia, performance;, preprocessing, processes;, redistribution;, security;, statistical, statistics;, systems;, techniques;, Telecommunication, unauthorized},
	doi = {10.1109/ICME.2003.1220890},
	author = {Zhao,Hong and M. Wu and Wang,Z.J. and Liu,K. J.R}
}
@conference {18266,
	title = {Resistance of orthogonal Gaussian fingerprints to collusion attacks},
	booktitle = {Multimedia and Expo, 2003. ICME {\textquoteright}03. Proceedings. 2003 International Conference on},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/07//},
	pages = {I - 617-20 vol.1 - I - 617-20 vol.1},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting is a means to offer protection to digital data by which fingerprints embedded in the multimedia are capable of identifying unauthorized use of digital content. A powerful attack that can be employed to reduce this tracing capability is collusion. In this paper, we study the collusion resistance of a fingerprinting system employing Gaussian distributed fingerprints and orthogonal modulation. We propose a likelihood-based approach to estimate the number of colluders, and introduce the thresholding detector for colluder identification. We first analyze the collusion resistance of a system to the average attack by considering the probability of a false negative and the probability of a false positive when identifying colluders. Lower and upper bounds for the maximum number of colluders K<sub>max</sub> are derived. We then show that the detectors are robust to different attacks. We further study different sets of performance criteria.},
	keywords = {approach;, attacks;, capability;, collusion, data, data;, digital, distributed, embedded, fingerprinting;, fingerprints;, Gaussian, likelihood-based, modulation;, multimedia, of, orthogonal, probability;, processes;, protection;, Security, systems;, tracing},
	doi = {10.1109/ICME.2003.1220993},
	author = {Wang,Z.J. and M. Wu and Zhao,Hong and Liu,K. J.R and Trappe,W.}
}
