@conference {18210,
	title = {Exploring compression effects for improved source camera identification using strongly compressed video},
	booktitle = {Image Processing (ICIP), 2011 18th IEEE International Conference on},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/09//},
	pages = {1953 - 1956},
	abstract = {This paper presents a study of the video compression effect on source camera identification based on the Photo-Response Non-Uniformity (PRNU). Specifically, the reliability of different types of frames in a compressed video is first investigated, which shows quantitatively that I-frames are more reliable than P-frames for PRNU estimation. Motivated by this observation, a new mechanism for estimating the reference PRNU and two mechanisms for estimating the test-video PRNU are proposed to achieve higher accuracy with fewer frames used. Experiments are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanisms.},
	keywords = {camera, cameras;video, coding;, compression;computer, compression;video, estimation;photoresponse, forensics;data, identification;video, non-uniformity;reliability;source, PRNU},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.2011.6115855},
	author = {Chuang,Wei-Hong and Su,Hui and M. Wu}
}
@article {18213,
	title = {Fingerprinting Compressed Multimedia Signals},
	journal = {Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/09//},
	pages = {330 - 345},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting is a technique to deter unauthorized redistribution of multimedia content by embedding a unique identifying signal in each legally distributed copy. The embedded fingerprint can later be extracted and used to trace the originator of an unauthorized copy. A group of users may collude and attempt to create a version of the content that cannot be traced back to any of them. As multimedia data is commonly stored in compressed form, this paper addresses the problem of fingerprinting compressed signals. Analysis is carried out to show that due to the quantized nature of the host signal and the embedded fingerprint, directly extending traditional fingerprinting techniques for uncompressed signals to the compressed case leads to low collusion resistance. To overcome this problem and improve the collusion resistance, a new technique for fingerprinting compressed signals called Anti-Collusion Dither (ACD) is proposed, whereby a random dither signal is added to the compressed host before embedding so as to make the effective host signal appear more continuous. The proposed technique is shown to reduce the accuracy with which attackers can estimate the host signal, and from an information theoretic perspective, the proposed ACD technique increases the maximum number of users that can be supported by the fingerprinting system under a given attack. Both analytical and experimental studies confirm that the proposed technique increases the probability of identifying a guilty user and can approximately quadruple the collusion resistance compared to conventional Gaussian fingerprinting.},
	keywords = {coding;, coding;copy, collusion;digital, communication;video, compression;digital, compression;video, dither;collusion, domain, fingerprinting;anti-collusion, fingerprinting;multimedia, Gaussian, management;multimedia, protection;data, resistance;compressed, rights},
	isbn = {1556-6013},
	doi = {10.1109/TIFS.2009.2025860},
	author = {Varna,A.L. and He,Shan and Swaminathan,A. and M. Wu}
}
@conference {13106,
	title = {Understanding videos, constructing plots learning a visually grounded storyline model from annotated videos},
	booktitle = {Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009. CVPR 2009. IEEE Conference on},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/06//},
	pages = {2012 - 2019},
	abstract = {Analyzing videos of human activities involves not only recognizing actions (typically based on their appearances), but also determining the story/plot of the video. The storyline of a video describes causal relationships between actions. Beyond recognition of individual actions, discovering causal relationships helps to better understand the semantic meaning of the activities. We present an approach to learn a visually grounded storyline model of videos directly from weakly labeled data. The storyline model is represented as an AND-OR graph, a structure that can compactly encode storyline variation across videos. The edges in the AND-OR graph correspond to causal relationships which are represented in terms of spatio-temporal constraints. We formulate an Integer Programming framework for action recognition and storyline extraction using the storyline model and visual groundings learned from training data.},
	keywords = {(artificial, action, activity, analysis;integer, AND-OR, annotation;video, coding;, constraint;video, construction;semantic, extraction;graph, framework;plots, graph;encoding;human, grounded, intelligence);spatiotemporal, learning, meaning;spatio-temporal, model, phenomena;video, Programming, programming;learning, recognition;human, representation;integer, storyline, theory;image, understanding;visually},
	doi = {10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206492},
	author = {Gupta,A. and Srinivasan,P. and Shi,Jianbo and Davis, Larry S.}
}
@conference {12547,
	title = {Compressed sensing for multi-view tracking and 3-D voxel reconstruction},
	booktitle = {Image Processing, 2008. ICIP 2008. 15th IEEE International Conference on},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/10//},
	pages = {221 - 224},
	abstract = {Compressed sensing (CS) suggests that a signal, sparse in some basis, can be recovered from a small number of random projections. In this paper, we apply the CS theory on sparse background-subtracted silhouettes and show the usefulness of such an approach in various multi-view estimation problems. The sparsity of the silhouette images corresponds to sparsity of object parameters (location, volume etc.) in the scene. We use random projections (compressed measurements) of the silhouette images for directly recovering object parameters in the scene coordinates. To keep the computational requirements of this recovery procedure reasonable, we tessellate the scene into a bunch of non-overlapping lines and perform estimation on each of these lines. Our method is scalable in the number of cameras and utilizes very few measurements for transmission among cameras. We illustrate the usefulness of our approach for multi-view tracking and 3-D voxel reconstruction problems.},
	keywords = {3D, background-subtracted, coding;, Estimation, image, problems;multi-view, projections;silhouette, reconstruction;CS, reconstruction;video, sensing;multi-view, silhouettes;image, sparsity;sparse, theory;compressed, tracking;random, voxel},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.2008.4711731},
	author = {Reddy, D. and Sankaranarayanan,A. C and Cevher, V. and Chellapa, Rama}
}
@conference {18226,
	title = {Image Tampering Identification using Blind Deconvolution},
	booktitle = {Image Processing, 2006 IEEE International Conference on},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/10//},
	pages = {2309 - 2312},
	abstract = {Digital images have been used in growing number of applications from law enforcement and surveillance, to medical diagnosis and consumer photography. With such widespread popularity and the presence of low-cost image editing softwares, the integrity of image content can no longer be taken for granted. In this paper, we propose a novel technique based on blind deconvolution to verify image authenticity. We consider the direct output images of a camera as authentic, and introduce algorithms to detect further processing such as tampering applied to the image. Our proposed method is based on the observation that many tampering operations can be approximated as a combination of linear and non-linear components. We model the linear part of the tampering process as a filter, and obtain its coefficients using blind deconvolution. These estimated coefficients are then used to identify possible manipulations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed image authentication technique and compare our results with existing works},
	keywords = {(access, approximation;blind, authentication;image, coding;, compression;deconvolution;filtering, control);data, deconvolution;camera;consumer, diagnosis;surveillance;tampering, editing, identification;approximation, images;filter, photography;digital, process;image, softwares;medical, theory;biometrics, theory;image},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.2006.312848},
	author = {Swaminathan,A. and M. Wu and Liu,K. J.R}
}
@article {18233,
	title = {Joint coding and embedding techniques for MultimediaFingerprinting},
	journal = {Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/06//},
	pages = {231 - 247},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting protects multimedia content from illegal redistribution by uniquely marking every copy of the content distributed to each user. The collusion attack is a powerful attack where several different fingerprinted copies of the same content are combined together to attenuate or even remove the fingerprints. One major category of collusion-resistant fingerprinting employs an explicit step of coding. Most existing works on coded fingerprinting mainly focus on the code-level issues and treat the embedding issues through abstract assumptions without examining the overall performance. In this paper, we jointly consider the coding and embedding issues for coded fingerprinting systems and examine their performance in terms of collusion resistance, detection computational complexity, and distribution efficiency. Our studies show that coded fingerprinting has efficient detection but rather low collusion resistance. Taking advantage of joint coding and embedding, we propose a permuted subsegment embedding technique and a group-based joint coding and embedding technique to improve the collusion resistance of coded fingerprinting while maintaining its efficient detection. Experimental results show that the number of colluders that the proposed methods can resist is more than three times as many as that of the conventional coded fingerprinting approaches.},
	keywords = {coding-embedding, coding;, collusion-resistant, complexity;, computational, data;, DETECTION, embedded, EMBEDDING, fingerprinting;, group-based, image, joint, multimedia, of, Security, subsegment, systems;, technique;, techniques;},
	isbn = {1556-6013},
	doi = {10.1109/TIFS.2006.873597},
	author = {He,Shan and M. Wu}
}
@article {18208,
	title = {Efficient bandwidth resource allocation for low-delay multiuser video streaming},
	journal = {Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/09//},
	pages = {1124 - 1137},
	abstract = {This paper studies efficient bandwidth resource allocation for streaming multiple MPEG-4 fine granularity scalability (FGS) video programs to multiple users. We begin with a simple single-user scenario and propose a rate-control algorithm that has low delay and achieves an excellent tradeoff between the average visual distortion and the quality fluctuation. The proposed algorithm employs two weight factors for adjusting the tradeoff, and the optimal choice of these factors is derived. We then extend to the multiuser case and propose a dynamic resource allocation algorithm with low delay and low computational complexity. By exploring the variations in the scene complexity of video programs as well as dynamically and jointly distributing the available system resources among users, our proposed algorithm provides low fluctuation of quality for each user, and can support consistent or differentiated quality among all users to meet applications{\textquoteright} needs. Experimental results show that compared to traditional look-ahead sliding-window approaches, our algorithm can achieve comparable visual quality and channel utilization at a much lower cost of delay, computation, and storage.},
	keywords = {algorithm;, allocation, allocation;, approaches;, average, Bandwidth, channel, channels;, coding;, complexity;, computational, control;, distortion;, dynamic, efficient, fine, fluctuation;, granularity, look-ahead, low-delay, MPEG-4, multiple, multiuser, QUALITY, quality;, rate-control, resource, scalability, scenario;, single-user, sliding-window, streaming;, Telecommunication, utilization;, video, visual},
	isbn = {1051-8215},
	doi = {10.1109/TCSVT.2005.852626},
	author = {Su,Guan-Ming and M. Wu}
}
@conference {18227,
	title = {Improving collusion resistance of error correcting code based multimedia fingerprinting},
	booktitle = {Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005. Proceedings. (ICASSP {\textquoteright}05). IEEE International Conference on},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/03//},
	pages = {ii/1029 - ii/1032 Vol. 2 - ii/1029 - ii/1032 Vol. 2},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting protects multimedia content from illegal redistribution by uniquely marking copies of the content distributed to each user. Collusion is a powerful attack whereby several differently fingerprinted copies of the same content are combined together to attenuate or remove the fingerprints. Focusing on the error correction code (ECC) based fingerprinting, we explore in this paper new avenues that can substantially improve its collusion resistance, and in the mean time retain its advantages in detection complexity and fast distribution. Our analysis suggests a great need of jointly considering the coding, embedding, and detection issues, and inspires the proposed technique of permuted subsegment embedding that is able to substantially improve the collusion resistance of ECC based fingerprinting.},
	keywords = {based, code, codes;, coding;, collusion, correcting, correction, data;, detection;, digital, ECC;, embedding;, error, fingerprint, fingerprinting, fingerprinting;, multimedia, of, permuted, resistance;, Security, signatures;, subsegment, systems;},
	doi = {10.1109/ICASSP.2005.1415583},
	author = {He,Shan and M. Wu}
}
@conference {13213,
	title = {Background modeling and subtraction by codebook construction},
	booktitle = {Image Processing, 2004. ICIP {\textquoteright}04. 2004 International Conference on},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/10//},
	pages = {3061 - 3064 Vol. 5 - 3061 - 3064 Vol. 5},
	abstract = {We present a new fast algorithm for background modeling and subtraction. Sample background values at each pixel are quantized into codebooks which represent a compressed form of background model for a long image sequence. This allows us to capture structural background variation due to periodic-like motion over a long period of time under limited memory. Our method can handle scenes containing moving backgrounds or illumination variations (shadows and highlights), and it achieves robust detection for compressed videos. We compared our method with other multimode modeling techniques.},
	keywords = {(signal);, analysis;, background, codebook, coding;, colour, compression;, construction;, data, image, modeling, modeling;, MOTION, multimode, quantisation, representation;, sequence;, sequences;, subtraction;, technique;, video},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.2004.1421759},
	author = {Kim,Kyungnam and Chalidabhongse,T.H. and Harwood,D. and Davis, Larry S.}
}
@article {18187,
	title = {Data hiding in binary image for authentication and annotation},
	journal = {Multimedia, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/08//},
	pages = {528 - 538},
	abstract = {This paper proposes a new method to embed data in binary images, including scanned text, figures, and signatures. The method manipulates "flippable" pixels to enforce specific block-based relationship in order to embed a significant amount of data without causing noticeable artifacts. Shuffling is applied before embedding to equalize the uneven embedding capacity from region to region. The hidden data can be extracted without using the original image, and can also be accurately extracted after high quality printing and scanning with the help of a few registration marks. The proposed data embedding method can be used to detect unauthorized use of a digitized signature, and annotate or authenticate binary documents. The paper also presents analysis and discussions on robustness and security issues.},
	keywords = {annotation;, authentication;, binary, coding;, data, digital, digitized, document, EMBEDDING, encapsulation;, extraction;, feature, hiding;, image, image;, method;, signature;, unauthorized, user;, watermarking;},
	isbn = {1520-9210},
	doi = {10.1109/TMM.2004.830814},
	author = {M. Wu and Liu,Bede}
}
@conference {18190,
	title = {Data hiding in curves for collusion-resistant digital fingerprinting},
	booktitle = {Image Processing, 2004. ICIP {\textquoteright}04. 2004 International Conference on},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/10//},
	pages = {51 - 54 Vol. 1 - 51 - 54 Vol. 1},
	abstract = {This paper presents a new data hiding method for curves. The proposed algorithm parameterizes a curve using the B-spline model and adds a spread spectrum sequence in the coordinates of the B-spline control points. We demonstrate through experiments the robustness of the proposed data hiding algorithm against printing-and-scanning and collusions, and show its feasibility for collusion-resistant fingerprinting of topographic maps as well as writings/drawings from pen-based input devices.},
	keywords = {(mathematics);, B-spline, coding;, collusion-resistant, CONTROL, data, devices;, digital, document, encapsulation;, extraction;, feature, fingerprinting;, hiding;, image, INPUT, maps;, model;, pen-based, points;, printing-and-scanning, processing;, robustness;, sequence;, spectrum, splines, spread, topographic, watermarking;},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.2004.1418687},
	author = {Gou,Hongmei and M. Wu}
}
@conference {18200,
	title = {Distortion management of real-time MPEG-4 video over downlink multicode CDMA networks},
	booktitle = {Communications, 2004 IEEE International Conference on},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/06//},
	pages = {3071 - 3075 Vol.5 - 3071 - 3075 Vol.5},
	abstract = {In this paper, a protocol is designed to manage source rate/channel coding rate adaptation, code allocation, and power control to transmit real-time MPEG-4 FGS video over downlink multicode CDMA networks. We develop a fast adaptive scheme of distortion management to reduce the overall distortion received by all users subject, to the limited number of codes and maximal transmitted power. Compared with a modified greedy method in literature, our proposed algorithm can reduce the overall system{\textquoteright}s distortion by at least 45\%.},
	keywords = {access;, adaptation;, allocation;, CDMA, channel, code, coding, coding;, combined, communication;, compression;, control;, data, distortion, division, downlink, links;, management;, MPEG-4, multicode, multiple, networks;, power, radio, rate, real-time, resource, source, source-channel, video, video;, visual},
	doi = {10.1109/ICC.2004.1313096},
	author = {Su,Guan-Ming and Han,Zhu and Kwasinski,A. and M. Wu and Liu,K. J.R and Farvardin,N.}
}
@conference {18207,
	title = {Efficient bandwidth resource allocation for low-delay multiuser MPEG-4 video transmission},
	booktitle = {Communications, 2004 IEEE International Conference on},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/06//},
	pages = {1308 - 1312 Vol.3 - 1308 - 1312 Vol.3},
	abstract = {An efficient bandwidth resource allocation algorithm with low delay and low fluctuation of quality to transmit multiple MPEG-4 fine granularity scalability (FGS) video programs to multiple users is proposed in this paper. By exploring the variation in the scene complexity of each video program and jointly redistributing available system resources among users, our proposed algorithm provides low fluctuation of quality for each user and consistent quality among all users. Experimental results show that compared to a traditional look-ahead sliding-window approach, our scheme can achieve comparable perceptual quality and channel utilization at a much lower cost of delay, computation, and storage.},
	keywords = {algorithm;, allocation, allocation;, approach;, Bandwidth, broadband, channel, channels;, coding;, delays;, expert, FGS;, fine, granularity, group;, look-ahead, moving, MPEG-4, multiuser, networks;, of, picture, program;, QUALITY, resource, scalability;, service;, sliding-window, transmission;, utilization;, video},
	doi = {10.1109/ICC.2004.1312724},
	author = {Su,Guan-Ming and M. Wu}
}
@conference {18278,
	title = {Security evaluation for communication-friendly encryption of multimedia},
	booktitle = {Image Processing, 2004. ICIP {\textquoteright}04. 2004 International Conference on},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/10//},
	pages = {569 - 572 Vol. 1 - 569 - 572 Vol. 1},
	abstract = {This paper addresses the access control issues unique to multimedia, by using a joint signal processing and cryptographic approach to multimedia encryption. Based on three atomic encryption primitives, we present a systematic study on how to strategically integrate different atomic operations to build a video encryption system. We also propose a set of multimedia-specific security metrics to quantify the security against approximation attacks and to complement the existing notion of generic data security. The resulting system can provide superior performance to both generic encryption and its simple adaptation to video in terms of a joint consideration of security, bitrate overhead, and communication friendliness.},
	keywords = {access, approximation, atomic, attacks;, bitrate, coding;, communication-friendly, communication;, control;, cryptography;, data, encryption, encryption;, generic, joint, method;, metrics;, multimedia, multimedia-specific, overhead;, primitives;, processing/cryptographic, Security, security;, signal, system;, Telecommunication, video},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.2004.1418818},
	author = {Mao,Yinian and M. Wu}
}
@article {18167,
	title = {Anti-collusion fingerprinting for multimedia},
	journal = {Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/04//},
	pages = {1069 - 1087},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting is a technique for identifying users who use multimedia content for unintended purposes, such as redistribution. These fingerprints are typically embedded into the content using watermarking techniques that are designed to be robust to a variety of attacks. A cost-effective attack against such digital fingerprints is collusion, where several differently marked copies of the same content are combined to disrupt the underlying fingerprints. We investigate the problem of designing fingerprints that can withstand collusion and allow for the identification of colluders. We begin by introducing the collusion problem for additive embedding. We then study the effect that averaging collusion has on orthogonal modulation. We introduce a tree-structured detection algorithm for identifying the fingerprints associated with K colluders that requires O(Klog(n/K)) correlations for a group of n users. We next develop a fingerprinting scheme based on code modulation that does not require as many basis signals as orthogonal modulation. We propose a new class of codes, called anti-collusion codes (ACCs), which have the property that the composition of any subset of K or fewer codevectors is unique. Using this property, we can therefore identify groups of K or fewer colluders. We present a construction of binary-valued ACC under the logical AND operation that uses the theory of combinatorial designs and is suitable for both the on-off keying and antipodal form of binary code modulation. In order to accommodate n users, our code construction requires only O( radic;n) orthogonal signals for a given number of colluders. We introduce three different detection strategies that can be used with our ACC for identifying a suspect set of colluders. We demonstrate the performance of our ACC for fingerprinting multimedia and identifying colluders through experiments using Gaussian signals and real images.},
	keywords = {(mathematics);, additive, algorithm;, and, anti-collusion, attack;, averaging, binary, code, codes;, codevectors;, coding;, colluders, collusion;, combinatorial, communication;, compression;, correlation;, cost-effective, data, data;, design, DETECTION, detection;, digital, embedding;, fingerprinting;, Gaussian, identification;, image, images;, keying;, logical, mathematics;, Modulation, modulation;, multimedia, multimedia;, of, on-off, operation;, orthogonal, processes;, real, redistribution;, Security, signal, signals;, theory;, tree-structured, TREES, watermarking;},
	isbn = {1053-587X},
	doi = {10.1109/TSP.2003.809378},
	author = {Trappe,W. and M. Wu and Wang,Z.J. and Liu,K. J.R}
}
@conference {18166,
	title = {Anti-collusion codes: multi-user and multimedia perspectives},
	booktitle = {Image Processing. 2002. Proceedings. 2002 International Conference on},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {II-149 - II-152 vol.2 - II-149 - II-152 vol.2},
	abstract = {Digital fingerprinting is an effective method to identify users who might try to redistribute multimedia content, such as images and video. These fingerprints are typically embedded into the content using watermarking techniques that are designed to be robust to a variety of attacks. A cheap and effective attack against such digital fingerprints is collusion, where several differently marked copies of the same content are averaged or combined to disrupt the underlying fingerprint. We present a construction of collusion-resistant fingerprints based upon anti-collusion codes (ACC) and binary code modulation. ACC have the property that the composition of any subset of K or fewer codevectors is unique. Using this property, we build fingerprints that allow for the identification of groups of K or less colluders. We present a construction of binary-valued ACC under the logical AND operation using the theory of combinatorial designs. Our code construction requires only Oscr;( radic;n) orthogonal signals to accommodate n users. We demonstrate the performance of our ACC for fingerprinting multimedia by identifying colluders through experiments using real images.},
	keywords = {and, anti-collusion, authentication;, binary, code, codes;, coding;, combinatorial, computing;, content;, data, designs;, digital, embedding;, encapsulation;, fingerprinting;, image, images;, logical, mathematics;, message, Modulation, modulation;, multimedia, operation;, performance;, watermarking;},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.2002.1039909},
	author = {Trappe,W. and M. Wu and Liu,K. J.R}
}
@conference {18182,
	title = {Communication-friendly encryption of multimedia},
	booktitle = {Multimedia Signal Processing, 2002 IEEE Workshop on},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/12//},
	pages = {292 - 295},
	abstract = {This paper discusses encryption operations that selectively encrypt content-carrying segments of multimedia data stream. We propose and analyze three techniques that work in different domains, namely, a syntax-aware selective bitstream encryption tool with bit stuffing, a generalized index mapping encryption tool with controlled overhead and an intra-bitplane encryption tool compatible with fine granularity scalable coding. The designs of these proposed encryption operations take into consideration the inherent structure and syntax of multimedia sources and have improved friendliness to communications, compression and computation.},
	keywords = {bit, bitstream, coding;, Communication, communication;, compression, compression;, COMPUTATION, controlled, cryptography;, data, encryption, encryption;, fine, friendliness;, granularity, image, index, intrabitplane, MAPPING, multimedia, operation;, overhead;, scalable, selective, sources, stream;, stuffing;, syntax-aware, syntax;, tool;},
	doi = {10.1109/MMSP.2002.1203303},
	author = {M. Wu and Mao,Yinian}
}
@conference {18289,
	title = {Video transcoding by reducing spatial resolution},
	booktitle = {Image Processing, 2000. Proceedings. 2000 International Conference on},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {972 -975 vol.1 - 972 -975 vol.1},
	abstract = {In network delivery of digital video, if the bandwidth required for a video is not available, the video has to be recoded at a reduced bit rate. It is highly desirable that the transcoding is carried out in real time while maintaining reasonable image quality. In this paper, we propose a fast approach to derive from an MPEG stream a new MPEG stream with half the spatial resolution. For the downsized video, we first generate from the original compressed video an improved estimate of the motion vectors. We then propose a compressed domain approach with data hiding to produce DCT residues by an open-loop method. The computational complexity is significantly lower than a number of previous approaches. Simulation suggests that our approach produces reasonable image quality},
	keywords = {approach;computational, coding;, coding;video, complexity;data, compression;data, cosine, DCT, delivery;open-loop, domain, encapsulation;discrete, estimation;network, estimation;transform, hiding;digital, method;spatial, quality;motion, reduction;video, residues;MPEG, resolution, resolution;motion, stream;compressed, transcoding;computational, transforms;image, vectors, video;downsized, video;image},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.2000.901123},
	author = {Yin,Peng and M. Wu and Liu,Bede}
}
@conference {18170,
	title = {Attacks on digital watermarks},
	booktitle = {Signals, Systems, and Computers, 1999. Conference Record of the Thirty-Third Asilomar Conference on},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/10//},
	pages = {1508 -1512 vol.2 - 1508 -1512 vol.2},
	abstract = {Two methods for attacking watermarks in images and videos have been proposed. The first attack is to remove robust watermarks by iterative block dropping and concealment. Our study suggests that the block size chosen by a robust watermark embedding system should be large enough to circumventing concealment based attacks. The second attacking method is to forge valid watermarks for authentication systems based on fragile-watermarking. Double watermarking is then proposed as one possible countermeasure.},
	keywords = {attacks;copy, Authentication, authentication;video, based, block, coding;, coding;iterative, control;digital, countermeasure;fragile-watermarking;images;iterative, dropping;ownership, EMBEDDING, forging;copyright;image, methods;message, protection;robust, removal;videos;watermarks, size;concealment, system;robust, systems;block, watermark, watermarking, watermarks, watermarks;double},
	doi = {10.1109/ACSSC.1999.832001},
	author = {M. Wu and Liu,Bede}
}
@conference {18198,
	title = {Digital watermarking using shuffling},
	booktitle = {Image Processing, 1999. ICIP 99. Proceedings. 1999 International Conference on},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {291 -295 vol.1 - 291 -295 vol.1},
	abstract = {This paper applies shuffling to digital watermarking and data hiding. The data embedding capacity in the multimedia source generally varies significantly from one part of the source to another. Sequential embedding is very sensitive to noise which may cause synchronization problem; the common but conservative solution via partitioning an image into large segments and embedding only one bit per segment is wasteful of the data embedding capacity. This paper shows how random shuffling can be used to equalize the uneven distribution of embedding capacity. The effectiveness of random shuffling is demonstrated by analysis and experiments},
	keywords = {coding;, data, embeddin;data, encapsulation;document, hiding;digital, image, processing;image, shuffling;shuffling;synchronization;data, source;random, watermarking;multimedia},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.1999.821616},
	author = {M. Wu and Liu,B.}
}
@conference {18158,
	title = {A rotation, scale and translation resilient public watermark},
	booktitle = {Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1999. Proceedings., 1999 IEEE International Conference on},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/03//},
	pages = {2065 vol.4 - 2065 vol.4},
	abstract = {Summary form only given. Watermarking algorithms that are robust to the common geometric transformations of rotation, scale and translation (RST) have been reported for cases in which the original unwatermarked content is available at the detector so as to allow the transformations to be inverted. However, for public watermarks the problem is significantly more difficult since there is no original content to register with. Two classes of solution have been proposed. The first embeds a registration pattern into the content while the second seeks to apply detection methods that are invariant to these geometric transformations. This paper describes a public watermarking method which is invariant (or bares a simple relation) to the common geometric transforms of rotation, scale, and translation. It is based on the Fourier-Mellin transform which has previously been suggested. We extend this work, using a variation based on the Radon transform. The watermark is inserted into a projection of the image. The properties of this projection are such that RST transforms produce simple or no effects on the projection waveform. When a watermark is inserted into a projection, the signal must eventually be back projected to the original image dimensions. This is a one to many mapping that allows for considerable flexibility in the watermark insertion process. We highlight some theoretical and practical issues that affect the implementation of an RST invariant watermark. Finally, we describe preliminary experimental results},
	keywords = {algorithms;Fourier, coding;, coding;image, data;transform, dimensions;projection, Fourier-Mellin, image, invariant, methods;detector;experimental, of, pattern;rotation, projection;mapping;original, public, registration;security, resilient, results;geometric, transform;detection, transform;RST, transformations;image, transforms;image, transforms;Radon, watermark;RST, watermark;scale, watermark;translation, watermark;watermarking, waveform;registration},
	doi = {10.1109/ICASSP.1999.758337},
	author = {Wu,M. and Miller,M.L. and Bloom,J.A. and Cox,I.J.}
}
@article {15049,
	title = {VLSI implementation of a tree searched vector quantizer},
	journal = {Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993/02//},
	pages = {901 - 905},
	abstract = {The VLSI design and implementation of a tree-searched vector quantizer is presented. The number of processors needed is equal to the depth of the tree. All processors are identical, and data flow between processors is regular. No global control signals are needed. The processors have been fabricated using 2 mu;m <e1>N</e1>-well process on a 7.9 times;9.2 mm die. Each processor chip contains 25000 transistors and has 84 pins. The processors have been thoroughly tested at a clock frequency of 20 MHz},
	keywords = {(mathematics);, 2, 20, chips;, coding;, compression;, data, design;, digital, image, implementation;, MHz;, micron;, PROCESSING, quantisation;, quantizer;, searched, signal, tree, TREES, vector, VLSI, VLSI;},
	isbn = {1053-587X},
	doi = {10.1109/78.193225},
	author = {Kolagotla,R. K. and Yu,S.-S. and JaJa, Joseph F.}
}
@article {15742,
	title = {Digital Image Compression by Outer Product Expansion},
	journal = {Communications, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983/03//},
	pages = {441 - 444},
	abstract = {We approximate a digital image as a sum of outer products dxy<sup>T</sup>where<tex>d</tex>is a real number but the vectors<tex>x</tex>and<tex>y</tex>have elements +1, -1, or 0 only. The expansion gives a least squares approximation. Work is proportional to the number of pixels; reconstruction involves only additions.},
	keywords = {approximation;, coding;, image, Least-squares, Transform},
	isbn = {0090-6778},
	doi = {10.1109/TCOM.1983.1095823},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Leary, Dianne P. and Peleg,S.}
}
