@article {18272,
	title = {Rotation, scale, and translation resilient watermarking for images},
	journal = {Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001/05//},
	pages = {767 - 782},
	abstract = {Many electronic watermarks for still images and video content are sensitive to geometric distortions. For example, simple rotation, scaling, and/or translation (RST) of an image can prevent blind detection of a public watermark. In this paper, we propose a watermarking algorithm that is robust to RST distortions. The watermark is embedded into a one-dimensional (1-D) signal obtained by taking the Fourier transform of the image, resampling the Fourier magnitudes into log-polar coordinates, and then summing a function of those magnitudes along the log-radius axis. Rotation of the image results in a cyclical shift of the extracted signal. Scaling of the image results in amplification of the extracted signal, and translation of the image has no effect on the extracted signal. We can therefore compensate for rotation with a simple search, and compensate for scaling by using the correlation coefficient as the detection measure. False positive results on a database of 10 000 images are reported. Robustness results on a database of 2000 images are described. It is shown that the watermark is robust to rotation, scale, and translation. In addition, we describe tests examining the watermarks resistance to cropping and JPEG compression},
	keywords = {axis;one-dimensional, coding;security, coefficient;cropping;cyclical, compression;RST, coordinates;log-radius, data;, detection;correlation, distortions;blind, distortions;images;log-polar, encapsulation;image, Fourier, images;translation, magnitudes;Fourier, measure;geometric, of, protection;data, resilient, shift;detection, signal;public, transform;JPEG, transforms;copy, watermark;resampling;rotation;scale;search;still, watermarking;video;Fourier},
	isbn = {1057-7149},
	doi = {10.1109/83.918569},
	author = {Lin,C.-Y. and Wu,M. and Bloom,J.A. and Cox,I.J. and Miller,M.L. and Lui,Y.M.}
}
@conference {18158,
	title = {A rotation, scale and translation resilient public watermark},
	booktitle = {Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1999. Proceedings., 1999 IEEE International Conference on},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/03//},
	pages = {2065 vol.4 - 2065 vol.4},
	abstract = {Summary form only given. Watermarking algorithms that are robust to the common geometric transformations of rotation, scale and translation (RST) have been reported for cases in which the original unwatermarked content is available at the detector so as to allow the transformations to be inverted. However, for public watermarks the problem is significantly more difficult since there is no original content to register with. Two classes of solution have been proposed. The first embeds a registration pattern into the content while the second seeks to apply detection methods that are invariant to these geometric transformations. This paper describes a public watermarking method which is invariant (or bares a simple relation) to the common geometric transforms of rotation, scale, and translation. It is based on the Fourier-Mellin transform which has previously been suggested. We extend this work, using a variation based on the Radon transform. The watermark is inserted into a projection of the image. The properties of this projection are such that RST transforms produce simple or no effects on the projection waveform. When a watermark is inserted into a projection, the signal must eventually be back projected to the original image dimensions. This is a one to many mapping that allows for considerable flexibility in the watermark insertion process. We highlight some theoretical and practical issues that affect the implementation of an RST invariant watermark. Finally, we describe preliminary experimental results},
	keywords = {algorithms;Fourier, coding;, coding;image, data;transform, dimensions;projection, Fourier-Mellin, image, invariant, methods;detector;experimental, of, pattern;rotation, projection;mapping;original, public, registration;security, resilient, results;geometric, transform;detection, transform;RST, transformations;image, transforms;image, transforms;Radon, watermark;RST, watermark;scale, watermark;translation, watermark;watermarking, waveform;registration},
	doi = {10.1109/ICASSP.1999.758337},
	author = {Wu,M. and Miller,M.L. and Bloom,J.A. and Cox,I.J.}
}
