@conference {12105, title = {A case study of measuring process risk for early insights into software safety}, booktitle = {Software Engineering (ICSE), 2011 33rd International Conference on}, year = {2011}, month = {2011/05//}, pages = {623 - 632}, abstract = {In this case study, we examine software safety risk in three flight hardware systems in NASA{\textquoteright}s Constellation spaceflight program. We applied our Technical and Process Risk Measurement (TPRM) methodology to the Constellation hazard analysis process to quantify the technical and process risks involving software safety in the early design phase of these projects. We analyzed 154 hazard reports and collected metrics to measure the prevalence of software in hazards and the specificity of descriptions of software causes of hazardous conditions. We found that 49-70\% of 154 hazardous conditions could be caused by software or software was involved in the prevention of the hazardous condition. We also found that 12-17\% of the 2013 hazard causes involved software, and that 23-29\% of all causes had a software control. The application of the TRPM methodology identified process risks in the application of the hazard analysis process itself that may lead to software safety risk.}, keywords = {analysis;software, and, computing;risk, constellation, control;software, Hardware, maintenance;, measurement;aerospace, measurement;software, NASA, process, program;TPRM;flight, risk, safety;technical, spaceflight, systems;process}, doi = {10.1145/1985793.1985881}, author = {Layman,L. and Basili, Victor R. and Zelkowitz, Marvin V and Fisher,K.L.} } @article {18903, title = {Evolution of state-dependent risk preferences}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)}, volume = {1}, year = {2010}, month = {2010/10//}, pages = {6:1{\textendash}6:21 - 6:1{\textendash}6:21}, abstract = {Researchers have invested much effort in constructing models of the state-dependent (sometimes risk-averse and sometimes risk-prone) nature of human decision making. An important open question is how state-dependent risk behavior can arise and remain prominent in populations. We believe that one part of the answer is the interplay between risk-taking and sequentiality of choices in populations subject to evolutionary population dynamics. To support this hypothesis, we provide simulation and analytical results for evolutionary lottery games, including results on evolutionary stability. We consider a parameterized class of imitation dynamics in which the parameter 0 <= α <= 1 yields the replicator dynamic with α = 1 and the imitate-the-better dynamic with α = 0. Our results demonstrate that for every population dynamic in this class except for the replicator dynamic, the interplay between risk-taking and sequentiality of choices allows state-dependent risk behavior to have an evolutionary advantage over expected-value maximization.}, keywords = {decision theory, Evolutionary games, Population Dynamics, risk}, isbn = {2157-6904}, doi = {10.1145/1858948.1858954}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1858948.1858954}, author = {Roos,Patrick and Carr,J. Ryan and Nau, Dana S.} } @article {12147, title = {Measures and Risk Indicators for Early Insight into Software Safety. Development of Fault-Tolerant Systems}, year = {2008}, month = {2008/10//}, institution = {ABERDEEN TEST CENTER MD}, abstract = {Software contributes an ever-increasing level of functionality and control in today{\textquoteright}s systems. This increased use of software can dramatically increase the complexity and time needed to evaluate the safety of a system. Although the actual system safety cannot be verified during its development, measures can reveal early insights into potential safety problems and risks. An approach for developing early software safety measures is presented in this article. The approach and the example software measures presented are based on experience working with the safety engineering group on a large Department of Defense program.}, keywords = {*SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, *SYSTEM SAFETY, COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE, fault tolerant computing, INDICATORS, measurement, REPRINTS, risk, SAFETY ENGINEERING}, url = {http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?\&verb=getRecord\&metadataPrefix=html\&identifier=ADA487120}, author = {Basili, Victor R. and Marotta,Frank and Dangle,Kathleen and Esker,Linda and Rus,Ioana} } @conference {14986, title = {Mitigating risk of data loss in preservation environments}, booktitle = {Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, 2005. Proceedings. 22nd IEEE / 13th NASA Goddard Conference on}, year = {2005}, month = {2005/04//}, pages = {39 - 48}, abstract = {Preservation environments manage digital records for time periods that are much longer than that of a single vendor product. A primary requirement is the preservation of the authenticity and integrity of the digital records while simultaneously minimizing the cost of long-term storage, as the data is migrated onto successive generations of technology. The emergence of low-cost storage hardware has made it possible to implement innovative software systems that minimize risk of data loss and preserve authenticity and integrity. This paper describes software mechanisms in use in current persistent archives and presents an example based upon the NARA research prototype persistent archive.}, keywords = {archives;, authentication;, authenticity;, computing;, data, databases;, digital, distributed, environment;, Grid, integrity;, management;, message, objects;, persistent, preservation, record, risk, storage}, doi = {10.1109/MSST.2005.20}, author = {Moore,R.W. and JaJa, Joseph F. and Chadduck,R.} }