@article {12981,
	title = {Biased data reduce efficiency and effectiveness of conservation reserve networks},
	journal = {Ecology Letters},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/05/01/},
	pages = {364 - 374},
	abstract = {Complementarity-based reserve selection algorithms efficiently prioritize sites for biodiversity conservation, but they are data-intensive and most regions lack accurate distribution maps for the majority of species. We explored implications of basing conservation planning decisions on incomplete and biased data using occurrence records of the plant family Proteaceae in South Africa. Treating this high-quality database as {\textquoteleft}complete{\textquoteright}, we introduced three realistic sampling biases characteristic of biodiversity databases: a detectability sampling bias and two forms of roads sampling bias. We then compared reserve networks constructed using complete, biased, and randomly sampled data. All forms of biased sampling performed worse than both the complete data set and equal-effort random sampling. Biased sampling failed to detect a median of 1{\textendash}5\% of species, and resulted in reserve networks that were 9{\textendash}17\% larger than those designed with complete data. Spatial congruence and the correlation of irreplaceability scores between reserve networks selected with biased and complete data were low. Thus, reserve networks based on biased data require more area to protect fewer species and identify different locations than those selected with randomly sampled or complete data.},
	keywords = {Bias, biodiversity conservation, complementarity, efficiency, marxan, rarity, reserve networks, reserve selection algorithms, species detection},
	isbn = {1461-0248},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01025.x},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01025.x/abstract},
	author = {Grand,Joanna and Cummings, Michael P. and Rebelo,Tony G and Ricketts,Taylor H and Neel,Maile C}
}
@article {14237,
	title = {Noise causes slant underestimation in stereo and motion},
	journal = {Vision Research},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/10//},
	pages = {3105 - 3120},
	abstract = {This paper discusses a problem, which is inherent in the estimation of 3D shape (surface normals) from multiple views. Noise in the image signal causes bias, which may result in substantial errors in the parameter estimation. The bias predicts the underestimation of slant found in psychophysical and computational experiments. Specifically, we analyze the estimation of 3D shape from motion and stereo using orientation disparity. For the case of stereo, we show that bias predicts the anisotropy in the perception of horizontal and vertical slant. For the case of 3D motion we demonstrate the bias by means of a new illusory display. Finally, we discuss statistically optimal strategies for the problem and suggest possible avenues for visual systems to deal with the bias.},
	keywords = {Bias, Partial bias correction, shape estimation, Shape from motion, Stereo orientation disparity},
	isbn = {0042-6989},
	doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2006.04.010},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698906002124},
	author = {Hui Ji and Ferm{\"u}ller, Cornelia}
}
@article {14271,
	title = {Uncertainty in visual processes predicts geometrical optical illusions},
	journal = {Vision Research},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/03//},
	pages = {727 - 749},
	abstract = {It is proposed in this paper that many geometrical optical illusions, as well as illusory patterns due to motion signals in line drawings, are due to the statistics of visual computations. The interpretation of image patterns is preceded by a step where image features such as lines, intersections of lines, or local image movement must be derived. However, there are many sources of noise or uncertainty in the formation and processing of images, and they cause problems in the estimation of these features; in particular, they cause bias. As a result, the locations of features are perceived erroneously and the appearance of the patterns is altered. The bias occurs with any visual processing of line features; under average conditions it is not large enough to be noticeable, but illusory patterns are such that the bias is highly pronounced. Thus, the broader message of this paper is that there is a general uncertainty principle which governs the workings of vision systems, and optical illusions are an artifact of this principle.},
	keywords = {Bias, Estimation processes, Motion perception, NOISE, optical illusions},
	isbn = {0042-6989},
	doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2003.09.038},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698903006904},
	author = {Ferm{\"u}ller, Cornelia and Malm,Henrik}
}
@article {14166,
	title = {The Ouchi illusion as an artifact of biased flow estimation},
	journal = {Vision Research},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/01//},
	pages = {77 - 95},
	abstract = {A pattern by Ouchi has the surprising property that small motions can cause illusory relative motion between the inset and background regions. The effect can be attained with small retinal motions or a slight jiggling of the paper and is robust over large changes in the patterns, frequencies and boundary shapes. In this paper, we explain that the cause of the illusion lies in the statistical difficulty of integrating local one-dimensional motion signals into two-dimensional image velocity measurements. The estimation of image velocity generally is biased, and for the particular spatial gradient distributions of the Ouchi pattern the bias is highly pronounced, giving rise to a large difference in the velocity estimates in the two regions. The computational model introduced to describe the statistical estimation of image velocity also accounts for the findings of psychophysical studies with variations of the Ouchi pattern and for various findings on the perception of moving plaids. The insight gained from this computational study challenges the current models used to explain biological vision systems and to construct robotic vision systems. Considering the statistical difficulties in image velocity estimation in conjunction with the problem of discontinuity detection in motion fields suggests that theoretically the process of optical flow computations should not be carried out in isolation but in conjunction with the higher level processes of 3D motion estimation, segmentation and shape computation.},
	keywords = {Bias, MOTION, optical flow, Plaid, Statistics},
	isbn = {0042-6989},
	doi = {10.1016/S0042-6989(99)00162-5},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698999001625},
	author = {Ferm{\"u}ller, Cornelia and Pless,Robert and Aloimonos, J.}
}
@conference {14267,
	title = {The statistics of optical flow: implications for the process of correspondence in vision},
	booktitle = {15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2000. Proceedings},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {119-126 vol.1 - 119-126 vol.1},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {This paper studies the three major categories of flow estimation methods: gradient-based, energy-based, and correlation methods; it analyzes different ways of compounding 1D motion estimates (image gradients, spatio-temporal frequency triplets, local correlation estimates) into 2D velocity estimates, including linear and nonlinear methods. Correcting for the bias would require knowledge of the noise parameters. In many situations, however, these are difficult to estimate accurately, as they change with the dynamic imagery in unpredictable and complex ways. Thus, the bias really is a problem inherent to optical flow estimation. We argue that the bias is also integral to the human visual system. It is the cause of the illusory perception of motion in the Ouchi pattern and also explains various psychophysical studies of the perception of moving plaids. Finally, the implication of the analysis is that flow or correspondence can be estimated very accurately only when feedback is utilized},
	keywords = {Bias, Computer vision, correlation, correlation methods, energy-based method, flow estimation, Frequency estimation, gradient method, gradient methods, Image analysis, Image motion analysis, Image sequences, least squares, least squares approximations, Motion estimation, Nonlinear optics, Optical feedback, optical flow, Optical harmonic generation, Optical noise, Statistics, Visual perception},
	isbn = {0-7695-0750-6},
	doi = {10.1109/ICPR.2000.905288},
	author = {Ferm{\"u}ller, Cornelia and Aloimonos, J.}
}
@conference {15386,
	title = {Gate leakage current simulation by Boltzmann transport equation and its dependence on the gate oxide thickness},
	booktitle = {Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices, 1999. SISPAD {\textquoteright}99. 1999 International Conference on},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {247 - 250},
	abstract = {As device dimensions shrink toward 0.1 mu;m, gate oxides are becoming so thin that MOSFET gate leakage current and oxide degradation are becoming limiting issues. We provide a more rigorous way to calculate gate leakage current. To achieve this we build upon the Spherical Harmonic Method of modeling, which deterministically solves the Boltzmann equation for an entire device. The method gives the distribution function and is 1000 times faster than MC. Once the distribution function is calculated, the tunneling probability is derived from the first principle WKB method. The barrier lowering effect is accounted for by the method of image charges. We calculate gate leakage current as a function of DC bias. The thermionic and tunneling components are compared at different DC bias points. The dependence of gate leakage current on gate oxide thickness is simulated},
	keywords = {30, angstrom;60, angstrom;Boltzmann, Bias, calculations;leakage, charges;spherical, component;tunneling, current, currents;semiconductor, dependence;method, dependence;MOSFET;barrier, device, effect;distribution, equation;DC, equation;MOSFET;WKB, function;first, harmonic, image, leakage, lowering, method, method;gate, model;thermionic, models;tunnelling;, of, oxide, principle, probability;Boltzmann, simulation;gate, thickness, transport, WKB},
	doi = {10.1109/SISPAD.1999.799307},
	author = {Han,Zhiyi and Lin,Chung-Kai and Goldsman,N. and Mayergoyz, Issak D and Yu,S. and Stettler,M.}
}
