@article {17249,
	title = {Interactive Dynamics for Visual Analysis},
	journal = {Queue - Micoprocessors},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012/02//},
	pages = {30:30{\textendash}30:55 - 30:30{\textendash}30:55},
	abstract = {A taxonomy of tools that support the fluent and flexible use of visualizations},
	isbn = {1542-7730},
	doi = {10.1145/2133416.2146416},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2133416.2146416},
	author = {Heer,Jeffrey and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16030,
	title = {Querying event sequences by exact match or similarity search: Design and empirical evaluation},
	journal = {Interacting with Computers},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012/03//},
	pages = {55 - 68},
	abstract = {Specifying event sequence queries is challenging even for skilled computer professionals familiar with SQL. Most graphical user interfaces for database search use an exact match approach, which is often effective, but near misses may also be of interest. We describe a new similarity search interface, in which users specify a query by simply placing events on a blank timeline and retrieve a similarity-ranked list of results. Behind this user interface is a new similarity measure for event sequences which the users can customize by four decision criteria, enabling them to adjust the impact of missing, extra, or swapped events or the impact of time shifts. We describe a use case with Electronic Health Records based on our ongoing collaboration with hospital physicians. A controlled experiment with 18 participants compared exact match and similarity search interfaces. We report on the advantages and disadvantages of each interface and suggest a hybrid interface combining the best of both.},
	keywords = {Event sequence, Similan, similarity measure, Similarity Search, temporal categorical data, Temporal query interface},
	isbn = {0953-5438},
	doi = {10.1016/j.intcom.2012.01.003},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953543812000124},
	author = {Wongsuphasawat,Krist and Plaisant, Catherine and Taieb-Maimon,Meirav and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17515,
	title = {A Temporal Pattern Search Algorithm for Personal History Event Visualization},
	journal = {Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012/05//},
	pages = {799 - 812},
	abstract = {We present Temporal Pattern Search (TPS), a novel algorithm for searching for temporal patterns of events in historical personal histories. The traditional method of searching for such patterns uses an automaton-based approach over a single array of events, sorted by time stamps. Instead, TPS operates on a set of arrays, where each array contains all events of the same type, sorted by time stamps. TPS searches for a particular item in the pattern using a binary search over the appropriate arrays. Although binary search is considerably more expensive per item, it allows TPS to skip many unnecessary events in personal histories. We show that TPS{\textquoteright}s running time is bounded by O(m<sup>2</sup>n lg(n)), where m is the length of (number of events) a search pattern, and n is the number of events in a record (history). Although the asymptotic running time of TPS is inferior to that of a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) approach (O(mn)), TPS performs better than NFA under our experimental conditions. We also show TPS is very competitive with Shift-And, a bit-parallel approach, with real data. Since the experimental conditions we describe here subsume the conditions under which analysts would typically use TPS (i.e., within an interactive visualization program), we argue that TPS is an appropriate design choice for us.},
	keywords = {automaton-based approach, binary search, bit-parallel approach, data visualisation, electronic health records, event array, finite automata, interactive visualization program, Lifelines2 visualization tool, medical information systems, NFA approach, nondeterministic finite automaton, O(m<sup>2</sup>n lg(n)) problem, pattern matching, personal history event visualization, Shift-And approach, temporal pattern search algorithm, time stamp},
	isbn = {1041-4347},
	doi = {10.1109/TKDE.2010.257},
	author = {Wang,T. D and Deshpande, Amol and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16031,
	title = {Towards event sequence representation, reasoning and visualization for EHR data},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGHIT International Health Informatics Symposium},
	series = {IHI {\textquoteright}12},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012///},
	pages = {801 - 806},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Efficient analysis of event sequences and the ability to answer time-related, clinically important questions can accelerate clinical research in several areas such as causality assessments, decision support systems, and retrospective studies. The Clinical Narrative Temporal Reasoning Ontology (CNTRO)-based system is designed for semantically representing, annotating, and inferring temporal relations and constraints for clinical events in Electronic Health Records (EHR) represented in both structured and unstructured ways. The LifeFlow system is designed to support an interactive exploration of event sequences using visualization techniques. The combination of the two systems will provide a comprehensive environment for users to visualize inferred temporal relationships from EHR data. This paper discusses our preliminary efforts on connecting the two systems and the benefits we envision from such an environment.},
	keywords = {ehr, semantic web, temporal relation reasoning, time trend visualization},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-0781-9},
	doi = {10.1145/2110363.2110461},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2110363.2110461},
	author = {Tao,Cui and Wongsuphasawat,Krist and Clark,Kimberly and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Chute,Christopher G.}
}
@article {17011,
	title = {Claiming success, charting the future: micro-HCI and macro-HCI},
	journal = {Interactions},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {10 - 11},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17128,
	title = {Electronic medical records: usability challenges and opportunities},
	journal = {Interactions},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {48 - 49},
	author = {Hochheiser,H. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {13766,
	title = {Evaluating visual and statistical exploration of scientific literature networks},
	booktitle = {2011 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/09/18/22},
	pages = {217 - 224},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Action Science Explorer (ASE) is a tool designed to support users in rapidly generating readily consumable summaries of academic literature. It uses citation network visualization, ranking and filtering papers by network statistics, and automatic clustering and summarization techniques. We describe how early formative evaluations of ASE led to a mature system evaluation, consisting of an in-depth empirical evaluation with four domain experts. The evaluation tasks were of two types: predefined tasks to test system performance in common scenarios, and user-defined tasks to test the system{\textquoteright}s usefulness for custom exploration goals. The primary contribution of this paper is a validation of the ASE design and recommendations to provide: easy-to-understand metrics for ranking and filtering documents, user control over which document sets to explore, and overviews of the document set in coordinated views along with details-on-demand of specific papers. We contribute a taxonomy of features for literature search and exploration tools and describe exploration goals identified by our participants.},
	keywords = {abstracting, academic literature, action science explorer, automatic clustering, citation analysis, citation network visualization, Communities, Context, custom exploration goal, Data visualization, Databases, Document filtering, document handling, document ranking, easy-to-understand metrics, empirical evaluation, Google, Graphical user interfaces, Information filtering, Information Visualization, Libraries, literature exploration, network statistics, paper filtering, paper ranking, scientific literature network, statistical exploration, summarization technique, user-defined tasks, visual exploration, Visualization},
	isbn = {978-1-4577-1246-3},
	doi = {10.1109/VLHCC.2011.6070403},
	author = {Gove,R. and Dunne,C. and Shneiderman, Ben and Klavans,J. and Dorr, Bonnie J}
}
@conference {17144,
	title = {EventGraphs: Charting Collections of Conference Connections},
	booktitle = {2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/01/04/7},
	pages = {1 - 10},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {EventGraphs are social media network diagrams of conversations related to events, such as conferences. Many conferences now communicate a common "hashtag" or keyword to identify messages related to the event. EventGraphs help make sense of the collections of connections that form when people follow, reply or mention one another and a keyword. This paper defines EventGraphs, characterizes different types, and shows how the social media network analysis add-in NodeXL supports their creation and analysis. The structural patterns to look for in EventGraphs are highlighted and design ideas for their improvement are discussed.},
	keywords = {conference connections, Conferences, Data visualization, EventGraphs, hashtag, measurement, Media, message identification, multimedia computing, NodeXL, Real time systems, social media network diagrams, social networking (online), Twitter},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-9618-1},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2011.196},
	author = {Hansen,D. and Smith,M. A and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16037,
	title = {Extracting Insights from Electronic Health Records: Case Studies, a Visual Analytics Process Model, and Design Recommendations},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Systems},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {1135 - 1152},
	abstract = {Current electronic health record (EHR) systems facilitate the storage, retrieval, persistence, and sharing of patient data. However, the way physicians interact with EHRs has not changed much. More specifically, support for temporal analysis of a large number of EHRs has been lacking. A number of information visualization techniques have been proposed to alleviate this problem. Unfortunately, due to their limited application to a single case study, the results are often difficult to generalize across medical scenarios. We present the usage data of Lifelines2 (Wang et al. 2008 ), our information visualization system, and user comments, both collected over eight different medical case studies. We generalize our experience into a visual analytics process model for multiple EHRs. Based on our analysis, we make seven design recommendations to information visualization tools to explore EHR systems.},
	isbn = {0148-5598},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-011-9718-x},
	author = {Wang,Taowei and Wongsuphasawat,Krist and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17175,
	title = {From slacktivism to activism: participatory culture in the age of social media},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {819 - 822},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Social networking sites (e.g. Facebook), microblogging services (e.g. Twitter), and content-sharing sites (e.g. YouTube and Flickr) have introduced the opportunity for wide-scale, online social participation. Visibility of national and international priorities such as public health, political unrest, disaster relief, and climate change has increased, yet we know little about the benefits - and possible costs - of engaging in social activism via social media. These powerful social issues introduce a need for scientific research into technology mediated social participation. What are the actual, tangible benefits of "greening" Twitter profile pictures in support of the Iranian elections? Does cartooning a Facebook profile picture really raise awareness of child abuse? Are there unintended negative effects through low-risk, low-cost technology-mediated participation? And, is there a difference - in both outcome and engagement level - between different types of online social activism? This SIG will investigate technology mediated social participation through a critical lens, discussing both the potential positive and negative outcomes of such participation. Approaches to designing for increased participation, evaluating effects of participation, and next steps in scientific research directions will be discussed.},
	keywords = {activism, change, design, participation, slacktivism, social media},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-0268-5},
	doi = {10.1145/1979742.1979543},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1979742.1979543},
	author = {Rotman,Dana and Vieweg,Sarah and Yardi,Sarita and Chi,Ed and Preece,Jenny and Shneiderman, Ben and Pirolli,Peter and Glaisyer,Tom}
}
@article {17180,
	title = {Graph Analytics-Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {18 - 29},
	abstract = {Graph analytics is one of the most influential and important R\&D topics in the visual analytics community. Researchers with diverse backgrounds from information visualization, human-computer interaction, computer graphics, graph drawing, and data mining have pursued graph analytics from scientific, technical, and social approaches. These studies have addressed both distinct and common challenges. Past successes and mistakes can provide valuable lessons for revising the research agenda. In this article, six researchers from four academic and research institutes identify graph analytics{\textquoteright} fundamental challenges and present both insightful lessons learned from their experience and good practices in graph analytics research. The goal is to critically assess those lessons and shed light on how they can stimulate research and draw attention to grand challenges for graph analytics. The article also establishes principles that could lead to measurable standards and criteria for research.},
	keywords = {citation analysis, citespace, Computer Graphics, document analysis, graphics and multimedia, greengrid, jigsaw system, modeling, power grid analysis, semantic substrates, simulation, social networks, text analysis, Visualization},
	isbn = {0272-1716},
	author = {Wong,Pak Chung and Chen,Chaomei and Gorg,Carsten and Shneiderman, Ben and Stasko,John and Thomas,Jim}
}
@conference {17181,
	title = {Group-in-a-Box Layout for Multi-faceted Analysis of Communities},
	booktitle = {Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust (PASSAT), 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on and 2011 IEEE Third International Confernece on Social Computing (SocialCom)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/10/09/11},
	pages = {354 - 361},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Communities in social networks emerge from interactions among individuals and can be analyzed through a combination of clustering and graph layout algorithms. These approaches result in 2D or 3D visualizations of clustered graphs, with groups of vertices representing individuals that form a community. However, in many instances the vertices have attributes that divide individuals into distinct categories such as gender, profession, geographic location, and similar. It is often important to investigate what categories of individuals comprise each community and vice-versa, how the community structures associate the individuals from the same category. Currently, there are no effective methods for analyzing both the community structure and the category-based partitions of social graphs. We propose Group-In-a-Box (GIB), a meta-layout for clustered graphs that enables multi-faceted analysis of networks. It uses the tree map space filling technique to display each graph cluster or category group within its own box, sized according to the number of vertices therein. GIB optimizes visualization of the network sub-graphs, providing a semantic substrate for category-based and cluster-based partitions of social graphs. We illustrate the application of GIB to multi-faceted analysis of real social networks and discuss desirable properties of GIB using synthetic datasets.},
	keywords = {Algorithm design and analysis, category based social graph partitions, clustered graphs, clustering, Clustering algorithms, Communities, data visualisation, force-directed, gender, geographic location, graph layout algorithms, graph theory, group-in-a-box, group-in-a-box layout, Image edge detection, Layout, meta-layout, multifaceted community analysis, network subgraph visualization, network visualization, pattern clustering, profession, semantic substrates, Social network services, social networking (online), social networks, treemap space filling technique, Visualization},
	isbn = {978-1-4577-1931-8},
	doi = {10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.139},
	author = {Rodrigues,E.M. and Milic-Frayling,N. and Smith,M. and Shneiderman, Ben and Hansen,D.}
}
@conference {17184,
	title = {HCI for peace: from idealism to concrete steps},
	booktitle = {PART 2 {\textemdash}{\textemdash}{\textemdash}{\textendash} Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {613 - 616},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {This panel will contribute diverse perspectives on the use of computer technology to promote peace and prevent armed conflict. These perspectives include: the use of social media to promote democracy and citizen participation, the role of computers in helping people communicate across division lines in zones of conflict, how persuasive technology can promote peace, and how interaction design can play a role in post-conflict reconciliation.},
	keywords = {cyprus, peace, persuasive technology, post-conflict reconciliation, social media, value sensitive design, war},
	doi = {10.1145/1979482.1979493},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1979482.1979493},
	author = {Hourcade,Juan Pablo and Bullock-Rest,Natasha E. and Friedman,Batya and Nelson,Mark and Shneiderman, Ben and Zaphiris,Panayiotis}
}
@conference {16036,
	title = {LifeFlow: visualizing an overview of event sequences},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {1747 - 1756},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Event sequence analysis is an important task in many domains: medical researchers may study the patterns of transfers within the hospital for quality control; transportation experts may study accident response logs to identify best practices. In many cases they deal with thousands of records. While previous research has focused on searching and browsing, overview tasks are often overlooked. We introduce a novel interactive visual overview of event sequences called \emph{LifeFlow}. LifeFlow is scalable, can summarize all possible sequences, and represents the temporal spacing of the events within sequences. Two case studies with healthcare and transportation domain experts are presented to illustrate the usefulness of LifeFlow. A user study with ten participants confirmed that after 15 minutes of training novice users were able to rapidly answer questions about the prevalence and temporal characteristics of sequences, find anomalies, and gain significant insight from the data.},
	keywords = {Information Visualization, overview visualization, temporal categorical data, timestamped event sequences},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-0228-9},
	doi = {10.1145/1978942.1979196},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1978942.1979196},
	author = {Wongsuphasawat,Krist and Guerra G{\'o}mez,John Alexis and Plaisant, Catherine and Wang,Taowei David and Taieb-Maimon,Meirav and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17280,
	title = {LifeFlow: visualizing an overview of event sequences (video preview)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {507 - 510},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Event sequence analysis is an important task in many domains: medical researchers may study the patterns of transfers within the hospital for quality control; transportation experts may study accident response logs to identify best practices. In many cases they deal with thousands of records. While previous research has focused on searching and browsing, overview tasks are often overlooked. We introduce a novel interactive visual overview of event sequences called LifeFlow. LifeFlow is scalable, can summarize all possible sequences, and represents the temporal spacing of the events within sequences. In this video, we show an example of patient transfer data and briefly demonstrate how to analyze them with LifeFlow. Please see [11] or visit http:www.cs.umd.eduhcillifeflow for more detail.},
	keywords = {emergency room, healthcare, Information Visualization, overview visualization, temporal categorical data, timestamped event sequences},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-0268-5},
	doi = {10.1145/1979742.1979557},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1979742.1979557},
	author = {Wongsuphasawat,Krist and Guerra G{\'o}mez,John Alexis and Plaisant, Catherine and Wang,Taowei and Taieb-Maimon,Meirav and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16039,
	title = {Medication Reconciliation: Work Domain Ontology, Prototype Development, and a Predictive Model},
	journal = {AMIA Annual Symposium ProceedingsAMIA Annu Symp Proc},
	volume = {2011},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {878 - 887},
	abstract = {Medication errors can result from administration inaccuracies at any point of care and are a major cause for concern. To develop a successful Medication Reconciliation (MR) tool, we believe it necessary to build a Work Domain Ontology (WDO) for the MR process. A WDO defines the explicit, abstract, implementation-independent description of the task by separating the task from work context, application technology, and cognitive architecture. We developed a prototype based upon the WDO and designed to adhere to standard principles of interface design. The prototype was compared to Legacy Health System{\textquoteright}s and Pre-Admission Medication List Builder MR tools via a Keystroke-Level Model analysis for three MR tasks. The analysis found the prototype requires the fewest mental operations, completes tasks in the fewest steps, and completes tasks in the least amount of time. Accordingly, we believe that developing a MR tool, based upon the WDO and user interface guidelines, improves user efficiency and reduces cognitive load.},
	isbn = {1942-597X},
	author = {Markowitz,Eliz and Bernstam,Elmer V. and Herskovic,Jorge and Zhang,Jiajie and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine and Johnson,Todd R.}
}
@conference {17299,
	title = {Motivation for Participation in Online Neighborhood Watch Communities: An Empirical Study Involving Invitation Letters},
	booktitle = {Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust (PASSAT), 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on and 2011 IEEE Third International Confernece on Social Computing (SocialCom)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/10/09/11},
	pages = {760 - 765},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {This paper presents a three-part experiment designed to investigate the motivations of users of a community safety and neighborhood watch social networking website. The experiment centers around an intervention into the invitation system that current users employ to invite nonmembers to join the site, and involves several versions of an invitation email which differ by expressing one of four possible motivations for using such a site. The research presented investigates how potential users{\textquoteright} choice of whether or not to join the site is affected by the use case presented by the invitation. It also includes an investigation of the motivations of current users of the site, as reported in an online survey. The experiment yielded no significant difference in responses to the emails. Overall, invitations that included a specific motivation slightly outperformed those which did not, but not to a statistically significant degree. We conclude that although users have specific motivations for using the site, as reported in the survey, attempting to increase response rates to invitation emails by suggesting use cases of the site is surprisingly unlikely to be successful.},
	keywords = {Art, Communities, community safety, Electronic mail, Interviews, invitation email, invitations, motivation, neighborhood watch, Online communities, online neighborhood watch communities, online survey, participation, Safety, Security, social media, Social network services, social networking (online), social networking Website},
	isbn = {978-1-4577-1931-8},
	doi = {10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.108},
	author = {Violi,N. and Shneiderman, Ben and Hanson,A. and Rey,P. J}
}
@conference {17306,
	title = {NetVisia: Heat Map \& Matrix Visualization of Dynamic Social Network Statistics \& Content},
	booktitle = {Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust (PASSAT), 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on and 2011 IEEE Third International Confernece on Social Computing (SocialCom)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/10/09/11},
	pages = {19 - 26},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Visualizations of static networks in the form of node-link diagrams have evolved rapidly, though researchers are still grappling with how best to show evolution of nodes over time in these diagrams. This paper introduces NetVisia, a social network visualization system designed to support users in exploring temporal evolution in networks by using heat maps to display node attribute changes over time. NetVisia{\textquoteright}s novel contributions to network visualizations are to (1) cluster nodes in the heat map by similar metric values instead of by topological similarity, and (2) align nodes in the heat map by events. We compare NetVisia to existing systems and describe a formative user evaluation of a NetVisia prototype with four participants that emphasized the need for tool tips and coordinated views. Despite the presence of some usability issues, in 30-40 minutes the user evaluation participants discovered new insights about the data set which had not been discovered using other systems. We discuss implemented improvements to NetVisia, and analyze a co-occurrence network of 228 business intelligence concepts and entities. This analysis confirms the utility of a clustered heat map to discover outlier nodes and time periods.},
	keywords = {business intelligence concept, business intelligence entity, competitive intelligence, data visualisation, dynamic networks, dynamic social network, heat map, Heating, Image color analysis, Information Visualization, Layout, matrix visualization, measurement, NetVisia system, network evolution, network visualization, node-link diagrams, outlier node, social network content, Social network services, social network statistics, social networking (online), social networks, static network visualization, time period, topological similarity, Training, usability, user evaluation, User interfaces},
	isbn = {978-1-4577-1931-8},
	doi = {10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.216},
	author = {Gove,R. and Gramsky,N. and Kirby,R. and Sefer,E. and Sopan,A. and Dunne,C. and Shneiderman, Ben and Taieb-Maimon,M.}
}
@article {13847,
	title = {Rapid understanding of scientific paper collections: integrating statistics, text analysis, and visualization},
	journal = {University of Maryland, Human-Computer Interaction Lab Tech Report HCIL-2011},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	abstract = {Keeping up with rapidly growing research fields, especially when there aremultiple interdisciplinary sources, requires substantial effort for researchers,
program managers, or venture capital investors. Current theories and tools
are directed at finding a paper or website, not gaining an understanding of
the key papers, authors, controversies, and hypotheses. This report presents
an effort to integrate statistics, text analytics, and visualization in a multiple
coordinated window environment that supports exploration. Our prototype
system, Action Science Explorer (ASE), provides an environment for demon-
strating principles of coordination and conducting iterative usability tests of
them with interested and knowledgeable users. We developed an under-
standing of the value of reference management, statistics, citation context
extraction, natural language summarization for single and multiple docu-
ments, filters to interactively select key papers, and network visualization to
see citation patterns and identify clusters. The three-phase usability study
guided our revisions to ASE and led us to improve the testing methods.
},
	author = {Dunne,C. and Shneiderman, Ben and Gove,R. and Klavans,J. and Dorr, Bonnie J}
}
@article {17340,
	title = {Realizing the value of social media requires innovative computing research},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/09//},
	pages = {34 - 37},
	abstract = {How social media are expanding traditional research and development topics for computer and information scientists.},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/1995376.1995389},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1995376.1995389},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Preece,Jennifer and Pirolli,Peter}
}
@article {16038,
	title = {Reducing Missed Laboratory Results: Defining Temporal Responsibility, Generating User Interfaces for Test Process Tracking, and Retrospective Analyses to Identify Problems},
	journal = {AMIA Annual Symposium ProceedingsAMIA Annu Symp Proc},
	volume = {2011},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {1382 - 1391},
	abstract = {Researchers have conducted numerous case studies reporting the details on how laboratory test results of patients were missed by the ordering medical providers. Given the importance of timely test results in an outpatient setting, there is limited discussion of electronic versions of test result management tools to help clinicians and medical staff with this complex process. This paper presents three ideas to reduce missed results with a system that facilitates tracking laboratory tests from order to completion as well as during follow-up: (1) define a workflow management model that clarifies responsible agents and associated time frame, (2) generate a user interface for tracking that could eventually be integrated into current electronic health record (EHR) systems, (3) help identify common problems in past orders through retrospective analyses.},
	isbn = {1942-597X},
	author = {Tarkan,Sureyya and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Hettinger,A. Zachary}
}
@conference {17338,
	title = {Re-engineering health care with information technology: the role of computer-human interaction},
	booktitle = {PART 2 {\textemdash}{\textemdash}{\textemdash}{\textendash} Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {451 - 454},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {There is critical, nation-wide need to improve health care and its cost. Health information technology has great promise that is yet to be realized. In this panel four noted experts will discuss key issues that should drive health IT, and the challenges for the CHI community to play a leading role.},
	keywords = {clinical workflow, electronic medical records, health information technology visualization, healthcare informatics, participatory design, usability standards \&$\#$38; evaluation},
	doi = {10.1145/1979482.1979490},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1979482.1979490},
	author = {Butler,Keith and Payne,Thomas and Shneiderman, Ben and Brennan,Patricia and Zhang,Jiajie}
}
@conference {17369,
	title = {Social discovery framework: building capacity and seeking solutions},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ACM conference on Creativity and cognition},
	series = {C\&$\#$38;C {\textquoteright}11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {307 - 308},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {While journalists often portray discovery as the thrilling insight of a brilliant individual, many discoveries require years of work by competing and collaborating teams. Often large amounts of foundational work are necessary and dialogs among participants help clarify goals. The Social Discovery Framework suggests that (1) there are important processes in building capacity and then seeking solutions and (2) those that initiate requests are often as important as those who seek solutions. The implications of the Social Discovery Framework are that improved social tools to build capacity, initiate requests, and support dialog would accelerate the discovery process as much as the more visible tools for individuals seeking solutions.},
	keywords = {Collaboration, collective intelligence, community, creativity support tools, crowdsourcing, search, social discovery, User interfaces},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-0820-5},
	doi = {10.1145/2069618.2069669},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2069618.2069669},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17370,
	title = {Social discovery in an information abundant world: Designing to create capacity and seek solutions},
	journal = {Information Services and Use},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/01/01/},
	pages = {3 - 13},
	abstract = {The first generation of search tools provided remarkable capabilities to many researchers for finding specific information, navigating to desired websites or tracking down needed documents. A second generation of tools is helping researchers conduct exploratory search in situations where the goals are less clear, where complete coverage is necessary, and where proof of absence is required (patents, legal precedents, etc.). However, the third generation of tools turns search into social discovery, in which colleagues, informal groups, companies, non-profit organizations, professional societies, and international federations are motivated to find, filter, organize, annotate and summarize voluminous information resources. The Reader-to-Leader framework describes the usability and sociability design features needed to motivate readers, contributors, collaborators and leaders. The Social Discovery framework, proposed in this paper, suggests that effective design enables people to engage in dialogs over weeks and months to create capacity (in the manner described by the Reader-to-Leader framework), and become more effective solution seekers. Much work remains to be done to validate these social discovery frameworks and refine them to fit diverse contexts.},
	doi = {10.3233/ISU-2011-0628},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ISU-2011-0628},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17378,
	title = {Speeding Up Network Layout and Centrality Measures for Social Computing Goals},
	booktitle = {Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and PredictionSocial Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {6589},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {244 - 251},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {This paper presents strategies for speeding up calculation of graph metrics and layout by exploiting the parallel architecture of modern day Graphics Processing Units (GPU), specifically Compute Unified Device Architecture ( CUDA ) by Nvidia . Graph centrality metrics like Eigenvector , Betweenness , Page Rank and layout algorithms like Fruchterman - Rheingold are essential components of Social Network Analysis ( SNA ). With the growth in adoption of SNA in different domains and increasing availability of huge networked datasets for analysis, social network analysts require faster tools that are also scalable. Our results, using NodeXL, show up to 802 times speedup for a Fruchterman-Rheingold graph layout and up to 17,972 times speedup for Eigenvector centrality metric calculations on a 240 core CUDA-capable GPU.},
	isbn = {978-3-642-19655-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19656-0_35},
	author = {Sharma,Puneet and Khurana,Udayan and Shneiderman, Ben and Scharrenbroich,Max and Locke,John},
	editor = {Salerno,John and Yang,Shanchieh and Nau, Dana S. and Chai,Sun-Ki}
}
@article {16045,
	title = {A task taxonomy of network evolution analysis},
	journal = {University of Maryland, Human-Computer Interaction Lab Tech Report HCIL-2011-09},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	abstract = {Visualization is a useful tool for understanding the nature of networks. The recent growth of social media requires morepowerful visualization techniques beyond static network diagrams. One of the most important challenges is the visualization of
temporal network evolution. In order to provide strong temporal visualization methods, we need to understand what tasks users
accomplish. This study provides a taxonomy of the temporal network visualization tasks. We identify (1) the entities, (2) the properties
to be visualized, and (3) the hierarchy of temporal features, which were extracted by surveying existing temporal network visualization
systems. By building and examining the task taxonomy, we report which tasks have been covered so far and suggest additions
for designing the future visualizations. We also present example visualizations constructed using the task taxonomy for a social
networking site in order to validate the quality of the taxonomy.
},
	author = {Ahn,JW and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17396,
	title = {Technology-mediated social participation: the next 25 years of HCI challenges},
	journal = {Human-Computer Interaction. Design and Development Approaches},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {3 - 14},
	abstract = {The dramatic success of social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, blogs, and traditional discussion groups empowers individuals to become active in local and global communities. Some enthusiasts believe that with modest redesign, these technologies can be harnessed to support national priorities such as healthcare/wellness, disaster response, community safety, energy sustainability, etc. However, accomplishing these ambitious goals will require long-term research to develop validated scientific theories and reliable, secure, and scalable technology strategies. The enduring questions of how to motivate participation, increase social trust, and promote collaboration remain grand challenges even as the technology rapidly evolves. This talk invites researchers across multiple disciplines to participate in redefining our discipline of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) along more social lines to answer vital research questions while creating inspirational prototypes, conducting innovative evaluations, and developing robust technologies. By placing greater emphasis on social media, the HCI community could constructively influence these historic changes.},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16046,
	title = {Temporal Visualization of Social Network Dynamics: Prototypes for Nation of Neighbors},
	booktitle = {Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and PredictionSocial Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {6589},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {309 - 316},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Information visualization is a powerful tool for analyzing the dynamic nature of social communities. Using Nation of Neighbors community network as a testbed, we propose five principles of implementing temporal visualizations for social networks and present two research prototypes: NodeXL and TempoVis. Three different states are defined in order to visualize the temporal changes of social networks. We designed the prototypes to show the benefits of the proposed ideas by letting users interactively explore temporal changes of social networks.},
	isbn = {978-3-642-19655-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19656-0_43},
	author = {Ahn,Jae-wook and Taieb-Maimon,Meirav and Sopan,Awalin and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Salerno,John and Yang,Shanchieh and Nau, Dana S. and Chai,Sun-Ki}
}
@article {17435,
	title = {Tragic errors: usability and electronic health records},
	journal = {Interactions},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/11//},
	pages = {60 - 63},
	isbn = {1072-5520},
	doi = {10.1145/2029976.2029992},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2029976.2029992},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17439,
	title = {TreeCovery: Coordinated dual treemap visualization for exploring the Recovery Act},
	journal = {Government Information Quarterly},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	abstract = {The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act dedicated $787 billion to stimulate the U.S. economy and mandated the release of the data describing the exact distribution of that money. The dataset is a large and complex one; one of its distinguishing features is its bi-hierarchical structure, arising from the distribution of money through agencies to specific projects and the natural aggregation of awards based on location. To offer a comprehensive overview of the data, a visualization must incorporate both these hierarchies. We present TreeCovery, a tool that accomplishes this through the use of two coordinated treemaps. The tool includes a number of innovative features, including coordinated zooming and filtering and a proportional highlighting technique across the two trees. TreeCovery was designed to facilitate data exploration, and initial user studies suggest that it will be helpful in insight generation. RATB (Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board) has tested TreeCovery and is considering including the concept in their visual analytics.},
	keywords = {Recovery Act, user interface, Visual analytic},
	isbn = {0740-624X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2011.07.004},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X11001055},
	author = {Rios-Berrios,Miguel and Sharma,Puneet and Lee,Tak Yeon and Schwartz,Rachel and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17442,
	title = {TreeVersity: Comparing tree structures by topology and node{\textquoteright}s attributes differences},
	booktitle = {2011 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/10/23/28},
	pages = {275 - 276},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {It is common to classify data in hierarchies, they provide a comprehensible way of understanding big amounts of data. From budgets to organizational charts or even the stock market, trees are everywhere and people find them easy to use. However when analysts need to compare two versions of the same tree structure, or two related taxonomies, the task is not so easy. Much work has been done on this topic, but almost all of it has been restricted to either compare the trees by topology, or by the node attribute values. With this project we are proposing TreeVersity, a framework for comparing tree structures, both by structural changes and by differences in the node attributes. This paper is based on our previous work on comparing traffic agencies using LifeFlow [1, 2] and on a first prototype of TreeVersity.},
	keywords = {Computer science, data classification, Data visualization, Educational institutions, hierarchy, Image color analysis, LifeFlow, node attributes differences, Pattern classification, structural changes, Topology, topology attributes differences, traffic agencies, tree structures comparison, trees (mathematics), TreeVersity, Vegetation, Visualization},
	isbn = {978-1-4673-0015-5},
	doi = {10.1109/VAST.2011.6102471},
	author = {Gomez,J.A.G. and Buck-Coleman,A. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16034,
	title = {TreeVersity: Comparing tree structures by topology and node{\textquoteright}s attributes differences},
	booktitle = {Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST), 2011 IEEE Conference on},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/10//},
	pages = {275 - 276},
	abstract = {It is common to classify data in hierarchies, they provide a comprehensible way of understanding big amounts of data. From budgets to organizational charts or even the stock market, trees are everywhere and people find them easy to use. However when analysts need to compare two versions of the same tree structure, or two related taxonomies, the task is not so easy. Much work has been done on this topic, but almost all of it has been restricted to either compare the trees by topology, or by the node attribute values. With this project we are proposing TreeVersity, a framework for comparing tree structures, both by structural changes and by differences in the node attributes. This paper is based on our previous work on comparing traffic agencies using LifeFlow [1, 2] and on a first prototype of TreeVersity.},
	keywords = {(mathematics);, agencies;tree, attributes, changes;topology, classification;hierarchy;node, classification;trees, comparison;pattern, differences;structural, differences;traffic, LifeFlow;TreeVersity;data, STRUCTURES},
	doi = {10.1109/VAST.2011.6102471},
	author = {Gomez,J.A.G. and Buck-Coleman,A. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17445,
	title = {Tutorial-Graph Analytics {\textemdash} Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead},
	journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {18 - 18},
	author = {Wong,P.C. and Chen,C. and G{\"o}rg,C. and Shneiderman, Ben and Stasko,J. and Thomas,J.}
}
@article {13882,
	title = {Understanding Scientific Literature Networks: An Evaluation of Action Science Explorer},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	institution = {University of Maryland at College Park},
	abstract = {Action Science Explorer (ASE) is a tool designed to supportusers in rapidly generating readily consumable summaries of
academic literature. The authors describe ASE and report
on how early formative evaluations led to a mature system
evaluation, consisting of an in-depth empirical evaluation
with 4 domain expert participants. The user study tasks
were of two types: predefined tasks to test system perfor-
mance in common scenarios, and user-defined tasks to test
the system{\textquoteright}s usefulness for custom exploration goals. This
paper concludes by describing ASE{\textquoteright}s attribute ranking ca-
pability which is a novel contribution for exploring scientific
literature networks. It makes design recommendations to:
give the users control over which documents to explore, easy-
to-understand metrics for ranking documents, and overviews
of the document set in coordinated views along with details-
on-demand of specific papers.
},
	author = {Gove,R. and Dunne,C. and Shneiderman, Ben and Klavans,J. and Dorr, Bonnie J}
}
@article {17462,
	title = {Usability and Accessibility in Consumer Health Informatics: Current Trends and Future Challenges},
	journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/05//},
	pages = {S187-S197 - S187-S197},
	abstract = {It is a truism that, for innovative eHealth systems to have true value and impact, they must first and foremost be usable and accessible by clinicians, consumers, and other stakeholders. In this paper, current trends and future challenges in the usability and accessibility of consumer health informatics will be described. Consumer expectations of their healthcare providers and healthcare records in this new era of consumer-directed care will be explored, and innovative visualizations, assistive technologies, and other ways that healthcare information is currently being provided and/or shared will be described. Challenges for ensuring the usability of current and future systems will also be discussed. An innovative model for conducting systematic, timely, user-centered research on consumer-facing websites at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the ongoing efforts at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to promote health information technology (HIT) usability standards and evaluation criteria will also be presented.},
	isbn = {0749-3797},
	doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2011.01.009},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379711000869},
	author = {Goldberg,Larry and Lide,Bettijoyce and Lowry,Svetlana and Massett,Holly A. and O{\textquoteright}Connell,Trisha and Preece,Jennifer and Quesenbery,Whitney and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17484,
	title = {Visual Analysis of Temporal Trends in Social Networks Using Edge Color Coding and Metric Timelines},
	booktitle = {Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust (PASSAT), 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on and 2011 IEEE Third International Confernece on Social Computing (SocialCom)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/10/09/11},
	pages = {549 - 554},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {We present Net EvViz, a visualization tool for analysis and exploration of a dynamic social network. There are plenty of visual social network analysis tools but few provide features for visualization of dynamically changing networks featuring the addition or deletion of nodes or edges. Our tool extends the code base of the Node XL template for Microsoft Excel, a popular network visualization tool. The key features of this work are (1) The ability of the user to specify and edit temporal annotations to the network components in an Excel sheet, (2) See the dynamics of the network with multiple graph metrics plotted over the time span of the graph, called the Timeline, and (3) Temporal exploration of the network layout using an edge coloring scheme and a dynamic Time slider. The objectives of the new features presented in this paper are to let the data analysts, computer scientists and others to observe the dynamics or evolution in a network interactively. We presented Net EvViz to five users of Node XL and received positive responses.},
	keywords = {Color, computer scientists, data analysts, data visualisation, Data visualization, dynamic social network, dynamic timeslider, edge color coding, excel sheet, Image coding, image colour analysis, Layout, measurement, metric timelines, Microsoft excel, multiple graph metrics, Net EvViz, network components, network layout, network visualization tool, NodeXL template, social networking (online), temporal trends, Twitter, Visualization},
	isbn = {978-1-4577-1931-8},
	doi = {10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.212},
	author = {Khurana,U. and Nguyen,Viet-An and Hsueh-Chien Cheng and Ahn,Jae-wook and Chen,Xi and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17487,
	title = {Visual Exploration across Biomedical Databases},
	journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/04//March},
	pages = {536 - 550},
	abstract = {Though biomedical research often draws on knowledge from a wide variety of fields, few visualization methods for biomedical data incorporate meaningful cross-database exploration. A new approach is offered for visualizing and exploring a query-based subset of multiple heterogeneous biomedical databases. Databases are modeled as an entity-relation graph containing nodes (database records) and links (relationships between records). Users specify a keyword search string to retrieve an initial set of nodes, and then explore intra- and interdatabase links. Results are visualized with user-defined semantic substrates to take advantage of the rich set of attributes usually present in biomedical data. Comments from domain experts indicate that this visualization method is potentially advantageous for biomedical knowledge exploration.},
	keywords = {Bioinformatics, Biomedical computing, biomedical databases, cross-database exploration, Data exploration and discovery, Data visualization, database management systems, Databases, Factual, DNA, graph theory, Information Storage and Retrieval, information visualization., Keyword search, medical computing, natural language processing, Proteins, semantic networks, semantics, sequences, text mining, User-Computer Interface, user-defined semantics, visual databases},
	isbn = {1545-5963},
	doi = {10.1109/TCBB.2010.1},
	author = {Lieberman,M.D. and Taheri, S. and Guo,Huimin and Mirrashed,F. and Yahav,I. and Aris,A. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {16975,
	title = {Analyzing Social Media Networks with NodeXL},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010/08/27/},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	abstract = {"Analyzing Social Media Networks with NodeXL provides a much needed resource for the social media research community, as it describes network theory, provides compelling examples using data sources like Twitter and Flickr, and highlights how to use a free sophisticated tool for analysis. This is the perfect book for anyone trying to analyze the behavior of online social networks and beyond." ---Adam Perer, Research Scientist, IBM Research  "This book provides a basic introduction to social network analysis, followed by practical instruction and examples on gathering data from online sources, importing into Excel, and then analyzing the data through Excel. The book will be important for promoting research in the area for those in information science, sociology, cultural studies, virtual community, and e-commerce."---Caroline Haythornthwaite, PhD, Professor, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign  Businesses, entrepreneurs, individuals, and government agencies alike are looking to social network analysis (SNA) tools for insight into trends, connections, and fluctuations in social media. Microsoft{\textquoteright}s NodeXL is a free, open-source SNA plug-in for use with Excel. It provides instant graphical representation of relationships of complex networked data. But it goes further than other SNA tools - NodeXL was developed by a multidisciplinary team of experts that bring together information studies, computer science, sociology, human-computer interaction, and over 20 years of visual analytic theory and information visualization into a simple tool anyone can use. This makes NodeXL of interest not only to end-users but also to researchers and students studying visual and network analytics and their application in the real world.},
	keywords = {Business \& Economics / Marketing / Research, Computers / Computer Science, Computers / Data Processing, Computers / Database Management / Data Mining, Computers / General, Computers / Information Theory, Computers / Interactive \& Multimedia, Computers / Social Aspects / General, Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction, Computers / User Interfaces, data mining, Data mining - Computer programs, Data mining/ Computer programs, Information Visualization, Information visualization - Computer programs, Information visualization/ Computer programs, NodeXL, online social networks, Social Science / General, Social Science / Reference, Social Science / Sociology / General, Technology \& Engineering / General, Technology \& Engineering / Social Aspects, Webometrics, Webometrics - Computer programs, Webometrics/ Computer programs},
	isbn = {9780123822291},
	author = {Hansen,Derek and Shneiderman, Ben and Smith,Marc A.}
}
@book {19357,
	title = {Analyzing Social Media Networks with NodeXL: Insights from a Connected World},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {302},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	abstract = {Businesses, entrepreneurs, individuals, and government agencies alike are looking to social network analysis (SNA) tools for insight into trends, connections, and fluctuations in social media. Microsoft{\textquoteright}s NodeXL is a free, open-source SNA plug-in for use with Excel. It provides instant graphical representation of relationships of complex networked data. But it goes further than other SNA tools -- NodeXL was developed by a multidisciplinary team of experts that bring together information studies, computer science, sociology, human-computer interaction, and over 20 years of visual analytic theory and information visualization into a simple tool anyone can use. This makes NodeXL of interest not only to end-users but also to researchers and students studying visual and network analytics and their application in the real world. In Analyzing Social Media Networks with NodeXL, members of the NodeXL development team up to provide readers with a thorough and practical guide for using the tool while also explaining the development behind each feature. Blending the theoretical with the practical, this book applies specific SNA instructions directly to NodeXL, but the theory behind the implementation can be applied to any SNA. To learn more about Analyzing Social Media Networks and NodeXL, visit the companion site at www.mkp.com/nodexl*Walks you through NodeXL, while explaining the theory and development behind each step, providing takeaways that can apply to any SNA  *Demonstrates how visual analytics research can be applied to SNA tools for the mass market  *Includes case studies from researchers who use NodeXL on popular networks like email, Facebook, Twitter, and wikis},
	keywords = {Computers / Computer Science, Computers / General, Computers / Social Aspects / General, Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction, Computers / User Interfaces},
	isbn = {9780123822307},
	author = {Hansen,Derek and Shneiderman, Ben and Smith,Marc A.}
}
@article {17020,
	title = {Communication: Mapping science},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {468},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010/12/22/},
	pages = {1037 - 1037},
	abstract = {Ben Shneiderman enjoys a tome full of tools for discovery.},
	keywords = {Communication},
	isbn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/4681037a},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7327/full/4681037a.html},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17045,
	title = {Cyberinfrastructure for Social Action on National Priorities},
	journal = {Computer},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010/11//},
	pages = {20 - 21},
	abstract = {Extensive research is needed to build upon currently used media and tools to foster wider participation, address national priorities, and deal with potential dangers associated with technology-mediated social participation.},
	keywords = {Collaborative tools, Peer to peer computing, Public policy, Research initiatives, Social network services, Special issues and sections, Technology-mediated social participation},
	isbn = {0018-9162},
	doi = {10.1109/MC.2010.315},
	author = {Pirolli,Peter and Preece,Jenny and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17152,
	title = {Exploring distributions: design and evaluation},
	journal = {University of Maryland, Human-Computer Interaction Lab Tech Report HCIL-2010-01},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	abstract = {Visual overviews of tables of numerical and categorical data have been proposed for tables with a single value per cell.In this paper we address the problem of exploring tables including columns consisting of distributions, e.g. the distributions of movie
ratings or trust ratings in recommender systems, age distributions in demographic data, usage distributions in logs of telephone calls
etc. We propose a novel way of displaying and interacting with distribution data, and present the results of a usability study that
demonstrates the benefits of the interface in providing an overview of the data and facilitating the discovery of interesting clusters,
patterns, outliers and relationships between columns.
},
	author = {Sopan,A. and Freire,M. and Taieb-Maimon,M. and Golbeck,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17174,
	title = {From bowling alone to tweeting together: technology-mediated social participation},
	journal = {Interactions},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {64 - 67},
	author = {Hochheiser,H. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17179,
	title = {Getting serious about social media: strategies for increasing civic participation},
	journal = {Proceedings of HCI},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16052,
	title = {Interactive information visualization for exploring and querying electronic health records: A systematic review},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	institution = {Human-Computer Interaction Lab, University of Maryland},
	abstract = {To overcome the complexity and scale of making medical decisions based on electronic health records (EHRs) a variety of visual methods have been proposed. This paper surveys twelve state-of-the-art information visualization systems described in the scientific literature and compares them based on a set of carefully selected criteria. It aims to systematically examine the systems{\textquoteright} strengths and weaknesses to inform future information visualization designs.We select twelve state-of-the-art information visualization systems from information visualization, medical information systems and human-computer interaction conferences and journals. We compare the systems using the following criteria: (1) data types covered, (2) multivariate analysis support, (3) number of patients records used (one or many), and (4) user intents addressed. The review describes the twelve systems in detail and evaluates the systems using the aforementioned criteria.
We discuss how the systems differ in their features and highlight how these differences are related to their design and affect the user intent model. Examples of findings include: (1) most systems handle numerical or categorical data but not both, (2) most systems are specifically designed for looking at a single patient or multiple patients but not both, (3) most systems utilize horizontal time lines to represent time, (4) only systems that handle multiple patient records have good support for Filter, and (5) some specific user intents (e.g. the Encode and Connect intents) are rarely addressed.
Based on our review results, we believe that effective information visualization can facilitate analysis of patient records, and we encourage the information visualization community to study the application of their systems and conduct more in depth evaluations. We identify potential future research topics in interactive support for data abstraction and medical tasks that involve looking at a single or multiple records. Finally, we propose to create a repository for data and tasks so benchmarks can be established for both academic and commercial patient record visualization systems.
},
	author = {Rind,A. and Wang,T. D and Aigner,W. and Miksh,S. and Wongsuphasawat,K. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {13804,
	title = {iOpener Workbench: Tools for rapid understanding of scientific literature},
	journal = {Human-Computer Interaction Lab 27th Annual Symposium, University of Maryland, College Park, MD},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	author = {Dunne,C. and Shneiderman, Ben and Dorr, Bonnie J and Klavans,J.}
}
@conference {16055,
	title = {ManyNets: an interface for multiple network analysis and visualization},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}10},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {213 - 222},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Traditional network analysis tools support analysts in studying a single network. ManyNets offers these analysts a powerful new approach that enables them to work on multiple networks simultaneously. Several thousand networks can be presented as rows in a tabular visualization, and then inspected, sorted and filtered according to their attributes. The networks to be displayed can be obtained by subdivision of larger networks. Examples of meaningful subdivisions used by analysts include ego networks, community extraction, and time-based slices. Cell visualizations and interactive column overviews allow analysts to assess the distribution of attributes within particular sets of networks. Details, such as traditional node-link diagrams, are available on demand. We describe a case study analyzing a social network geared towards film recommendations by means of decomposition. A small usability study provides feedback on the use of the interface on a set of tasks issued from the case study.},
	keywords = {exploratory analysis, graphical user interface, Information Visualization, interaction, network analysis, table interface},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-929-9},
	doi = {10.1145/1753326.1753358},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1753326.1753358},
	author = {Freire,Manuel and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Golbeck,Jen}
}
@conference {17423,
	title = {The state of visual analytics: Views on what visual analytics is and where it is going},
	booktitle = {2010 IEEE Symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST)},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010/10/25/26},
	pages = {257 - 259},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {In the 2005 publication "Illuminating the Path" visual analytics was defined as "the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by interactive visual interfaces." A lot of work has been done in visual analytics over the intervening five years. While visual analytics started in the United States with a focus on security, it is now a worldwide research agenda with a broad range of application domains. This is evidenced by efforts like the European VisMaster program and the upcoming Visual Analytics and Knowledge Discovery (VAKD) workshop, just to name two.There are still questions concerning where and how visual analytics fits in the large body of research and applications represented by the VisWeek community. This panel will present distinct viewpoints on what visual analytics is and its role in understanding complex information in a complex world. The goal of this panel is to engender discussion from the audience on the emergence and continued advancement of visual analytics and its role relative to fields of related research. Four distinguished panelists will provide their perspective on visual analytics focusing on what it is, what it should be, and thoughts about a development path between these two states. The purpose of the presentations is not to give a critical review of the literature but rather to give a review on the field and to provide a contextual perspective based on the panelists{\textquoteright} years of experience and accumulated knowledge.},
	keywords = {analytical reasoning, Data analysis, data mining, data visualisation, European VisMaster program, interactive visual interfaces, knowledge discovery, United States, visual analytics, VisWeek community},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-9488-0},
	doi = {10.1109/VAST.2010.5649078},
	author = {May,R. and Hanrahan,P. and Keim,D. A and Shneiderman, Ben and Card,S.}
}
@inbook {17395,
	title = {Technology-Mediated Social Participation: Deep Science and Extreme Technology},
	booktitle = {Active Media TechnologyActive Media Technology},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {6335},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {1 - 4},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {The dramatic success of social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flickr, blogs, and traditional discussion groups empowers individuals to become active in local and global communities. With modest redesign, these technologies can be harnessed to support national priorities such as healthcare/wellness, disaster response, community safety, energy sustainability, etc. This talk describes a research agenda for these topics that develops deep science questions and extreme technology challenges.},
	isbn = {978-3-642-15469-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15470-6_1},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {An,Aijun and Lingras,Pawan and Petty,Sheila and Huang,Runhe}
}
@conference {16051,
	title = {Visual information seeking in multiple electronic health records: design recommendations and a process model},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Health Informatics Symposium},
	series = {IHI {\textquoteright}10},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {46 - 55},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Current electronic health record (EHR) systems facilitate the storage, retrieval, persistence, and sharing of patient data. However, the way physicians interact with EHRs has not changed much. More specifically, support for temporal analysis of a large number of EHRs has been lacking. A number of information visualization techniques have been proposed to alleviate this problem. Unfortunately, due to their limited application to a single case study, the results are often difficult to generalize across medical scenarios. We present the usage data of Lifelines2,[22] our information visualization system, and user comments, both collected over eight different medical case studies. We generalize our experience into an information-seeking process model for multiple EHRs. Based on our analysis, we make recommendations to future information visualization designers for EHRs on design requirements and future research directions.},
	keywords = {design requriements, electronic health records, human-computer interaction (hci), Information Visualization},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-0030-8},
	doi = {10.1145/1882992.1883001},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1882992.1883001},
	author = {Wang,Taowei David and Wongsuphasawat,Krist and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17503,
	title = {Visualizing Threaded Conversation Networks: Mining Message Boards and Email Lists for Actionable Insights},
	booktitle = {Active Media TechnologyActive Media Technology},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {6335},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {47 - 62},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Analyzing complex online relationships is a difficult job, but new information visualization tools are enabling a wider range of users to make actionable insights from the growing volume of online data. This paper describes the challenges and methods for conducting analyses of threaded conversations such as found in enterprise message boards, email lists, and forums. After defining threaded conversation, we characterize the types of networks that can be extracted from them. We then provide 3 mini case studies to illustrate how actionable insights for community managers can be gained by applying the network analysis metrics and visualizations available in the free, open source NodeXL tool, which is a powerful, yet easy-to-use tool embedded in Excel 2007/2010.},
	isbn = {978-3-642-15469-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15470-6_7},
	author = {Hansen,Derek and Shneiderman, Ben and Smith,Marc},
	editor = {An,Aijun and Lingras,Pawan and Petty,Sheila and Huang,Runhe}
}
@conference {16974,
	title = {Analyzing (social media) networks with NodeXL},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Communities and technologies},
	series = {C\&$\#$38;T {\textquoteright}09},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {255 - 264},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {We present NodeXL, an extendible toolkit for network overview, discovery and exploration implemented as an add-in to the Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheet software. We demonstrate NodeXL data analysis and visualization features with a social media data sample drawn from an enterprise intranet social network. A sequence of NodeXL operations from data import to computation of network statistics and refinement of network visualization through sorting, filtering, and clustering functions is described. These operations reveal sociologically relevant differences in the patterns of interconnection among employee participants in the social media space. The tool and method can be broadly applied.},
	keywords = {excel, network analysis, social media, social network, spreadsheet, Visualization},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-713-4},
	doi = {10.1145/1556460.1556497},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1556460.1556497},
	author = {Smith,Marc A. and Shneiderman, Ben and Milic-Frayling,Natasa and Mendes Rodrigues,Eduarda and Barash,Vladimir and Dunne,Cody and Capone,Tony and Perer,Adam and Gleave,Eric}
}
@article {17010,
	title = {Civic Collaboration},
	journal = {ScienceScience},
	volume = {325},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/07/31/},
	pages = {540 - 540},
	abstract = {Drawing on her work developing the Peer-to-Patent network, Noveck describes how Web 2.0 technologies could be used to promote participatory democracy and more efficient government.},
	isbn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1178326},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5940/540.1},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17037,
	title = {Creativity challenges and opportunities in social computing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th international conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}09},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {3283 - 3286},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {There is a convergence in recent theories of creativity that go beyond characteristics and cognitive processes of individuals to recognize the importance of the social construction of creativity. In parallel, there has been a rise in social computing supporting the collaborative construction of knowledge. The panel will discuss the challenges and opportunities from the confluence of these two developments by bringing together the contrasting and controversial perspective of the individual panel members. It will synthesize from different perspectives an analytic framework to understand these new developments, and how to promote rigorous research methods and how to identify the unique challenges in developing evaluation and assessment methods for creativity research.},
	keywords = {creativity, social computing},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-247-4},
	doi = {10.1145/1520340.1520470},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1520340.1520470},
	author = {Fischer,Gerhard and Jennings,Pamela and Maher,Mary Lou and Resnick,Mitchel and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17039,
	title = {Creativity Support Tools: A Grand Challenge for HCI Researchers},
	booktitle = {Engineering the User InterfaceEngineering the User Interface},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {1 - 9},
	publisher = {Springer London},
	organization = {Springer London},
	abstract = {Human-computer interaction researchers can play a key role in designing, implementing, and evaluating a new generation of creativity support tools. Understanding creative processes, especially when mediated by user interfaces will remain a continuing challenge, especially in dealing with novice and expert users, across a variety of disciplines. The expected outcomes include (1) refined theories of technology-supported creative processes, (2) active discussion of user-oriented empirical research methods, (3) new software architectures, database management strategies, and networking technologies, and (4) improved user interfaces to support discover and innovation, especially in collaborative environments.},
	isbn = {978-1-84800-136-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-136-7_1},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17095,
	title = {Do you know the way to SNA?: A process model for analyzing and visualizing social media data},
	journal = {University of Maryland Tech Report: HCIL-2009-17},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	abstract = {Traces of activity left by social media users can shed lighton individual behavior, social relationships, and community
efficacy. Tools and processes to analyze social traces are
essential for enabling practitioners to study and nurture
meaningful and sustainable social interaction. Yet such
tools and processes remain in their infancy. We conducted a
study of 15 graduate students who were learning to apply
Social Network Analysis (SNA) to data from online
communities. Based on close observations of their emergent
practices, we derived the Network Analysis and
Visualization (NAV) process model and identified stages
where intervention from peers, experts, and an SNA tool
were most useful. We show how the NAV model informs
the design of SNA tools and services, education practices,
and support for social media practitioners.
},
	author = {Hansen,D. L and Rotman,D. and Bonsignore,E. and Milic-Frayling,N. and Rodrigues,E.M. and Smith,M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17162,
	title = {Finding comparable temporal categorical records: A similarity measure with an interactive visualization},
	booktitle = {IEEE Symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, 2009. VAST 2009},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/10/12/13},
	pages = {27 - 34},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {An increasing number of temporal categorical databases are being collected: Electronic Health Records in healthcare organizations, traffic incident logs in transportation systems, or student records in universities. Finding similar records within these large databases requires effective similarity measures that capture the searcher{\textquoteright}s intent. Many similarity measures exist for numerical time series, but temporal categorical records are different. We propose a temporal categorical similarity measure, the M\&M (Match \& Mismatch) measure, which is based on the concept of aligning records by sentinel events, then matching events between the target and the compared records. The M\&M measure combines the time differences between pairs of events and the number of mismatches. To accom-modate customization of parameters in the M\&M measure and results interpretation, we implemented Similan, an interactive search and visualization tool for temporal categorical records. A usability study with 8 participants demonstrated that Similan was easy to learn and enabled them to find similar records, but users had difficulty understanding the M\&M measure. The usability study feedback, led to an improved version with a continuous timeline, which was tested in a pilot study with 5 participants.},
	keywords = {data visualisation, Educational institutions, Feedback, Information retrieval, interactive search tool, interactive systems, interactive visualization tool, large databases, M\&M Measure, Match \& Mismatch measure, Medical services, numerical time series, parameters customization, Particle measurements, Similan, similarity measure, Similarity Search, temporal categorical databases, Temporal Categorical Records, temporal databases, Testing, Time measurement, time series, transportation, usability, very large databases, visual databases, Visualization},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-5283-5},
	doi = {10.1109/VAST.2009.5332595},
	author = {Wongsuphasawat,K. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17168,
	title = {First Steps to Netviz Nirvana: Evaluating Social Network Analysis with NodeXL},
	booktitle = {International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, 2009. CSE {\textquoteright}09},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/08/29/31},
	pages = {332 - 339},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Social Network Analysis (SNA) has evolved as a popular, standard method for modeling meaningful, often hidden structural relationships in communities. Existing SNA tools often involve extensive pre-processing or intensive programming skills that can challenge practitioners and students alike. NodeXL, an open-source template for Microsoft Excel, integrates a library of common network metrics and graph layout algorithms within the familiar spreadsheet format, offering a potentially low-barrier-to-entry framework for teaching and learning SNA. We present the preliminary findings of 2 user studies of 21 graduate students who engaged in SNA using NodeXL. The majority of students, while information professionals, had little technical background or experience with SNA techniques. Six of the participants had more technical backgrounds and were chosen specifically for their experience with graph drawing and information visualization. Our primary objectives were (1) to evaluate NodeXL as an SNA tool for a broad base of users and (2) to explore methods for teaching SNA. Our complementary dual case-study format demonstrates the usability of NodeXL for a diverse set of users, and significantly, the power of a tightly integrated metrics/visualization tool to spark insight and facilitate sense-making for students of SNA.},
	keywords = {Computer science, computer science education, data visualisation, Data visualization, Educational institutions, graph drawing, graph layout algorithm, Information services, Information Visualization, Internet, Libraries, Microsoft Excel open-source template, MILC, multi-dimensional in-depth long-term case studies, Netviz Nirvana, NodeXL, Open source software, Programming profession, SNA, social network analysis, Social network services, social networking (online), spreadsheet programs, structural relationship, teaching, visual analytics, visualization tool, Web sites},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-5334-4},
	doi = {10.1109/CSE.2009.120},
	author = {Bonsignore,E. M and Dunne,C. and Rotman,D. and Smith,M. and Capone,T. and Hansen,D. L and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17186,
	title = {HEALTH AND WELLBEING},
	journal = {The fourth paradigm: data-intensive scientific discovery},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {57 - 57},
	author = {Gillam,M. and Feied,C. and MOODY,E. and Shneiderman, Ben and Smith,M. and DICKASON,J.}
}
@article {17224,
	title = {Improving graph drawing readability by incorporating readability metrics: A software tool for network analysts},
	journal = {University of Maryland, HCIL Tech Report HCIL-2009-13},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	abstract = {Designing graph drawings that effectively communicate the under-lying network is challenging as for every network there are many
potential unintelligible or even misleading drawings. Automated
graph layout algorithms have helped, but frequently generate in-
effective drawings. In order to build awareness of effective graph
drawing strategies, we detail readability metrics on a [0,1] contin-
uous scale for node occlusion, edge crossing, edge crossing angle,
and edge tunneling and summarize many more. Additionally, we
define new node \& edge readability metrics to provide more lo-
calized identification of where improvement is needed. These are
implemented in SocialAction, a tool for social network analysis, in
order to direct users towards poor areas of the drawing and provide
real-time readability metric feedback as users manipulate it. These
contributions are aimed at heightening the awareness of network
analysts that the images they share or publish could be of higher
quality, so that readers could extract relevant information.
},
	author = {Dunne,C. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17238,
	title = {Integrating Statistics and Visualization for Exploratory Power: From Long-Term Case Studies to Design Guidelines},
	journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/06//May},
	pages = {39 - 51},
	abstract = {Evaluating visual-analytics systems is challenging because laboratory-based controlled experiments might not effectively represent analytical tasks. One such system, Social Action, integrates statistics and visualization in an interactive exploratory tool for social network analysis. This article describes results from long-term case studies with domain experts and extends established design goals for information visualization.},
	keywords = {case studies, Control systems, Data analysis, data mining, data visualisation, Data visualization, data-mining, design guidelines, Employment, exploration, Filters, Guidelines, Information Visualization, insights, laboratory-based controlled experiments, Performance analysis, social network analysis, Social network services, social networking (online), social networks, SocialAction, statistical analysis, Statistics, visual analytics, visual-analytics systems, Visualization},
	isbn = {0272-1716},
	doi = {10.1109/MCG.2009.44},
	author = {Perer,A. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17300,
	title = {Multidimensional Analysis and Visualization on Large Biomedical Data},
	journal = {Statistical Bioinformatics},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {157 - 184},
	author = {Seo,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16936,
	title = {A National Initiative for Social Participation},
	journal = {ScienceScience},
	volume = {323},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/03/13/},
	pages = {1426 - 1427},
	isbn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	doi = {10.1126/science.323.5920.1426},
	url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5920/1426},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17329,
	title = {Promoting social creativity: a component of a national initiative for social participation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the seventh ACM conference on Creativity and cognition},
	series = {C\&$\#$38;C {\textquoteright}09},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {7 - 8},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {This panel will discuss group processes that promote social creativity in science, engineering, arts, and humanities. We will offer positive and negative examples of social creativity projects, while suggesting research directions for dramatically increased social participation. The goal is to develop strategies that would expand resources and opportunities for research and education in social creativity. This requires our community to develop a unified position, then reach out to national science funding agencies, while building the case for the importance of this topic beyond our own community. How can social creativity, collaborative discovery, distributed innovation, and collective intelligence be framed as an international priority to cope with the problems of the 21st century and how can we identify a clear set of research challenges? The theme of technology-mediated social participation is outlined in the white paper for a National Initiative for Social Participation (http://iparticipate.wikispaces.com). The white paper suggests that successful research challenges should have three key elements: (1) compelling national need (healthcare, national security, community safety, education, innovation, cultural heritage, energy sustainability, environmental protection, etc.), (2) scientific foundation based on established theories and well-defined research questions (privacy, reciprocity, trust, motivation, recognition, etc.), and (3) computer science research challenges (security, privacy protection, scalability, visualization, end-user development, distributed data handling for massive user-generated content, network analysis of community evolution, cross network comparison, etc.). We seek recommendations for ways to increase the resources and attention for this field. We hope to inspire: universities to change course content, add courses, and offer new degree programs industry to help researchers on social creativity government to support these ideas and try them out in government applications scientists and artists to open themselves to more social/collaborative approaches},
	keywords = {research agenda, social creativity, social participation},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-865-0},
	doi = {10.1145/1640233.1640237},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1640233.1640237},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Churchill,Elizabeth and Fischer,Gerhard and Goldberg,Ken}
}
@article {16061,
	title = {Querying timestamped event sequences by exact search or similarity-based search: design and empirical evaluation},
	volume = {HCIL-2009-20},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	institution = {Human-Computer Interaction Lab, University of Maryland},
	author = {Wongsuphasawat,K. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17421,
	title = {The reader-to-leader framework: Motivating technology-mediated social participation},
	journal = {AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {13 - 32},
	abstract = {Billions of people participate in online social activities. Most users participate as readers of discussion boards, searchers of blogposts, or viewers of photos. A fraction of users become contributors of user-generated content by writing consumer product
reviews, uploading travel photos, or expressing political opinions. Some users move beyond such individual efforts to become
collaborators, forming tightly connected groups with lively discussions whose outcome might be a Wikipedia article or a carefully
edited YouTube video. A small fraction of users becomes leaders, who participate in governance by setting and upholding
policies, repairing vandalized materials, or mentoring novices. We analyze these activities and offer the Reader-to-Leader
Framework with the goal of helping researchers, designers, and managers understand what motivates technology-mediated
social participation. This will enable them to improve interface design and social support for their companies, government
agencies, and non-governmental organizations. These improvements could reduce the number of failed projects, while
accelerating the application of social media for national priorities such as healthcare, energy sustainability, emergency response,
economic development, education, and more.
},
	author = {Preece,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@mastersthesis {17358,
	title = {Shape Identification in Temporal Data Sets},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009///},
	school = {Master{\textquoteright}s thesis, University of Maryland},
	abstract = {Shapes are a concise way to describe temporal variable behaviors.Some commonly used shapes are spikes, sinks, rises, and drops. A
spike describes a set of variable values that rapidly increase, then
immediately rapidly decrease. The variable may be the value of a
stock or a person{\textquoteright}s blood sugar levels. Shapes are abstract. Details
such as the height of spike or its rate increase, are lost in the ab-
straction. These hidden details make it difficult to define shapes
and compare one to another. For example, what attributes of a
spike determine its {\textquotedblleft}spikiness{\textquotedblright}? The ability to define and com-
pare shapes is important because it allows shapes to be identified
and ranked, according to an attribute of interest. Work has been
done in the area of shape identification through pattern matching
and other data mining techniques, but ideas combining the identifi-
cation and comparison of shapes have received less attention. This
paper fills the gap by presenting a set of shapes and the attributes
by which they can identified, compared, and ranked. Neither the set
of shapes, nor their attributes presented in this paper are exhaustive,
but it provides an example of how a shape{\textquoteright}s attributes can be used
for identification and comparison. The intention of this paper is not
to replace any particular mathematical method of identifying a par-
ticular behavior, but to provide a toolset for knowledge discovery
and an intuitive method of data mining for novices. Spikes, sinks,
rises, drops, lines, plateaus, valleys, and gaps are the shapes pre-
sented in this paper. Several attributes for each shape are defined.
These attributes will be the basis for constructing definitions that
allow the shapes to be identified and ranked. The second contri-
bution is an information visualization tool, TimeSearcher: Shape
Search Edition (SSE), which allows users to explore data sets using
the identification and ranking ideas in this paper.
},
	author = {Gregory,M.B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16056,
	title = {Temporal Summaries: Supporting Temporal Categorical Searching, Aggregation and Comparison},
	journal = {Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/12//nov},
	pages = {1049 - 1056},
	abstract = {When analyzing thousands of event histories, analysts often want to see the events as an aggregate to detect insights and generate new hypotheses about the data. An analysis tool must emphasize both the prevalence and the temporal ordering of these events. Additionally, the analysis tool must also support flexible comparisons to allow analysts to gather visual evidence. In a previous work, we introduced align, rank, and filter (ARF) to accentuate temporal ordering. In this paper, we present temporal summaries, an interactive visualization technique that highlights the prevalence of event occurrences. Temporal summaries dynamically aggregate events in multiple granularities (year, month, week, day, hour, etc.) for the purpose of spotting trends over time and comparing several groups of records. They provide affordances for analysts to perform temporal range filters. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach in two extensive case studies with analysts who applied temporal summaries to search, filter, and look for patterns in electronic health records and academic records.},
	keywords = {Automated;Thrombocytopenia;Time Factors;, Computerized;Pattern Recognition, Factual;Heparin;Humans;Medical Records Systems, interactive visualization technique;temporal categorical searching;temporal ordering;temporal summaries;data visualisation;human computer interaction;Computational Biology;Computer Graphics;Databases},
	isbn = {1077-2626},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2009.187},
	author = {Wang,T. D and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Spring, Neil and Roseman,D. and Marchand,G. and Mukherjee,V. and Smith,M.}
}
@article {17397,
	title = {Temporal Summaries: Supporting Temporal Categorical Searching, Aggregation and Comparison},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/12//Nov},
	pages = {1049 - 1056},
	abstract = {When analyzing thousands of event histories, analysts often want to see the events as an aggregate to detect insights and generate new hypotheses about the data. An analysis tool must emphasize both the prevalence and the temporal ordering of these events. Additionally, the analysis tool must also support flexible comparisons to allow analysts to gather visual evidence. In a previous work, we introduced align, rank, and filter (ARF) to accentuate temporal ordering. In this paper, we present temporal summaries, an interactive visualization technique that highlights the prevalence of event occurrences. Temporal summaries dynamically aggregate events in multiple granularities (year, month, week, day, hour, etc.) for the purpose of spotting trends over time and comparing several groups of records. They provide affordances for analysts to perform temporal range filters. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach in two extensive case studies with analysts who applied temporal summaries to search, filter, and look for patterns in electronic health records and academic records.},
	keywords = {Aggregates, Collaborative work, Computational Biology, Computer Graphics, Data analysis, data visualisation, Data visualization, Databases, Factual, Displays, Event detection, Filters, Heparin, History, Human computer interaction, Human-computer interaction, HUMANS, Information Visualization, Interaction design, interactive visualization technique, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Performance analysis, Springs, temporal categorical data visualization, temporal categorical searching, temporal ordering, temporal summaries, Thrombocytopenia, Time factors},
	isbn = {1077-2626},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2009.187},
	author = {Wang,T. D and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Spring, Neil and Roseman,D. and Marchand,G. and Mukherjee,V. and Smith,M.}
}
@conference {17453,
	title = {Understanding social computing participation with visual exploration tools},
	booktitle = {International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems, 2009. CTS {\textquoteright}09},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/05/18/22},
	pages = {xi-xii - xi-xii},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {The rapid growth of socio-technical systems, social media and social networking websites has raised the importance of understanding the determinants of their success. The pressure to understand success is increased by the shift from playful discretionary applications to mission critical applications in government, business, and civic settings. These include homeland defense, energy sustainability, environmental conservation, disaster response, and community safety. Information visualization tools and statistical methods can both be helpful, but their utility grows when they are well-integrated. This talk will demonstrate novel tools for network evolution and offer a framework for thinking about motivating technology-mediated social participation.},
	keywords = {Application software, Books, Collaborative tools, Computer science, Data visualization, Educational institutions, History, International collaboration, Social network services, Sociotechnical systems},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-4584-4},
	doi = {10.1109/CTS.2009.5067426},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17491,
	title = {Visual overviews for discovering key papers and influences across research fronts},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/11/01/},
	pages = {2219 - 2228},
	abstract = {Gaining a rapid overview of an emerging scientific topic, sometimes called research fronts, is an increasingly common task due to the growing amount of interdisciplinary collaboration. Visual overviews that show temporal patterns of paper publication and citation links among papers can help researchers and analysts to see the rate of growth of topics, identify key papers, and understand influences across subdisciplines. This article applies a novel network-visualization tool based on meaningful layouts of nodes to present research fronts and show citation links that indicate influences across research fronts. To demonstrate the value of two-dimensional layouts with multiple regions and user control of link visibility, we conducted a design-oriented, preliminary case study with 6 domain experts over a 4-month period. The main benefits were being able (a) to easily identify key papers and see the increasing number of papers within a research front, and (b) to quickly see the strength and direction of influence across related research fronts.},
	isbn = {1532-2890},
	doi = {10.1002/asi.21160},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.21160/abstract},
	author = {Aris,Aleks and Shneiderman, Ben and Qazvinian,Vahed and Radev,Dragomir}
}
@conference {16069,
	title = {Aligning temporal data by sentinel events: discovering patterns in electronic health records},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}08},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {457 - 466},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and other temporal databases contain hidden patterns that reveal important cause-and-effect phenomena. Finding these patterns is a challenge when using traditional query languages and tabular displays. We present an interactive visual tool that complements query formulation by providing operations to align, rank and filter the results, and to visualize estimates of the intervals of validity of the data. Display of patient histories aligned on sentinel events (such as a first heart attack) enables users to spot precursor, co-occurring, and aftereffect events. A controlled study demonstrates the benefits of providing alignment (with a 61\% speed improvement for complex tasks). A qualitative study and interviews with medical professionals demonstrates that the interface can be learned quickly and seems to address their needs.},
	keywords = {electronic health record, Evaluation, Information Visualization, search, temporal data, Uncertainty},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-011-1},
	doi = {10.1145/1357054.1357129},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1357054.1357129},
	author = {Wang,Taowei David and Plaisant, Catherine and Quinn,Alexander J. and Stanchak,Roman and Murphy,Shawn and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17021,
	title = {Community response grid (CRG) for a university campus: Design requirements and implications},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 5th International ISCRAM Conference},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {34 - 43},
	abstract = {This paper describes the initial stages of the participatory design of a community-oriented emergency responsesystem for a university campus. After reviewing related work and the current University emergency response
system, this paper describes our participatory design process, discusses initial findings from a design requirement
survey and from our interactions with different stakeholders, and proposes a Web interface design for a community
response grid system. The prototyping of the system demonstrates the possibility of fostering a social-network-based
community participation in emergency response, and also identifies concerns raised by potential users and by the
professional responder community.
},
	author = {Wu,P.F. and Qu,Y. and Preece,J. and Fleischmann,K. and Golbeck,J. and Jaeger,P. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17034,
	title = {Copernican challenges face those who suggest that collaboration, not computation are the driving energy for socio-technical systems that characterize Web 2.0.},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {319},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {1349 - 1350},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16065,
	title = {Data Sonification for Users with Visual Impairment: A Case Study with Georeferenced Data},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/05//},
	pages = {4:1{\textendash}4:28 - 4:1{\textendash}4:28},
	abstract = {We describe the development and evaluation of a tool, iSonic, to assist users with visual impairment in exploring georeferenced data using coordinated maps and tables, augmented with nontextual sounds and speech output. Our in-depth case studies with 7 blind users during 42 hours of data collection, showed that iSonic enabled them to find facts and discover trends in georeferenced data, even in unfamiliar geographical contexts, without special devices. Our design was guided by an Action-by-Design-Component (ADC) framework, which was also applied to scatterplots to demonstrate its generalizability. Video and download is available at www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/iSonic/.},
	keywords = {auditory user interfaces, information seeking, Interactive sonification, universal usability, users with visual impairment},
	isbn = {1073-0516},
	doi = {10.1145/1352782.1352786},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1352782.1352786},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Lazar,Jonathan}
}
@article {17063,
	title = {Designing community-based emergency communication system: A preliminary study},
	journal = {Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {1 - 3},
	author = {Fei Wu,P. and Qu,Y. and Fleischmann,K. and Golbeck,J. and Jaeger,P. and Preece,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17129,
	title = {Embedded menus: selecting items in context},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	author = {Koved,L. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17132,
	title = {Enabling teachers to explore grade patterns to identify individual needs and promote fairer student assessment},
	journal = {Computers \& Education},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/12//},
	pages = {1467 - 1485},
	abstract = {Exploring student test, homework, and other assessment scores is a challenge for most teachers, especially when attempting to identify cross-assessment weaknesses and produce final course grades. During the course, teachers need to identify subject weaknesses in order to help students who are struggling with a particular topic. This identification often needs to happen across multiple assessment data points and should be considered in comparison to the class{\textquoteright}s progress as a whole. When determining grades, fairness to all is essential, but there are special needs for students who did poorly on one exam or had a steadily increasing grasp of the subject. We present eduViz, a visualization tool designed to help teachers explore and assign grades. Teachers can see the trajectory of student scores, the relationship of a particular student to the class, and use categories they have defined in order to filter their assessment information. Query response is immediate and all logical comparisons are possible. Teachers can easily compare their query to the class or per student average as well as view scores by raw point total or percentage. Additionally, eduViz provides a grade assignment interface which allows teachers to view sorted student scores in a scatterplot. This scatterplot is coupled with a unique partition slider which allows users to move color coordinated bands on the scatterplot to indicate grade ranges. As these grade ranges are set, a histogram is updated to show the number of students assigned to each grade range. These features give teachers new and powerful ways to explore and assign grades so that they can better understand student strengths and weaknesses and make the most of the time they have available. Interviews with 16 expert teachers indicate that eduViz is a success across fields, provides teachers with a useful tool to understand and help their classes, and encourages reflective practice.},
	keywords = {Evaluation methodologies, Human{\textendash}computer interface, Improving classroom teaching, Pedagogical issues, Teaching/learning strategies},
	isbn = {0360-1315},
	doi = {10.1016/j.compedu.2008.01.005},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131508000353},
	author = {Friedler,Sorelle A. and Tan,Yee Lin and Peer,Nir J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17138,
	title = {Evaluating Exploratory Search Systems},
	journal = {Information processing \& management},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {463 - 484},
	author = {Kules,B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17158,
	title = {Extreme visualization: squeezing a billion records into a million pixels},
	journal = {SIGMOD Conference},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {3 - 12},
	abstract = {Database searches are usually performed with querylanguages and form fill in templates, with results displayed in
tabular lists. However, excitement is building around
dynamic queries sliders and other graphical selectors for
query specification, with results displayed by information
visualization techniques. These filtering techniques have
proven to be effective for many tasks in which visual
presentations enable discovery of relationships, clusters,
outliers, gaps, and other patterns. Scaling visual presentations
from millions to billions of records will require collaborative
research efforts in information visualization and database
management to enable rapid aggregation, meaningful
coordinated windows, and effective summary graphics. This
paper describes current and proposed solutions (atomic,
aggregated, and density plots) that facilitate sense-making for
interactive visual exploration of billion record data sets.
},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17239,
	title = {Integrating statistics and visualization: case studies of gaining clarity during exploratory data analysis},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}08},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {265 - 274},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Although both statistical methods and visualizations have been used by network analysts, exploratory data analysis remains a challenge. We propose that a tight integration of these technologies in an interactive exploratory tool could dramatically speed insight development. To test the power of this integrated approach, we created a novel social network analysis tool, SocialAction, and conducted four long-term case studies with domain experts, each working on unique data sets with unique problems. The structured replicated case studies show that the integrated approach in SocialAction led to significant discoveries by a political analyst, a bibliometrician, a healthcare consultant, and a counter-terrorism researcher. Our contributions demonstrate that the tight integration of statistics and visualizations improves exploratory data analysis, and that our evaluation methodology for long-term case studies captures the research strategies of data analysts.},
	keywords = {case studies, Evaluation, exploratory data analysis, Information Visualization, social networks, Statistics},
	isbn = {978-1-60558-011-1},
	doi = {10.1145/1357054.1357101},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1357054.1357101},
	author = {Perer,Adam and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16068,
	title = {Interactive auditory data exploration: A framework and evaluation with geo-referenced data sonification},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	abstract = {We describe an Action-by-Design-Component (ADC) framework to guide auditory interface designers for exploratory data analysis. The framework characterizes data interaction in the auditory mode as a set of Auditory Information Seeking Actions (AISAs). Contrasting AISAs with actions in visualizations, the framework also discusses design considerations for a set of Design Components to support AISAs. Applying the framework to geo-referenced data, we systematically explored and evaluated its design space. A data exploration tool, iSonic, was built for blind users. In depth case studies with 7 blind users, with over 42 hours of data collection, showed that iSonic enabled them to find facts and discover trends of geo-referenced data, even in unfamiliar geographical contexts, without special devices. The results also showed that blind users dramatically benefited from the rich set of task-oriented actions (AISAs) and the use of multiple highly coordinated data views provided by the ADC framework. Some widely used techniques in visualization, with appropriate adaptation, also work in the auditory mode. The application of the framework to scatterplots shows that the framework can be generalized and lead to the design of a unified auditory workspace for general exploratory data analysis. Readers can view a supplementary video demonstration of iSonic by visiting www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/iSonic/},
	author = {Zhao,H. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Lazar,J.}
}
@article {17250,
	title = {Interactive Entity Resolution in Relational Data: A Visual Analytic Tool and Its Evaluation},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/10//Sept},
	pages = {999 - 1014},
	abstract = {Databases often contain uncertain and imprecise references to real-world entities. Entity resolution, the process of reconciling multiple references to underlying real-world entities, is an important data cleaning process required before accurate visualization or analysis of the data is possible. In many cases, in addition to noisy data describing entities, there is data describing the relationships among the entities. This relational data is important during the entity resolution process; it is useful both for the algorithms which determine likely database references to be resolved and for visual analytic tools which support the entity resolution process. In this paper, we introduce a novel user interface, D-Dupe, for interactive entity resolution in relational data. D-Dupe effectively combines relational entity resolution algorithms with a novel network visualization that enables users to make use of an entity{\textquoteright}s relational context for making resolution decisions. Since resolution decisions often are interdependent, D-Dupe facilitates understanding this complex process through animations which highlight combined inferences and a history mechanism which allows users to inspect chains of resolution decisions. An empirical study with 12 users confirmed the benefits of the relational context visualization on the performance of entity resolution tasks in relational data in terms of time as well as users{\textquoteright} confidence and satisfaction.},
	keywords = {algorithms, Computer Graphics, D-Dupe, data visualisation, database management systems, Databases, Factual, graphical user interface, Graphical user interfaces, human-centered computing, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Information Storage and Retrieval, Information Visualization, interactive entity resolution, relational context visualization, Relational databases, relational entity resolution algorithm, User interfaces, user-centered design, User-Computer Interface, visual analytic tool},
	isbn = {1077-2626},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2008.55},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Getoor, Lise and Shneiderman, Ben and Bilgic,M. and Licamele,L.}
}
@article {17303,
	title = {NASDAQ Velocity and Forces: An Interactive Visualization of Activity and Change},
	journal = {Journal of Universal Computer Science},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {1391 - 1410},
	author = {Dao,H.T. and Bazinet,A. and Berthier,R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16937,
	title = {A Node Aggregation Strategy to Reduce Complexity of Network Visualization using Semantic Substrates},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	institution = {Human-Computer Interaction Lab, University of Maryland},
	abstract = {Semantic substrates are spatial templates for networks, wherenodes are grouped into regions and laid out within each region
according to one or more node attributes. Analysts{\textquoteright} ability to
design their own substrates leads to a different approach than
other more automatic approaches to layout nodes (force-directed,
circular, etc.). While the semantic substrate approach provides
more interpretable node locations, sometimes a set of nodes is
compressed into a small space on the display, leading to node
overlap. In this paper, we significantly improve this situation by
introducing the node aggregation mechanism in the context of
semantic substrates. We illustrate this functionality in a document
citation network and provide pros and cons of the approach. We
conclude with guidelines and future directions for this research.
Throughout the paper, examples are illustrated with NVSS 3.0,
the network visualization tool developed to explore the semantic
substrate idea.
},
	author = {Aris,A. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17346,
	title = {Research Agenda: Visual Overviews for Exploratory Search},
	journal = {Information Seeking Support Systems},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {4 - 4},
	abstract = {Exploratory search is necessary when users knowledge ofthe domain is incomplete or when initial user goals do not
match available data or metadata that is the basis for search
indexing attributes. Such mismatches mean that users need
to learn more in order to develop a better understanding of
the domain or to revise their search goals. Exploratory
search processes may take weeks or months, so interfaces
that support prolonged exploration are necessary. The
attraction of exploratory search is that users can take on
more ambitious goals that require substantial learning and
creative leaps to bridge the gaps between what they know
and that they seek.
},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16070,
	title = {Searching Electronic Health Records for Temporal Patterns in Patient Histories: A Case Study with Microsoft Amalga},
	journal = {AMIA Annual Symposium ProceedingsAMIA Annu Symp Proc},
	volume = {2008},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {601 - 605},
	abstract = {As electronic health records (EHR) become more widespread, they enable clinicians and researchers to pose complex queries that can benefit immediate patient care and deepen understanding of medical treatment and outcomes. However, current query tools make complex temporal queries difficult to pose, and physicians have to rely on computer professionals to specify the queries for them. This paper describes our efforts to develop a novel query tool implemented in a large operational system at the Washington Hospital Center (Microsoft Amalga, formerly known as Azyxxi). We describe our design of the interface to specify temporal patterns and the visual presentation of results, and report on a pilot user study looking for adverse reactions following radiology studies using contrast.},
	isbn = {1942-597X},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Lam,Stanley and Shneiderman, Ben and Smith,Mark S. and Roseman,David and Marchand,Greg and Gillam,Michael and Feied,Craig and Handler,Jonathan and Rappaport,Hank}
}
@conference {17392,
	title = {Systematic yet flexible discovery: guiding domain experts through exploratory data analysis},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces},
	series = {IUI {\textquoteright}08},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {109 - 118},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {During exploratory data analysis, visualizations are often useful for making sense of complex data sets. However, as data sets increase in size and complexity, static information visualizations decrease in comprehensibility. Interactive techniques can yield valuable discoveries, but current data analysis tools typically support only opportunistic exploration that may be inefficient and incomplete. We present a refined architecture that uses systematic yet flexible (SYF) design goals to guide domain expert users through complex exploration of data over days, weeks and months. The SYF system aims to support exploratory data analysis with some of the simplicity of an e-commerce check-out while providing added flexibility to pursue insights. The SYF system provides an overview of the analysis process, suggests unexplored states, allows users to annotate useful states, supports collaboration, and enables reuse of successful strategies. The affordances of the SYF system are demonstrated by integrating it into a social network analysis tool employed by social scientists and intelligence analysts. The SYF system is a tool-independent component and can be incorporated into other data analysis tools.},
	keywords = {exploratory data analysis, guides, Information Visualization, social networks, systematic yet flexible, wizards},
	isbn = {978-1-59593-987-6},
	doi = {10.1145/1378773.1378788},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1378773.1378788},
	author = {Perer,Adam and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17475,
	title = {Users can change their web search tactics: Design guidelines for categorized overviews},
	journal = {Information Processing \& Management},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/03//},
	pages = {463 - 484},
	abstract = {Categorized overviews of web search results are a promising way to support user exploration, understanding, and discovery. These search interfaces combine a metadata-based overview with the list of search results to enable a rich form of interaction. A study of 24 sophisticated users carrying out complex tasks suggests how searchers may adapt their search tactics when using categorized overviews. This mixed methods study evaluated categorized overviews of web search results organized into thematic, geographic, and government categories. Participants conducted four exploratory searches during a 2-hour session to generate ideas for newspaper articles about specified topics such as {\textquotedblleft}human smuggling.{\textquotedblright} Results showed that subjects explored deeper while feeling more organized, and that the categorized overview helped subjects better assess their results, although no significant differences were detected in the quality of the article ideas. A qualitative analysis of searcher comments identified seven tactics that participants reported adopting when using categorized overviews. This paper concludes by proposing a set of guidelines for the design of exploratory search interfaces. An understanding of the impact of categorized overviews on search tactics will be useful to web search researchers, search interface designers, information architects and web developers.},
	keywords = {categorization, Categorized overviews, Categorized search results, Exploratory search, Human-computer interaction, information seeking, Search result visualization, Search user interfaces, Web search},
	isbn = {0306-4573},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ipm.2007.07.014},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457307001574},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16072,
	title = {Visualizing Functional Data with an Application to eBay{\textquoteright}s Online Auctions},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Data VisualizationHandbook of Data Visualization},
	series = {Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008///},
	pages = {873 - 898},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Technological advances in the measurement, collection, and storage of data have led tomore andmore complex data structures. Examples of such structures include measurements of the behavior of individuals over time, digitized two- or three-dimensional images of the brain, and recordings of three- or even four-dimensional movements of objects traveling through space and time. Such data, although recorded in a discrete fashion, are usually thought of as continuous objects that are represented by functional relationships. This gave rise to functional data analysis (FDA), which was made popular by the monographs of Ramsay and Silverman (1997, 2002), where the center of interest is a set of curves, shapes, objects, or, more generally, a set of functional observations , in contrast to classical statistics where interest centers on a set of data vectors. In that sense, functional data is not only different from the data structure studied in classical statistics, but it actually generalizes it. Many of these new data structures require new statistical methods to unveil the information that they carry.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-33037-0},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33037-0_34},
	author = {Chen,Chun-houh and H{\"a}rdle,Wolfgang and Unwin,Antony and Jank,Wolfgang and Shmueli,Galit and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16917,
	title = {25 years of CHI conferences: capturing the exchange of ideas},
	journal = {Magazine interactions - 25 years of CHI conferences: a photographic essay},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/03//},
	pages = {24 - 31},
	isbn = {1072-5520},
	doi = {10.1145/1229863.1229865},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1229863.1229865},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16918,
	title = {911. gov},
	journal = {Science(Washington)},
	volume = {315},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {944 - 944},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Preece,J.}
}
@conference {12921,
	title = {Bridging art and science with creativity support tools},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCHI conference on Creativity \& cognition},
	series = {C\&amp;C {\textquoteright}07},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {309 - 309},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {978-1-59593-712-4},
	doi = {10.1145/1254960.1255044},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1254960.1255044},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Rita R Colwell and Diamond,Sara and Greenhalgh,Paul and Wulf,William}
}
@article {16998,
	title = {Browsing large online data tables using generalized query previews},
	journal = {Information Systems},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/05//},
	pages = {402 - 423},
	abstract = {Companies, government agencies, and other organizations are making their data available to the world over the Internet. They often use large online relational tables for this purpose. Users query such tables with front-ends that typically use menus or form fillin interfaces, but these interfaces rarely give users information about the contents and distribution of the data. Such a situation leads users to waste time and network/server resources posing queries that have zero- or mega-hit results. Generalized query previews enable efficient browsing of large online data tables by supplying data distribution information to users. The data distribution information provides continuous feedback about the size of the result set as the query is being formed. Our paper presents a new user interface architecture and discusses three controlled experiments (with 12, 16, and 48 participants). Our prototype systems provide flexible user interfaces for research and testing of the ideas. The user studies show that for exploratory querying tasks, generalized query previews can speed user performance for certain user domains and can reduce network/server load.},
	keywords = {Information Visualization, Internet, Online querying, World-wide web},
	isbn = {0306-4379},
	doi = {10.1016/j.is.2005.12.006},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306437905001213},
	author = {Tanin,Egemen and Shneiderman, Ben and Xie,Hairuo}
}
@article {17023,
	title = {Community response grids: E-government, social networks, and effective emergency management},
	journal = {Telecommunications Policy},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/11//},
	pages = {592 - 604},
	abstract = {This paper explores the concept of developing community response grids (CRGs) for community emergency response and the policy implications of such a system. CRGs make use of the Internet and mobile communication devices, allowing residents and responders to share information, communicate, and coordinate activities in response to a major disaster. This paper explores the viability of using mobile communication technologies and the Web, including e-government, to develop response systems that would aid communities before, during, and after a major disaster, providing channels for contacting residents and responders, uploading information, distributing information, coordinating the responses of social networks, and facilitating resident-to-resident assistance. Drawing upon research from computer science, information studies, public policy, emergency management, and several other disciplines, the paper elaborates on the concept of and need for CRGs, examines related current efforts that can inform the development of CRGs, discusses how research about community networks can be used to instill trust and social capital in CRGs, and examines the issues of public policy, telecommunications, and e-government related to such a system.},
	keywords = {Community response grid, E-government, Emergency response, Mobile communications, Public policy, social networks},
	isbn = {0308-5961},
	doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2007.07.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596107000699},
	author = {Jaeger,Paul T. and Shneiderman, Ben and Fleischmann,Kenneth R. and Preece,Jennifer and Qu,Yan and Fei Wu,Philip}
}
@article {17022,
	title = {Community response grids for older adults: Motivations, usability, and sociability},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 13th Americas Conference on Information Systems},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the motivation for a Community Response Grid (CRG) to helpolder adults improve their capability for coping with emergency situations. We define
and discuss the concept of a CRG, briefly review the limits of current emergency
response systems, and identify usability and sociability guidelines for CRGs for older
adults based on existing research. The paper ends with a call to action and suggestions
for future research directions.
},
	author = {Wu,P.F. and Preece,J. and Shneiderman, Ben and Jaeger,P. T and Qu,Y.}
}
@article {17024,
	title = {Community Response Grids: Using Information Technology to Help Communities Respond to Bioterror Emergencies},
	journal = {Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/12//},
	pages = {335 - 346},
	abstract = {Access to accurate and trusted information is vital in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from an mergency. To facilitate response in large-scale emergency situations, Community Response Grids (CRGs) integrate Internet and mobile technologies to enable residents to report information, professional emergency responders to disseminate instructions, and residents to assist one another. CRGs use technology to help residents and professional emergency responders to work together in community response to emergencies, including bioterrorism events. In a time of increased danger from bioterrorist threats, the application of advanced information and communication technologies to community response is vital in confronting such threats. This article describes CRGs, their underlying concepts, development efforts, their relevance to biosecurity and bioterrorism, and future research issues in the use of technology to facilitate community response.},
	isbn = {1538-7135, 1557-850X},
	doi = {10.1089/bsp.2007.0034},
	url = {http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/bsp.2007.0034},
	author = {Jaeger,Paul T. and Fleischmann,Kenneth R. and Preece,Jennifer and Shneiderman, Ben and Fei Wu,Philip and Qu,Yan}
}
@article {17041,
	title = {Creativity support tools: accelerating discovery and innovation},
	journal = {Commun. ACM},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/12//},
	pages = {20 - 32},
	abstract = {How can designers of programming interfaces, interactive tools, and rich social environments enable more people to be more creative more often?},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/1323688.1323689},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1323688.1323689},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17072,
	title = {Designing Semantic Substrates for Visual Network Exploration},
	journal = {Information VisualizationInformation Visualization},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/12/21/},
	pages = {281 - 300},
	abstract = {A semantic substrate is a spatial template for a network, where nodes are grouped into regions and laid out within each region according to one or more node attributes. This paper shows how users can be given control in designing their own substrates and how this ability leads to a different approach to network data exploration. Users can create a semantic substrate, enter their data, get feedback from domain experts, edit the semantic substrate, and iteratively continue this procedure until the domain experts are satisfied with the insights they have gained. We illustrate this process in two case studies with domain experts working with legal precedents and food webs. Guidelines for designing substrates are provided, including how to locate, size, and align regions in a substrate, which attributes to choose for grouping nodes into regions, how to select placement methods and which attributes to set as parameters of the selected placement method. Throughout the paper, examples are illustrated with NVSS 2.0, the network visualization tool developed to explore the semantic substrate idea.},
	keywords = {data exploration and analysis, Graphical user interfaces, Information Visualization, network visualization, semantic substrate design},
	isbn = {1473-8716, 1473-8724},
	doi = {10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500162},
	url = {http://ivi.sagepub.com/content/6/4/281},
	author = {Aris,Aleks and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16079,
	title = {Discovering interesting usage patterns in text collections: integrating text mining with visualization},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management},
	series = {CIKM {\textquoteright}07},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {213 - 222},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {This paper addresses the problem of making text mining results more comprehensible to humanities scholars, journalists, intelligence analysts, and other researchers, in order to support the analysis of text collections. Our system, FeatureLens1, visualizes a text collection at several levels of granularity and enables users to explore interesting text patterns. The current implementation focuses on frequent itemsets of n-grams, as they capture the repetition of exact or similar expressions in the collection. Users can find meaningful co-occurrences of text patterns by visualizing them within and across documents in the collection. This also permits users to identify the temporal evolution of usage such as increasing, decreasing or sudden appearance of text patterns. The interface could be used to explore other text features as well. Initial studies suggest that FeatureLens helped a literary scholar and 8 users generate new hypotheses and interesting insights using 2 text collections.},
	keywords = {digital humanities, frequent closed itemsets, n-grams, text mining, user interface},
	isbn = {978-1-59593-803-9},
	doi = {10.1145/1321440.1321473},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1321440.1321473},
	author = {Don,Anthony and Zheleva,Elena and Gregory,Machon and Tarkan,Sureyya and Auvil,Loretta and Clement,Tanya and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine}
}
@conference {14477,
	title = {A dual-view approach to interactive network visualization},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management},
	series = {CIKM {\textquoteright}07},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {939 - 942},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Visualizing network data, from tree structures to arbitrarily connected graphs, is a difficult problem in information visualization. A large part of the problem is that in network data, users not only have to visualize the attributes specific to each data item, but also the links specifying how those items are connected to each other. Past approaches to resolving these difficulties focus on zooming, clustering, filtering and applying various methods of laying out nodes and edges. Such approaches, however, focus only on optimizing a network visualization in a single view, limiting the amount of information that can be shown and explored in parallel. Moreover, past approaches do not allow users to cross reference different subsets or aspects of large, complex networks. In this paper, we propose an approach to these limitations using multiple coordinated views of a given network. To illustrate our approach, we implement a tool called DualNet and evaluate the tool with a case study using an email communication network. We show how using multiple coordinated views improves navigation and provides insight into large networks with multiple node and link properties and types.},
	keywords = {coordinated views, Information Visualization, interactive graph visualization, social networks},
	isbn = {978-1-59593-803-9},
	doi = {10.1145/1321440.1321580},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1321440.1321580},
	author = {Namata,Galileo Mark and Staats,Brian and Getoor, Lise and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17123,
	title = {eHealth Research from the User{\textquoteright}s Perspective},
	journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/05//},
	pages = {S97-S103 - S97-S103},
	abstract = {The application of information technology (IT) to issues of healthcare delivery has had a long and tortuous history in the United States. Within the field of eHealth, vanguard applications of advanced computing techniques, such as applications in artificial intelligence or expert systems, have languished in spite of a track record of scholarly publication and decisional accuracy. The problem is one of purpose, of asking the right questions for the science to solve. Historically, many computer science pioneers have been tempted to ask {\textquotedblleft}what can the computer do?{\textquotedblright} New advances in eHealth are prompting developers to ask {\textquotedblleft}what can people do?{\textquotedblright} How can eHealth take part in national goals for healthcare reform to empower relationships between healthcare professionals and patients, healthcare teams and families, and hospitals and communities to improve health equitably throughout the population? To do this, eHealth researchers must combine best evidence from the user sciences (human factors engineering, human{\textendash}computer interaction, psychology, and usability) with best evidence in medicine to create transformational improvements in the quality of care that medicine offers. These improvements should follow recommendations from the Institute of Medicine to create a healthcare system that is (1) safe, (2) effective (evidence based), (3) patient centered, and (4) timely. Relying on the eHealth researcher{\textquoteright}s intuitive grasp of systems issues, improvements should be made with considerations of users and beneficiaries at the individual (patient{\textendash}physician), group (family{\textendash}staff), community, and broad environmental levels.},
	isbn = {0749-3797},
	doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.019},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379707000487},
	author = {Hesse,Bradford W. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17183,
	title = {Hawkeye: an interactive visual analytics tool for genome assemblies},
	journal = {Genome Biology},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/03/09/},
	pages = {R34 - R34},
	abstract = {Genome sequencing remains an inexact science, and genome sequences can contain significant errors if they are not carefully examined. Hawkeye is our new visual analytics tool for genome assemblies, designed to aid in identifying and correcting assembly errors. Users can analyze all levels of an assembly along with summary statistics and assembly metrics, and are guided by a ranking component towards likely mis-assemblies. Hawkeye is freely available and released as part of the open source AMOS project http://amos.sourceforge.net/hawkeye.},
	isbn = {1465-6906},
	doi = {10.1186/gb-2007-8-3-r34},
	url = {http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/3/R34},
	author = {Schatz,Michael C and Phillippy,Adam M and Shneiderman, Ben and Salzberg,Steven L.}
}
@article {17203,
	title = {Human Responsibility for Autonomous Agents},
	journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/04//March},
	pages = {60 - 61},
	abstract = {Automated or autonomous systems can sometimes fail harmlessly, but they can also destroy data, compromise privacy, and consume resources, such as bandwidth or server capacity. What{\textquoteright}s more troubling is that automated systems embedded in vital systems can cause financial losses, destruction of property, and loss of life. Controlling these dangers will increase trust while enabling broader use of these systems with higher degrees of safety. Obvious threats stem from design errors and software bugs, but we can{\textquoteright}t overlook mistaken assumptions by designers, unanticipated actions by humans, and interference from other computerized systems. This article is part of a special issue on Interacting with Autonomy.},
	keywords = {Automatic control, Autonomous agents, autonomous systems, Bandwidth, Computer bugs, Computer errors, Control systems, data privacy, Human-computer interaction, HUMANS, Robots, Safety, Software design},
	isbn = {1541-1672},
	doi = {10.1109/MIS.2007.32},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17208,
	title = {Human Values for Shaping the Made World},
	booktitle = {Human-Computer Interaction {\textendash} INTERACT 2007Human-Computer Interaction {\textendash} INTERACT 2007},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {4662},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	pages = {1 - 1},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Interface design principles have been effective in shaping new desktop applications, web-based resources, and mobile devices. Usability and sociability promote successful online communities and social network services. The contributions of human-computer interaction researchers have been effective in raising the quality of design of many products and services. As our influence grows, we can play an even more profound role in guaranteeing that enduring human values are embedded in the next generation of technology. This talk identifies which goals are realistic, such as universality, responsibility, trust, empathy, and privacy, and how we might ensure that they become part of future services and systems.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-74794-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74796-3_1},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Baranauskas,C{\'e}cilia and Palanque,Philippe and Abascal,Julio and Barbosa,Simone}
}
@conference {17360,
	title = {Similarity-Based Forecasting with Simultaneous Previews: A River Plot Interface for Time Series Forecasting},
	booktitle = {Information Visualization, 2007. IV {\textquoteright}07. 11th International Conference},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/07/04/6},
	pages = {191 - 196},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Time-series forecasting has a large number of applications. Users with a partial time series for auctions, new stock offerings, or industrial processes desire estimates of the future behavior. We present a data driven forecasting method and interface called similarity-based forecasting (SBF). A pattern matching search in an historical time series dataset produces a subset of curves similar to the partial time series. The forecast is displayed graphically as a river plot showing statistical information about the SBF subset. A forecasting preview interface allows users to interactively explore alternative pattern matching parameters and see multiple forecasts simultaneously. User testing with 8 users demonstrated advantages and led to improvements.},
	keywords = {data driven forecasting method, data visualisation, Data visualization, Economic forecasting, forecasting preview interface, Graphical user interfaces, historical time series dataset, Laboratories, new stock offerings, partial time series, pattern matching, pattern matching search, Predictive models, river plot interface, Rivers, similarity-based forecasting, Smoothing methods, Technological innovation, Testing, time series, time series forecasting, Weather forecasting},
	isbn = {0-7695-2900-3},
	doi = {10.1109/IV.2007.101},
	author = {Buono,P. and Plaisant, Catherine and Simeone,A. and Aris,A. and Shneiderman, Ben and Shmueli,G. and Jank,W.}
}
@article {17458,
	title = {Universal Usability: A grand challenge for HCI},
	journal = {Universal usability: Designing computer interfaces for user diversity},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007///},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17506,
	title = {Web science: a provocative invitation to computer science},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/06//},
	pages = {25 - 27},
	abstract = {Here{\textquoteright}s how it can awaken computer science to the interdisciplinary possibilities of the Web{\textquoteright}s socially embedded computing technology.},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/1247001.1247022},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1247001.1247022},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16983,
	title = {Balancing Systematic and Flexible Exploration of Social Networks},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/10//Sept},
	pages = {693 - 700},
	abstract = {Social network analysis (SNA) has emerged as a powerful method for understanding the importance of relationships in networks. However, interactive exploration of networks is currently challenging because: (1) it is difficult to find patterns and comprehend the structure of networks with many nodes and links, and (2) current systems are often a medley of statistical methods and overwhelming visual output which leaves many analysts uncertain about how to explore in an orderly manner. This results in exploration that is largely opportunistic. Our contributions are techniques to help structural analysts understand social networks more effectively. We present SocialAction, a system that uses attribute ranking and coordinated views to help users systematically examine numerous SNA measures. Users can (1) flexibly iterate through visualizations of measures to gain an overview, filter nodes, and find outliers, (2) aggregate networks using link structure, find cohesive subgroups, and focus on communities of interest, and (3) untangle networks by viewing different link types separately, or find patterns across different link types using a matrix overview. For each operation, a stable node layout is maintained in the network visualization so users can make comparisons. SocialAction offers analysts a strategy beyond opportunism, as it provides systematic, yet flexible, techniques for exploring social networks},
	keywords = {Aggregates, algorithms, attribute ranking, Cluster Analysis, Computer Graphics, Computer simulation, Coordinate measuring machines, coordinated views, Data analysis, data visualisation, Data visualization, exploratory data analysis, Filters, Gain measurement, graph theory, Graphical user interfaces, Information Storage and Retrieval, interactive graph visualization, matrix algebra, matrix overview, Models, Biological, Navigation, network visualization, Pattern analysis, Population Dynamics, Social Behavior, social network analysis, Social network services, social networks, social sciences computing, Social Support, SocialAction, software, statistical analysis, statistical methods, User-Computer Interface},
	isbn = {1077-2626},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2006.122},
	author = {Perer,A. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17007,
	title = {Categorizing web search results into meaningful and stable categories using fast-feature techniques},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries},
	series = {JCDL {\textquoteright}06},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {210 - 219},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {When search results against digital libraries and web resources have limited metadata, augmenting them with meaningful and stable category information can enable better overviews and support user exploration. This paper proposes six fast-feature techniques that use only features available in the search result list, such as title, snippet, and URL, to categorize results into meaningful categories. They use credible knowledge resources, including a US government organizational hierarchy, a thematic hierarchy from the Open Directory Project (ODP) web directory, and personal browse histories, to add valuable metadata to search results. In three tests the percent of results categorized for five representative queries was high enough to suggest practical benefits: general web search (76-90\%), government web search (39-100\%), and the Bureau of Labor Statistics website (48-94\%). An additional test submitted 250 TREC queries to a search engine and successfully categorized 66\% of the top 100 using the ODP and 61\% of the top 350. Fast-feature techniques have been implemented in a prototype search engine. We propose research directions to improve categorization rates and make suggestions about how web site designers could re-organize their sites to support fast categorization of search results.},
	keywords = {Browsing, categorization, classification, metadata, open directory, taxonomies},
	isbn = {1-59593-354-9},
	doi = {10.1145/1141753.1141801},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1141753.1141801},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Kustanowitz,Jack and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17013,
	title = {Classifying science: Phenomena, data, theory, method, practice: Book Reviews},
	journal = {J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol.},
	volume = {57},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/12//},
	pages = {1977 - 1978},
	abstract = {Due to e-mail{\textquoteright}s ubiquitous nature, millions of users are intimate with the technology; however, most users are only familiar with managing their own e-mail, which is an inherently different task from exploring an e-mail archive. Historians and social scientists believe that e-mail archives are important artifacts for understanding the individuals and communities they represent. To understand the conversations evidenced in an archive, context is needed. In this article, we present a new way to gain this necessary context: analyzing the temporal rhythms of social relationships. We provide methods for constructing meaningful rhythms from the e-mail headers by identifying relationships and interpreting their attributes. With these visualization techniques, e-mail archive explorers can uncover insights that may have been otherwise hidden in the archive. We apply our methods to an individual{\textquoteright}s 15-year e-mail archive, which consists of about 45,000 messages and over 4,000 relationships. {\textcopyright} 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	keywords = {corpus_analysis, email, hci, project--email, text_analysis, Visualization},
	isbn = {1532-2882},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.v57:14},
	author = {Perer,Adam and Shneiderman, Ben and Oard, Douglas}
}
@article {17042,
	title = {Creativity Support Tools: Report From a U.S. National Science Foundation Sponsored Workshop},
	journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {61 - 77},
	abstract = {Creativity support tools is a research topic with high risk but potentially very high payoff. The goal is to develop improved software and user interfaces that empower users to be not only more productive but also more innovative. Potential users include software and other engineers, diverse scientists, product and graphic designers, architects, educators, students, and many others. Enhanced interfaces could enable more effective searching of intellectual resources, improved collaboration among teams, and more rapid discovery processes. These advanced interfaces should also provide potent support in hypothesis formation, speedier evaluation of alternatives, improved understanding through visualization, and better dissemination of results. For creative endeavors that require composition of novel artifacts (e.g., computer programs, scientific papers, engineering diagrams, symphonies, artwork), enhanced interfaces could facilitate exploration of alternatives, prevent unproductive choices, and enable easy backtracking. This U.S. National Science Foundation sponsored workshop brought together 25 research leaders and graduate students to share experiences, identify opportunities, and formulate research challenges. Two key outcomes emerged: (a) encouragement to evaluate creativity support tools through multidimensional in-depth longitudinal case studies and (b) formulation of 12 principles for design of creativity support tools.Creativity support tools is a research topic with high risk but potentially very high payoff. The goal is to develop improved software and user interfaces that empower users to be not only more productive but also more innovative. Potential users include software and other engineers, diverse scientists, product and graphic designers, architects, educators, students, and many others. Enhanced interfaces could enable more effective searching of intellectual resources, improved collaboration among teams, and more rapid discovery processes. These advanced interfaces should also provide potent support in hypothesis formation, speedier evaluation of alternatives, improved understanding through visualization, and better dissemination of results. For creative endeavors that require composition of novel artifacts (e.g., computer programs, scientific papers, engineering diagrams, symphonies, artwork), enhanced interfaces could facilitate exploration of alternatives, prevent unproductive choices, and enable easy backtracking. This U.S. National Science Foundation sponsored workshop brought together 25 research leaders and graduate students to share experiences, identify opportunities, and formulate research challenges. Two key outcomes emerged: (a) encouragement to evaluate creativity support tools through multidimensional in-depth longitudinal case studies and (b) formulation of 12 principles for design of creativity support tools.
},
	isbn = {1044-7318},
	doi = {10.1207/s15327590ijhc2002_1},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327590ijhc2002_1},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Fischer,Gerhard and Czerwinski,Mary and Resnick,Mitch and Myers,Brad and Candy,Linda and Edmonds,Ernest and Eisenberg,Mike and Giaccardi,Elisa and Hewett,Tom and Jennings,Pamela and Kules,Bill and Nakakoji,Kumiyo and Nunamaker,Jay and Pausch,Randy and Selker,Ted and Sylvan,Elisabeth and Terry,Michael}
}
@conference {14498,
	title = {D-Dupe: An Interactive Tool for Entity Resolution in Social Networks},
	booktitle = {Visual Analytics Science And Technology, 2006 IEEE Symposium On},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/11/31/2},
	pages = {43 - 50},
	abstract = {Visualizing and analyzing social networks is a challenging problem that has been receiving growing attention. An important first step, before analysis can begin, is ensuring that the data is accurate. A common data quality problem is that the data may inadvertently contain several distinct references to the same underlying entity; the process of reconciling these references is called entity-resolution. D-Dupe is an interactive tool that combines data mining algorithms for entity resolution with a task-specific network visualization. Users cope with complexity of cleaning large networks by focusing on a small subnetwork containing a potential duplicate pair. The subnetwork highlights relationships in the social network, making the common relationships easy to visually identify. D-Dupe users resolve ambiguities either by merging nodes or by marking them distinct. The entity resolution process is iterative: as pairs of nodes are resolved, additional duplicates may be revealed; therefore, resolution decisions are often chained together. We give examples of how users can flexibly apply sequences of actions to produce a high quality entity resolution result. We illustrate and evaluate the benefits of D-Dupe on three bibliographic collections. Two of the datasets had already been cleaned, and therefore should not have contained duplicates; despite this fact, many duplicates were rapidly identified using D-Dupe{\textquoteright}s unique combination of entity resolution algorithms within a task-specific visual interface},
	keywords = {algorithm;data, analysis;social, computing;user, D-Dupe, interactive, interface;data, interfaces;, mining, mining;interactive, network, problem;entity, QUALITY, resolution;entity-resolution;social, sciences, systems;social, tool;data, visual, visualization;task-specific},
	doi = {10.1109/VAST.2006.261429},
	author = {Bilgic,M. and Licamele,L. and Getoor, Lise and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17089,
	title = {Discovering business intelligence using treemap visualizations},
	journal = {B-EYE-Network-Boulder, CO, USA, April},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16081,
	title = {Exploring auction databases through interactive visualization},
	journal = {Decision Support Systems},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/12//},
	pages = {1521 - 1538},
	abstract = {We introduce AuctionExplorer, a suite of tools for exploring databases of online auctions. The suite combines tools for collecting, processing, and interactively exploring auction attributes (e.g., seller rating), and the bid history (price evolution represented as a time series). Part of AuctionExplorer{\textquoteright}s power comes from its coupling of the two information structures, thereby allowing exploration of relationships between them. Exploration can be directed by hypothesis testing or exploratory data analysis. We propose a process for visual data analysis and illustrate AuctionExplorer{\textquoteright}s operations with a dataset of eBay auctions. Insights may improve seller, bidder, auction house, and other vendors{\textquoteright} understanding of the market, thereby assisting their decision making process.},
	keywords = {Auction dynamics, Bid history, Online auctions, time series, user interface},
	isbn = {0167-9236},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dss.2006.01.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167923606000042},
	author = {Shmueli,Galit and Jank,Wolfgang and Aris,Aleks and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17153,
	title = {Exploring personal media: A spatial interface supporting user-defined semantic regions},
	journal = {Journal of Visual Languages \& Computing},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/06//},
	pages = {254 - 283},
	abstract = {Graphical mechanisms for spatially organizing personal media data could enable users to fruitfully apply their conceptual models. This paper introduces Semantic regions, an innovative way for users to construct display representations of their conceptual models by drawing regions on 2D space and specifying the semantics for each region. Then users can apply personal categorizations to personal media data using the fling-and-flock metaphor. This allows personal media to be dragged to the spatially organized display and automatically grouped according to time, geography, family trees, groups of friends, or other spatially organized display representations of conceptual models. The prototype implementation for semantic regions, MediaFinder, was refined based on two small usability tests for usage and construction of user-defined conceptual models.},
	keywords = {dynamic queries, Fling-and-flock, Personal media management, Spatial information management, User interfaces},
	isbn = {1045-926X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvlc.2006.01.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045926X06000048},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17161,
	title = {Find that photo!: interface strategies to annotate, browse, and share},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM - Supporting exploratory search},
	volume = {49},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/04//},
	pages = {69 - 71},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/1121949.1121985},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1121949.1121985},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Bederson, Benjamin B. and Drucker,Steven M.}
}
@article {17189,
	title = {Hierarchical Layouts for Photo Libraries},
	journal = {IEEE Multimedia},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/12//Oct},
	pages = {62 - 72},
	abstract = {We use an annotated digital photo collection to demonstrate a two-level auto-layout technique consisting of a central primary region with secondary regions surrounding it. Because the object sizes within regions can only be changed in discrete units, we refer to them as quantum content. Our real-time algorithms enable a compelling interactive display as users resize the canvas, or move and resize the primary region},
	keywords = {annotated digital photo collection, auto-layout technique, bi-level hierarchies, Computer science, data visualisation, digital libraries, document image processing, Information Visualization, interactive algorithms, interactive displays, Libraries, Lifting equipment, Organization Charts, photo collections, photo layouts, photo library, Photography, quantum content, Silver, Springs, User interfaces, Web pages},
	isbn = {1070-986X},
	doi = {10.1109/MMUL.2006.83},
	author = {Kustanowitz,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16088,
	title = {Integrating data and interfaces to enhance understanding of government statistics: toward the national statistical knowledge network project briefing},
	journal = {Proceedings of 7th Annual International Conference on Digital Libraries (DG06)},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {21 - 24},
	abstract = {This paper reports the results of work in the final no-costextension year of a digital government project that developed user
interface models and prototypes to help people find and
understand government statistics; proposed a Statistical
Knowledge Network architecture that supports cross agency
information access; and demonstrated models for government-
academic collaboration.
},
	author = {Marchionini,G. and Haas,S. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17272,
	title = {Knowledge discovery in high-dimensional data: case studies and a user survey for the rank-by-feature framework},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/06//May},
	pages = {311 - 322},
	abstract = {Knowledge discovery in high-dimensional data is a challenging enterprise, but new visual analytic tools appear to offer users remarkable powers if they are ready to learn new concepts and interfaces. Our three-year effort to develop versions of the hierarchical clustering explorer (HCE) began with building an interactive tool for exploring clustering results. It expanded, based on user needs, to include other potent analytic and visualization tools for multivariate data, especially the rank-by-feature framework. Our own successes using HCE provided some testimonial evidence of its utility, but we felt it necessary to get beyond our subjective impressions. This paper presents an evaluation of the hierarchical clustering explorer (HCE) using three case studies and an e-mail user survey (n=57) to focus on skill acquisition with the novel concepts and interface for the rank-by-feature framework. Knowledgeable and motivated users in diverse fields provided multiple perspectives that refined our understanding of strengths and weaknesses. A user survey confirmed the benefits of HCE, but gave less guidance about improvements. Both evaluations suggested improved training methods},
	keywords = {case study, Computer aided software engineering, Computer Society, Data analysis, data mining, data visualisation, Data visualization, database management systems, e-mail user survey, Genomics, Helium, Hierarchical Clustering Explorer, hierarchical clustering explorer., high-dimensional data, Histograms, Information visualization evaluation, interactive systems, interactive tool, knowledge discovery, multivariate data, Rank-by-feature framework, Scattering, Testing, user interface, User interfaces, user survey, visual analytic tools, visual analytics, visualization tools},
	isbn = {1077-2626},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2006.50},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17285,
	title = {Making a difference: integrating socially relevant projects into HCI teaching},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}06 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}06},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {41 - 44},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Enriching courses on human-computer interaction with socially-relevant projects provides a compelling opportunity for students to improve their education and make socially beneficial contributions. By having clearly defined user communities outside the classroom, students have the chance to practice their interview, observation, and usability testing skills, while developing projects that continue beyond the semester. These projects often give students life-changing exposure to genuine needs and impressive results to include in their portfolio when seeking employment. Educators will present their strategies for arranging, supervising, and grading these projects. Students will describe their experience and how it influenced them.},
	keywords = {education, making a difference, relevance, service learning, social impact, team projects},
	isbn = {1-59593-298-4},
	doi = {10.1145/1125451.1125463},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1125451.1125463},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Bishop,Ann and Friedman,Batya and Lazar,Jonathan and Marsden,Gary and Nass,Cliff}
}
@article {17295,
	title = {Methods for the electronic annotation, retrieval, and use of electronic images},
	volume = {09/976,362},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/03/07/},
	abstract = {The present invention provides software for electronically annotating electronic images, such as drawings, photographs, video, etc., through the drag-and-drop of annotations from a pre-defined, but extendable, list. The annotations are placed at a user-selected X, Y location on the image, and stored in a searchable database. Thus, they can be searched in order to retrieve, organize, group, or display desired electronic images or collections of such images. The annotations may be text, images, sounds, etc. The invention provides a flexible, easy to learn, rapid, low error rate and satisfying interface for accomplishing such tasks.},
	url = {http://www.google.com/patents?id=iBt4AAAAEBAJ},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {University of Maryland, College Park}
}
@article {16933,
	title = {A model for computer frustration: the role of instrumental and dispositional factors on incident, session, and post-session frustration and mood},
	journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/11//},
	pages = {941 - 961},
	abstract = {Frustration is almost universally accepted as the emotional outcome of a negative computing experience. Despite the wide use of the term, however, it has not been rigorously conceptualized as a factor in the study of the human{\textendash}computer interface. This project sets out to explicate frustration as a pre-emotional state generated by the user{\textquoteright}s appraisal of the interface as an impediment to goal attainment, and looks at how user characteristics, such as self-efficacy, relate to it. This project employed episode report methodology to capture data from 144 computer users{\textquoteright} reports of actual frustrating events as they took place. Diaries taken as users worked at their everyday tasks yield detailed data about the problems they encountered and included information about session length and an estimate of the time lost due to the experiences. Outcomes were measured as either situational or dispositional factors. Situational factors, having to do with specific events, predicted incident frustration. However, disposition variables, especially user self-efficacy, were much stronger, predicting incident and session frustration, and post-session mood. One surprising outcome was the failure of demographic variables as predictors of frustration.},
	keywords = {Efficacy, Emotion, Frustration, Mood, problem solving, usability},
	isbn = {0747-5632},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2004.03.015},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563204000615},
	author = {Bessi{\`e}re,Katie and Newhagen,John E. and Robinson,John P. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17307,
	title = {Network Visualization by Semantic Substrates},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/10//Sept},
	pages = {733 - 740},
	abstract = {Networks have remained a challenge for information visualization designers because of the complex issues of node and link layout coupled with the rich set of tasks that users present. This paper offers a strategy based on two principles: (1) layouts are based on user-defined semantic substrates, which are non-overlapping regions in which node placement is based on node attributes, (2) users interactively adjust sliders to control link visibility to limit clutter and thus ensure comprehensibility of source and destination. Scalability is further facilitated by user control of which nodes are visible. We illustrate our semantic substrates approach as implemented in NVSS 1.0 with legal precedent data for up to 1122 court cases in three regions with 7645 legal citations},
	keywords = {Automatic control, data visualisation, Data visualization, Displays, Filters, Graphical user interfaces, Information Visualization, information visualization designers, Law, legal citations, Legal factors, legal precedent data, network visualization, NVSS 1.0, scalability, semantic substrate, Terminology, Tunneling, user-defined semantic substrates},
	isbn = {1077-2626},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2006.166},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Aris,A.}
}
@article {17309,
	title = {Nuclear Envelope Dystrophies Show a Transcriptional Fingerprint Suggesting Disruption of Rb{\textendash}MyoD Pathways in Muscle Regeneration},
	journal = {BrainBrain},
	volume = {129},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/04/01/},
	pages = {996 - 1013},
	abstract = {Mutations of lamin A/C (LMNA) cause a wide range of human disorders, including progeria, lipodystrophy, neuropathies and autosomal dominant Emery{\textendash}Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). EDMD is also caused by X-linked recessive loss-of-function mutations of emerin, another component of the inner nuclear lamina that directly interacts with LMNA. One model for disease pathogenesis of LMNA and emerin mutations is cell-specific perturbations of the mRNA transcriptome in terminally differentiated cells. To test this model, we studied 125 human muscle biopsies from 13 diagnostic groups (125 U133A, 125 U133B microarrays), including EDMD patients with LMNA and emerin mutations. A Visual and Statistical Data Analyzer (VISDA) algorithm was used to statistically model cluster hierarchy, resulting in a tree of phenotypic classifications. Validations of the diagnostic tree included permutations of U133A and U133B arrays, and use of two probe set algorithms (MAS5.0 and MBEI). This showed that the two nuclear envelope defects (EDMD LMNA, EDMD emerin) were highly related disorders and were also related to fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). FSHD has recently been hypothesized to involve abnormal interactions of chromatin with the nuclear envelope. To identify disease-specific transcripts for EDMD, we applied a leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation approach using LMNA patient muscle as a test data set, with reverse transcription{\textendash}polymerase chain reaction (RT{\textendash}PCR) validations in both LMNA and emerin patient muscle. A high proportion of top-ranked and validated transcripts were components of the same transcriptional regulatory pathway involving Rb1 and MyoD during muscle regeneration (CRI-1, CREBBP, Nap1L1, ECREBBP/p300), where each was specifically upregulated in EDMD. Using a muscle regeneration time series (27 time points) we develop a transcriptional model for downstream consequences of LMNA and emerin mutations. We propose that key interactions between the nuclear envelope and Rb and MyoD fail in EDMD at the point of myoblast exit from the cell cycle, leading to poorly coordinated phosphorylation and acetylation steps. Our data is consistent with mutations of nuclear lamina components leading to destabilization of the transcriptome in differentiated cells.},
	keywords = {EDMD = Emery{\textendash}Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, emerin, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, FSHD = fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, IDG = individual discriminatory genes, JDG = jointly discriminatory genes, lamin A/C, LGMD = limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, LOO = leave-one-out, RT{\textendash}PCR = reverse transcription{\textendash}polymerase chain reaction; VISDA = Visual and Statistical Data Analyzer, Skeletal muscle, wFC = weighted Fisher criterion},
	isbn = {0006-8950, 1460-2156},
	doi = {10.1093/brain/awl023},
	url = {http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/129/4/996},
	author = {Bakay,Marina and Wang,Zuyi and Melcon,Gisela and Schiltz,Louis and Xuan,Jianhua and Zhao,Po and Sartorelli,Vittorio and Seo,Jinwook and Pegoraro,Elena and Angelini,Corrado and Shneiderman, Ben and Escolar,Diana and Chen,Yi-Wen and Winokur,Sara T and Pachman,Lauren M and Fan,Chenguang and Mandler,Raul and Nevo,Yoram and Gordon,Erynn and Zhu,Yitan and Dong,Yibin and Wang,Yue and Hoffman,Eric P}
}
@article {17348,
	title = {Research-based web design \& usability guidelines},
	journal = {Background and Methodology. US Department of Health and Human Services. Washington},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	author = {Leavitt,M.O. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17356,
	title = {Severity and impact of computer user frustration: A comparison of student and workplace users},
	journal = {Interacting with Computers},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/03//},
	pages = {187 - 207},
	abstract = {User frustration with information and computing technology is a pervasive and persistent problem. When computers crash, network congestion causes delays, and poor user interfaces trigger confusion there are dramatic consequences for individuals, organizations, and society. These frustrations, not only cause personal dissatisfaction and loss of self-efficacy, but may disrupt workplaces, slow learning, and reduce participation in local and national communities. Our exploratory study of 107 student computer users and 50 workplace computer users shows high levels of frustration and loss of 1/3{\textendash}1/2 of time spent. This paper reports on the incident and individual factors that cause of frustration, and how they raise frustration severity. It examines the frustration impacts on the daily interactions of the users. The time lost and time to fix problem, and importance of task, strongly correlate with frustration levels for both student and workplace users. Differences between students and workplace users are discussed in the paper, as are implications for researchers.},
	keywords = {Computer anxiety, Computer experience, Helpdesk, Training, User frustration, user interface design},
	isbn = {0953-5438},
	doi = {10.1016/j.intcom.2005.06.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953543805000561},
	author = {Lazar,Jonathan and Jones,Adam and Hackley,Mary and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16086,
	title = {Strategies for evaluating information visualization tools: multi-dimensional in-depth long-term case studies},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2006 AVI workshop on BEyond time and errors: novel evaluation methods for information visualization},
	series = {BELIV {\textquoteright}06},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {1 - 7},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {After an historical review of evaluation methods, we describe an emerging research method called Multi-dimensional In-depth Long-term Case studies (MILCs) which seems well adapted to study the creative activities that users of information visualization systems engage in. We propose that the efficacy of tools can be assessed by documenting 1) usage (observations, interviews, surveys, logging etc.) and 2) expert users{\textquoteright} success in achieving their professional goals. We summarize lessons from related ethnography methods used in HCI and provide guidelines for conducting MILCs for information visualization. We suggest ways to refine the methods for MILCs in modest sized projects and then envision ambitious projects with 3-10 researchers working over 1-3 years to understand individual and organizational use of information visualization by domain experts working at the frontiers of knowledge in their fields.},
	isbn = {1-59593-562-2},
	doi = {10.1145/1168149.1168158},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1168149.1168158},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine}
}
@article {16949,
	title = {A telescope for high-dimensional data},
	journal = {Computing in Science \& Engineering},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/04//March},
	pages = {48 - 53},
	abstract = {Muscular dystrophy is a degenerative disease that destroys muscles and ultimately kills its victims. Researchers worldwide are racing to find a cure by trying to uncover the genetic processes that cause it. Given that a key process is muscle development, researchers at a consortium of 10 institutions are studying 1,000 men and women, ages 18 to 40 years, to see how their muscles enlarge with exercise. The 150 variables collected for each participant will make this data analysis task challenging for users of traditional statistical software tools. However, a new approach to visual data analysis is helping these researchers speed up their work. At the University of Maryland{\textquoteright}s Human-Computer Interaction Library, we developed an interactive approach to let researchers explore high-dimensional data in an orderly manner, focusing on specific features one at a time. The rank-by-feature framework lets them adjust controls to specify what they{\textquoteright}re looking for, and then, with only a glance, they can spot strong relationships among variables, find tight data clusters, or identify unexpected gaps. Sometimes surprising outliers invite further study as to whether they represent errors or an unusual outcome. Similar data analysis problems come up in meteorology, finance, chemistry, and other sciences in which complex relationships among many variables govern outcomes. The rank-by-feature framework could be helpful to many researchers, engineers, and managers because they can then steer their analyses toward the action},
	keywords = {Chemistry, Data analysis, data mining, data visualisation, degenerative disease, Degenerative diseases, diseases, Finance, genetic process, Genetics, high-dimensional data, interactive data analysis, medical computing, Meteorology, muscle, muscle development, Muscles, muscular dystrophy, Rank-by-feature framework, software, software libraries, software tools, Telescopes, visual data, visual data analysis},
	isbn = {1521-9615},
	doi = {10.1109/MCSE.2006.21},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17434,
	title = {Toward an enriched (and revitalized) sense of help: Summary of an ASIS\&T 2005 panel session},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/06/01/},
	pages = {23 - 26},
	isbn = {1550-8366},
	doi = {10.1002/bult.2006.1720320509},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bult.2006.1720320509/abstract},
	author = {Haas,Stephanie W and Denn,Sheila and Locke,David and Shneiderman, Ben and Brown,Laurie}
}
@article {17480,
	title = {Using rhythms of relationships to understand e-mail archives},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	volume = {57},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/12/01/},
	pages = {1936 - 1948},
	abstract = {Due to e-mail{\textquoteright}s ubiquitous nature, millions of users are intimate with the technology; however, most users are only familiar with managing their own e-mail, which is an inherently different task from exploring an e-mail archive. Historians and social scientists believe that e-mail archives are important artifacts for understanding the individuals and communities they represent. To understand the conversations evidenced in an archive, context is needed. In this article, we present a new way to gain this necessary context: analyzing the temporal rhythms of social relationships. We provide methods for constructing meaningful rhythms from the e-mail headers by identifying relationships and interpreting their attributes. With these visualization techniques, e-mail archive explorers can uncover insights that may have been otherwise hidden in the archive. We apply our methods to an individual{\textquoteright}s 15-year e-mail archive, which consists of about 45,000 messages and over 4,000 relationships.},
	isbn = {1532-2890},
	doi = {10.1002/asi.20387},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.20387/abstract},
	author = {Perer,Adam and Shneiderman, Ben and Oard, Douglas}
}
@conference {16951,
	title = {A Visual Interface for Multivariate Temporal Data: Finding Patterns of Events across Multiple Histories},
	booktitle = {Visual Analytics Science And Technology, 2006 IEEE Symposium On},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/11/31/Oct. },
	pages = {167 - 174},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Finding patterns of events over time is important in searching patient histories, Web logs, news stories, and criminal activities. This paper presents PatternFinder, an integrated interface for query and result-set visualization for search and discovery of temporal patterns within multivariate and categorical data sets. We define temporal patterns as sequences of events with inter-event time spans. PatternFinder allows users to specify the attributes of events and time spans to produce powerful pattern queries that are difficult to express with other formalisms. We characterize the range of queries PatternFinder supports as users vary the specificity at which events and time spans are defined. Pattern Finder{\textquoteright}s query capabilities together with coupled ball-and-chain and tabular visualizations enable users to effectively query, explore and analyze event patterns both within and across data entities (e.g. patient histories, terrorist groups, Web logs, etc.)},
	keywords = {ball-and-chain visualization, Chromium, Computer science, Data analysis, data visualisation, Data visualization, Database languages, event pattern discovery, Graphical user interfaces, History, Information Visualization, Medical treatment, multivariate temporal data, Pattern analysis, pattern recognition, PatternFinder integrated interface, Query processing, query visualization, result-set visualization, Spatial databases, tabular visualization, temporal pattern discovery, temporal pattern searching, Temporal query, user interface, User interfaces, visual databases, visual interface},
	isbn = {1-4244-0591-2},
	doi = {10.1109/VAST.2006.261421},
	author = {Fails,J. A and Karlson,A. and Shahamat,L. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17513,
	title = {Workplace user frustration with computers: an exploratory investigation of the causes and severity},
	journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {239 - 251},
	abstract = {When hard-to-use computers cause users to become frustrated, it can affect workplace productivity, user mood and interactions with other co-workers. Previous research has examined the frustration that students and their families face in using computers. To learn more about the causes and measure the severity of user frustration with computers in the workplace, we collected modified time diaries from 50 workplace users, who spent an average of 5.1 hours on the computer. In this exploratory research, users reported wasting on average, 42~?~43\% of their time on the computer due to frustrating experiences. The largest number of frustrating experiences occurred while using word processors, email and web browsers. The causes of the frustrating experiences, the time lost due to the frustrating experiences, and the effects of the frustrating experiences on the mood of the users are discussed in this paper. Implications for designers, managers, users, information technology staff and policymakers are discussed.When hard-to-use computers cause users to become frustrated, it can affect workplace productivity, user mood and interactions with other co-workers. Previous research has examined the frustration that students and their families face in using computers. To learn more about the causes and measure the severity of user frustration with computers in the workplace, we collected modified time diaries from 50 workplace users, who spent an average of 5.1 hours on the computer. In this exploratory research, users reported wasting on average, 42~?~43\% of their time on the computer due to frustrating experiences. The largest number of frustrating experiences occurred while using word processors, email and web browsers. The causes of the frustrating experiences, the time lost due to the frustrating experiences, and the effects of the frustrating experiences on the mood of the users are discussed in this paper. Implications for designers, managers, users, information technology staff and policymakers are discussed.
},
	isbn = {0144-929X},
	doi = {10.1080/01449290500196963},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01449290500196963},
	author = {Lazar,Jonathan and Jones,Adam and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16961,
	title = {An Augmented Visual Query Mechanism for Finding Patterns in Time Series Data (2002)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Relatively few query tools exist for data exploration and pattern identification in time series data sets. In previous work we introduced Timeboxes. Timeboxes are rectangular, direct-manipulation queries for studying time-series datasets. We demonstrated how Timeboxes can be used to support interactive exploration via dynamic queries, along with overviews of query results and drag-and-drop support for query-by-example. In this paper, we extend our work by introducing Variable Time Timeboxes (VTT). VTTs are a natural generalization of Timeboxes, which permit the specification of queries that allow a degree of uncertainty in the time axis. We carefully motivate the need for these more expressive queries, and demonstrate the utility of our approach on several data sets.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6495},
	author = {Keogh,Eamonn and Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16990,
	title = {Bi-Level Hierarchical Layouts for Photo Libraries: Algorithms for Design Optimization with Quantum Content},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {A frequently-used layout for a collection of two-dimensional, fixed aspect-ratio objects, such as photo thumbnails, is the grid, in which rows and columns are configured to match the allowed space. However, in cases where these objects have some group relationship among them, it can be advantageous to show this relationship in the layout, rather than in textual captions. We use an annotated digital photo collection as a case study of an auto-layout technique in which a two-level hierarchy is generated, consisting of a primary, central region with secondary regions (typically 2-12 regions) surrounding it. We show that given specific requirements, this technique is also optimal, in the sense that it will generate the largest size for the objects. Since all objects are the same size we refer to them as quantum content. These algorithms are designed to be real-time, enabling a compelling interactive display as users resize the canvas, or move and resize the primary region. The interactive redisplay also occurs as users add regions or objects to a secondary region.},
	keywords = {Societal Infrastructure Systems},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6567},
	author = {Kustanowitz,Jack and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16995,
	title = {Bridging the Digital Divide with Universal Usability (2001)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {How do you explain a trashcan to a culture that doesn have one? How do you describe a top loss limit orderto retirees managing their funds? Can you design a text-only interface that conveys the contents and experience of an animated Flash presentation? <p>These puzzles emerged during the first ACM Conference on Universal Usability (http://www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu/), held on November 15-17, 2000 near Washington, DC. The international group of organizers, presenters, and attendees of this conference shared an unusual commitment and passion for making information and communications services accessible, usable, and useful. They want to see effective healthcare services and appealing distance education. They want to create successful e-commerce and accessible government services for all. Realizing these possibilities requires more than low-cost hardware or broadband networks. These mass- market services are often too complex, unusable, or irrelevant for too many users; usability and design become the keys to success. <p>The source of these problems was often attributed to designers who make incorrect assumptions about user knowledge. This leads to difficulties with technical terminology and advanced concepts that are not balanced by adequate online help or live assistance. Unfortunately, most designers never see the pain they inflict on novice and even expert users. These problems have contributed to the growing digital divide in internet technology adoption levels between lowincome poorly-educated and high-income well-educated users [2]. Even as the gap between men and women internet users has been eliminated and the gap between young and old is shrinking, the slow adoption rates by poor and poorly educated users remains a problem. Low-cost equipment is needed, but progress in design will help make internet services more accessible to more people.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6478},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16100,
	title = {Broadening Access to Large Online Databases by Generalizing Query Previews (2000)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Companies, government agencies, and other types of organizations are making their large databases available to the world over the Internet. Current database front-ends do not give users information about the distribution of data. This leads many users to waste time and network resources posing queries that have either zero-hit or mega-hit result sets. Query previews form a novel visual approach for browsing large databases. Query previews supply data distribution information about the database that is being searched and give continuous feedback about the size of the result set for the query as it is being formed. On the other hand, query previews use only a few pre-selected attributes of the database. The distribution information is displayed only on these attributes. Unfortunately, many databases are formed of numerous relations and attributes. This paper introduces a generalization of query previews. We allow users to browse all of the relations and attributes of a database using a hierarchical browser. Any of the attributes can be used to display the distribution information, making query previews applicable to many public online databases.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6474},
	author = {Tanin,Egemen and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16999,
	title = {Browsing Large Online Data Tables Using Generalized Query Previews (2001)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Companies, government agencies, and other organizations are making their data available to the world over the Internet. They often use large online relational tables for this purpose. Users query such tables with front-ends that typically use menus or form fillin interfaces, but these interfaces rarely give users information about the contents and distribution of the data. Such a situation leads users to waste time and network resources posing queries that have zero-hit or mega-hit results. Generalized query previews enable efficient browsing of large online databases by supplying data distribution information to the users. The data distribution information provides continuous feedback about the size of the result set as the query is being formed. Our paper presents a user interface architecture and discusses recent experimental findings. Our prototype system, ExpO, provides a flexible user interface for research and testing. The user study shows that for exploratory querying tasks, generalized query previews speed user performance and reduce network load.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6483},
	author = {Tanin,Egemen and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17002,
	title = {Building a Coherent Data Pipeline in Microarray Data Analyses: Optimization of Signal/Noise Ratios Using an Interactive Visualization Tool and a Novel Noise Filtering Method (2003)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Motivation: Sources of uncontrolled noise strongly influence data analysis in microarray studies, yet signal/noise ratios are rarely considered in microarray data analyses. We hypothesized that different research projects would have different sources and levels of confounding noise, and built an interactive visual analysis tool to test and define parameters in Affymetrix analyses that optimize the ratio of signal (desired biological variable) versus noise (confounding uncontrolled variables). Results: Five probe set algorithms were studied with and without statistical weighting of probe sets using Microarray Suite (MAS) 5.0 probe set detection p values. The signal/noise optimization method was tested in two large novel microarray datasets with different levels of confounding noise; a 105 sample U133A human muscle biopsy data set (11 groups) (extensive noise), and a 40 sample U74A inbred mouse lung data set (8 groups) (little noise). Success was measured using F-measure value of success of unsupervised clustering into appropriate biological groups (signal). We show that both probe set signal algorithm and probe set detection p-value weighting have a strong effect on signal/noise ratios, and that the different methods performed quite differently in the two data sets. Among the signal algorithms tested, dChip difference model with p-value weighting was the most consistent at maximizing the effect of the target biological variables on data interpretation of the two data sets. Availability: The Hierarchical Clustering Explorer 2.0 is [url=http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hce/]available[/url] online and the improved version of the Hierarchical Clustering Explorer 2.0 with p-value weighting and Fmeasure is available upon request to the first author. Murine arrays (40 samples) are publicly available at the [url=http://microarray.cnmcresearch.org/pgadatatable.asp]PEPR resource.[/url] (Chen et al., 2004).},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6511},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Bakay,Marina and Chen,Yi-Wen and Hilmer,Sara and Shneiderman, Ben and Hoffman,Eric P}
}
@article {17006,
	title = {Categorized Graphical Overviews for Web Search Results: An Exploratory Study using U.S. Government Agencies as a Meaningful and Stable Structure (2004)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Search engines are very effective at generating long lists of results that are highly relevant to user-provided query terms . But the lack of effective overviews presents challenges to users who seek to understand these results, especially for a complex task such as learning about a topic area, which requires gaining overviews of and exploring large sets of search results, identifying unusual documents, and understanding their context. Categorizing the results into comprehensible visual displays using meaningful and stable classifications can support user exploration and understanding of large sets of search results. This extended abstract presents a set of principles that we are developing for search result visualization. It also describes an exploratory study that investigated categorized overviews of search results for complex search tasks within the domain of U. S. government web sites, using a hierarchy based on the federal government organization.},
	keywords = {Global Communication Systems},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6534},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17008,
	title = {Catergorized Overviews for Web Search Results: Two Exploratory Studies in the US Government Domain},
	journal = {Technical Reports from UMIACS},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Search engines are very effective at generating extensive lists of results that are highly relevant to user-provided query terms. But the lack of effective overviews challenges users who seek to understand these results, especially for complex tasks such as learning about a new topic, which require gaining overviews of and exploring large sets of search results, identifying unusual documents, and understanding their context. Categorizing the results into comprehensible visual displays using meaningful and stable classifications can support user exploration and understanding of large sets of search results. We conducted two exploratory studies to investigate categorized overviews of search results for complex search tasks within the domain of U. S. government web sites, using a hierarchy based on the federal government organization and a hierarchy generated by automated clustering. First we compared two overview conditions vs. a control (N=18) and found that participants performed better with and preferred the overview conditions. Then we compared automated clustering vs. an overview based on a government hierarchy (N=12) for several task types, and found that several factors appeared to influence the preferred overview. The studies motivated new requirements for the organization of and interaction with web search results: user-selectable organization of results and a lightweight mechanism for customizing hierarchies. The results were also used to refine a set of principles that we are developing for categorized search result visualization.},
	author = {Kules,B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17018,
	title = {Colour-coded pixel-based highly interactive Web mapping for georeferenced data exploration},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {413 - 428},
	abstract = {This paper describes a pixel?based technique that enables highly interactive Web choropleth maps for georeferenced data publishing and visual exploration. Instead of delivering geographic knowledge to the client in polygon?based vector formats, we encode geographic object IDs and shape information into highly compact pixel images (decoding maps). This allows the combination of raster and vector characteristics while avoiding the problems in the currently existing pixel?based (raster?image?based) or vector?based techniques. Differing from traditional pixel?based techniques that are static and allow very little user interaction, our pixel?based technique allows varieties of sub?second (less than 1?s) interface controls such as dynamic query, dynamic classification, geographic object data identification, user?setting adjusting, as well as turning on/off layers, panning and zooming, with no or minimum server support. Compared with Web GIS techniques that use vector geographic data, our technique avoids transferring over the network large vector geographic data. It also avoids the non?trivial client?side computation to interpret the vector data and render the maps. Our technique features a short initial download time, near?constant performance scalability for larger numbers of geographic objects, and download?map?segment?only?when?necessary which potentially reduces the overall data transfer over the network. As a result, it accommodates general public users with slow modem network connections and low?end machines, as well as users with fast T?1 connections and fast machines. The client?side (browser) is implemented as lightweight Java applets. YMap, an easy?to?use, user?task?oriented highly interactive mapping tool for visual georeferenced data exploration is implemented using this technique. The performance comparison of YMap to some other vector?based Web GIS demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of this technique.This paper describes a pixel?based technique that enables highly interactive Web choropleth maps for georeferenced data publishing and visual exploration. Instead of delivering geographic knowledge to the client in polygon?based vector formats, we encode geographic object IDs and shape information into highly compact pixel images (decoding maps). This allows the combination of raster and vector characteristics while avoiding the problems in the currently existing pixel?based (raster?image?based) or vector?based techniques. Differing from traditional pixel?based techniques that are static and allow very little user interaction, our pixel?based technique allows varieties of sub?second (less than 1?s) interface controls such as dynamic query, dynamic classification, geographic object data identification, user?setting adjusting, as well as turning on/off layers, panning and zooming, with no or minimum server support. Compared with Web GIS techniques that use vector geographic data, our technique avoids transferring over the network large vector geographic data. It also avoids the non?trivial client?side computation to interpret the vector data and render the maps. Our technique features a short initial download time, near?constant performance scalability for larger numbers of geographic objects, and download?map?segment?only?when?necessary which potentially reduces the overall data transfer over the network. As a result, it accommodates general public users with slow modem network connections and low?end machines, as well as users with fast T?1 connections and fast machines. The client?side (browser) is implemented as lightweight Java applets. YMap, an easy?to?use, user?task?oriented highly interactive mapping tool for visual georeferenced data exploration is implemented using this technique. The performance comparison of YMap to some other vector?based Web GIS demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of this technique.
},
	isbn = {1365-8816},
	doi = {10.1080/1365881051233125120},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1365881051233125120},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16920,
	title = {A Comparison of Voice Controlled and Mouse Controlled Web Browsing (2000)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Voice controlled web browsers allow users to navigate by speaking the text of a link or an associated number instead of clicking with a mouse. One such browser is Conversa, by Conversational Computing. This within subjects study with 18 subjects compared voice browsing with traditional mouse-based browsing. It attempted to identify which of three common hypertext forms (linear slide show, grid/tiled map, and hierarchical menu) are well suited to voice navigation, and whether voice navigation is helped by numbering links. The study shows that voice control adds approximately 50 percent to the performance time for certain types of tasks. Subjective satisfaction measures indicate that for voice browsing, textual links are preferable to numbered links.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6475},
	author = {Christian,Kevin and Kules,Bill and Shneiderman, Ben and Youssef,Adel}
}
@article {17030,
	title = {Content Index to Volume 18},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN{\textendash}COMPUTER INTERACTION},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {367 - 368},
	author = {Kuniavsky,M. and Vaughan,M. and Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben and Rau,P.L.P. and from Menus,T. and Lane,D.M. and Napier,H.A. and Peres,S.C. and S{\'a}ndor,A.}
}
@article {17033,
	title = {Coordinating Overviews and Detail Views of WWW Log Data (2000)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Web server log analysis tools provide site operators with useful information regarding the visitors to their sites. Unfortunately, the utility of these tools is often limited by the use of aggregate summaries that hide the information associated with individual requests, and by the absence of contextual data that might help users interpret those summaries. Building upon earlier work in the use of starfield visualizations to display web site requests as individual data points [8], this paper describes the use of multiple-coordinated visualizations of web log data at varying granularities, and alongside additional related displays of appropriate contextual information.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6476},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17044,
	title = {Crisis and opportunity in computer science},
	journal = {Commun. ACM},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/11//},
	pages = {27 - 28},
	abstract = {The future of the field depends on winning back student enrollment, public interest in technology, and government research funding.},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/1096000.1096024},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1096000.1096024},
	author = {Klawe,Maria and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17062,
	title = {Designing a Metadata-Driven Visual Information Browser for Federal Statistics (2003)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {When looking for federal statistics, finding the right table, chart or report can be a daunting task for anyone not thoroughly familiar with the federal statistical system. Search tools help, but differing terminologies within the statistical agencies and a lack of familiarity of terms by information seekers limit their effectiveness. The FedStats Browser is a design for visually browsing federal agency statistical products and publications, using techniques that allow users to reformulate queries and iteratively refine results via simple, reversible actions with immediate feedback. This paper also discusses the characteristics of metadata needed for such a browser and the challenges inherent in acquiring that metadata.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6500},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17065,
	title = {Designing for Fun: Can we design user interfaces to be more fun? (2004)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {User interfaces are taking their place in the world of fashion and style, which is great news. Just as dining out is more than getting a balanced diet and wearing clothes is more than staying warm, using interfaces is becoming a personal statement. It great that designers are turning attention to fun, as a separate design space, distinct from functionality, usability, and reliability. Did anyone notice that fun is part of functionality?},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6520},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {16101,
	title = {Designing The User Interface},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	publisher = {Pearson Addison Wesley, USA},
	organization = {Pearson Addison Wesley, USA},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine}
}
@article {17079,
	title = {Determining Causes and Severity of End-User Frustration (2002)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {While computers are beneficial to individuals and society, frequently, users encounter frustrating experiences when using computers. This study attempts to measure, through 111 participants, the frequency, cause, and the level of severity of frustrating experiences. The data showed that frustrating experiences happen on a frequent basis. The applications in which the frustrating experiences happened most frequently were web browsing, e-mail, and word processing. The most-cited causes of frustrating experiences were error messages, dropped network connections, long download times, and hard-to-find features. The time lost due to frustrating experiences ranged from 47-53\% of time spent on a computer depending on the location and study method. After discarding extreme cases the time lost was still above 38\%. These disturbing results should be a basis for future study.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6493},
	author = {Ceaparu,Irina and Lazar,Jonathan and Bessiere,Katie and Robinson,John and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17082,
	title = {Direct Annotation: A Drag-and-Drop Strategy for Labeling Photos (2000)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Annotating photos is such a time-consuming, tedious and error-prone data entry task that it discourages most owners of personal photo libraries. By allowing users to drag labels such as personal names from a scrolling list and drop them on a photo, we believe we can make the task faster, easier and more appealing. Since the names are entered in a database, searching for all photos of a friend or family member is dramatically simplified. We describe the user interface design and the database schema to support direct annotation, as implemented in our PhotoFinder prototype.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6471},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Kang,Hyunmo}
}
@article {17097,
	title = {Dynamic Aggregation to Support Pattern Discovery: A Case Study with Web Logs (2001)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Rapid growth of digital data collections is overwhelming the capabilities of humans to comprehend them without aid. The extraction of useful data from large raw data sets is something that humans do poorly because of the overwhelming amount of information. Aggregation is a technique that extracts important aspect from groups of data thus reducing the amount that the user has to deal with at one time, thereby enabling them to discover patterns, outliers, gaps, and clusters. Previous mechanisms for interactive exploration with aggregated data was either too complex to use or too limited in scope. This paper proposes a new technique for dynamic aggregation that can combine with dynamic queries to support most of the tasks involved in data manipulation.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6487},
	author = {Tang,Lida and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17099,
	title = {Dynamic Layout Management in a Multimedia Bulletin Board (2002)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {This paper proposes a novel user interface to manage the dynamic layout of multimedia objects in the Multimedia Bulletin Board (MBB) system. The MBB has been designed and implemented as a prototype of an asynchronous communication system that enables rich communication and collaboration among users of multimedia objects such as text, image, moving picture, sound, voice, web, office document, and other files. The layout properties of the multimedia objects on a board (e.g. x-y position, size, z-order, partial occlusion, explicit and implicit links, etc.) show important and useful information on the user dynamics occurring within a board. However, a fixed layout created and edited by multiple users may prevent users from recognizing and identifying useful information. This paper resolves this problem with a novel user-controlled layout strategy made visible with dynamic layout templates (DLT). Users can reorganize the objects to extract meaningful information related to time, source, geographic location, or topic.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6489},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben and Wolff,Gregory J}
}
@article {17102,
	title = {Dynamic Queries and Brushing on Choropleth Maps (2001)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Users who must combine demographic, economic or other data in a geographic context are often hampered by the integration of tabular and map representations. Static, paper-based solutions limit the amount of data that can be placed on a single map or table. By providing an effective user interface, we believe that researchers, journalists, teachers, and students can explore complex data sets more rapidly and effectively. This paper presents Dynamaps, a generalized map-based information-visualization tool for dynamic queries and brushing on choropleth maps. Users can use color coding to show a variable on each geographic region, and then filter out areas that do not meet the desired criteria. In addition, a scattergram view and a detailson- demand window support overviews and specific fact finding.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6481},
	author = {Dang,Gunjan and North,Chris and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17107,
	title = {Dynamic Query Chloropleth Maps for Information Seeking and Decision Making (2003)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Information retrieval and visualization can be combined in dynamic query systems that allow users unparalleled access to information for decision making. In this paper, we report on the development and evaluation of a dynamic query system (YMap) that displays information on a chloropleth map using double thumb sliders to select ranges of query variables. The YMap prototype is a Java-Applet that supports panning and zooming. Several usability studies were conducted on early prototypes that resulted in the current version. Applications of YMap for decision making tasks are discussed.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6505},
	author = {Norman,Kent L and Zhao,Haixia and Shneiderman, Ben and Golub,Evan}
}
@article {17110,
	title = {Dynamic query tools for time series data sets: Timebox widgets for interactive exploration (2004)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Timeboxes are rectangular widgets that can be used in direct-manipulation graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to specify query constraints on time series data sets. Timeboxes are used to specify simultaneously two sets of constraints: given a set of N time series profiles, a timebox covering time periods x1...x2 (x1rx2) and values y1...y2 (y1ry2) will retrieve only those nAN that have values y1ryry2 during all times x1rxrx2. TimeSearcher is an information visualization tool that combines timebox queries with overview displays, query-byexample facilities, and support for queries over multiple time-varying attributes. Query manipulation tools including pattern inversion and eaders \& laggards graphical bookmarks provide additional support for interactive exploration of data sets. Extensions to the basic timebox model that provide additional expressivity include variable time timeboxes, which can be used to express queries with variability in the time interval, and angular queries, which search for ranges of differentials, rather than absolute values. Analysis of the algorithmic requirements for providing dynamic query performance for timebox queries showed that a sequential search outperformed searches based on geometric indices. Design studies helped identify the strengths and weaknesses of the query tools. Extended case studies involving the analysis of two different types of data from molecular biology experiments provided valuable feedback and validated the utility of both the timebox model and the TimeSearcher tool. <p>Timesearcher is available [url=http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/ timesearcher]online.[/url]},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6521},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17112,
	title = {Dynamic Query Visualizations on World Wide Web Clients: A DHTML Solution for Maps and Scattergrams (2002)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Dynamic queries are gaining popularity as a method for interactive information visualization. Many implementations have been made on personal computers, and there is increasing interest in web-based designs. While Java and Flash strategies have been developed, we believe that a Dynamic HTML implementation could help promote more widespread use. We implemented double-box range sliders with choropleth maps and scattergrams, which are two popular visualizations, using HTML layers and tables. This paper describes our methods for slider control, visual presentation, and displaying/updating results for these visualizations. Visual design issues innovations and performance enhancements were necessary to create viable designs.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6491},
	author = {Golub,Evan and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17114,
	title = {Dynamic Querying for Pattern Identification in Microarray and Genomic Data (2003)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Data sets involving linear ordered sequences are a recurring theme in bioinformatics. Dynamic query tools that support exploration of these data sets can be useful for identifying patterns of interest. This paper describes the use of one such tool TimeSearcher - to interactively explore linear sequence data sets taken from two bioinformatics problems. Microarray time course data sets involve expression levels for large numbers of genes over multiple time points. TimeSearcher can be used to interactively search these data sets for genes with expression profiles of interest. The occurrence frequencies of short sequences of DNA in aligned exons can be used to identify sequences that play a role in the pre-mRNA splicing. TimeSearcher can be used to search these data sets for candidate splicing signals.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6503},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Baehrecke,Eric H and Mount, Stephen M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17135,
	title = {Envisioning help resources for the future information ecology: Toward an enriched sense of help},
	journal = {Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/01/01/},
	pages = {n/a-n/a - n/a-n/a},
	isbn = {1550-8390},
	doi = {10.1002/meet.14504201123},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/meet.14504201123/abstract},
	author = {Haas,Stephanie W and Brown,Laurie and Denn,Sheila and Locke,David and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17154,
	title = {Exploring Personal Media: A Spatial Interface Supporting User-Defined Semantic Regions (2004)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Graphical mechanisms for spatially organizing personal media data could enable users to fruitfully apply their mental models. This paper introduces Semantic Regions, an innovative way for users to construct mental models by drawing regions on 2D space and specifying the semantics for each region. Then users can apply personal ontologies to personal media data using the fling-and-flock metaphor. This allows photos (or other personal media) to be dragged to the display and automatically grouped according to time, geography, family trees, groups of friends, or other conceptual maps. The prototype implementation for Semantic Regions, MediaFinder, was validated with two usability tests for usage and construction of user-defined mental models. Applications and extensions are discussed.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6513},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16111,
	title = {Extending the Utility of Treemaps with Flexible Hierarchy (2004)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Treemaps is a visualization technique for presenting hierarchical information on two dimensional displays. Prior implementations limit the visualization to pre-defined static hierarchies. Flexible hierarchy, a new capability of Treemap 4.0, enables users to define various hierarchies through dynamically selecting a series of data attributes so that they can discover patterns, clusters and outliers. This paper describes the design and implementation issues of flexible hierarchy. It then reports on a usability study which led to enhancements to the interface.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6514},
	author = {Chintalapani,Gouthami and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17157,
	title = {Extending User Understanding of Federal Statistics in Tables (2000)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {This paper describes progress toward improving user interfaces for US Federal government statistics that are presented in tables. Based on studies of user behaviors and needs related to statistical tables, we describe interfaces to assist diverse users with a range of statistical literacy to explore, find, understand, and use US Federal government statistics.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6473},
	author = {Marchionini,Gary and Hert,Carol and Liddy,Liz and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17167,
	title = {Finding Governmental Statistical Data on the Web: Three Empirical Studies of the FedStats Topics Page (2003)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6509},
	author = {Ceaparu,Irina and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17177,
	title = {Generating and Querying Semantic Web Environments for Photo Libraries (2005)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Online photo libraries require a method to efficiently search a collection of photographs, and retrieve photos with similar attributes. Our motivation was to incorporate an existing collection of over 250 photographs of over 200 faculty members and events spanning 7 decades into a library called CS PhotoHistory that is available in hypertext and on the Semantic Web. In this paper, we identify challenges related to making this repository available on the Semantic Web, including issues of automation, modeling, and expressivity. Using CS PhotoHistory as a case study, we describe the process of creating an ontology and a querying interface for interacting with a digital photo library on the Semantic Web.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6538},
	author = {Axelrod,Adam and Golbeck,Jennifer and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17187,
	title = {Help! I{\textquoteright}m Lost: User Frustration in Web Navigation (2003)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Computers can be valuable tools, and networked resources via the Internet can be beneficial to many different populations and communities. Unfortunately, when people are unable to reach their task goals due to frustrating experiences, this can hinder the effectiveness of technology. This research summary provides information about the user frustration research that has been performed at the University of Maryland and Towson University. Causes of user frustration are discussed in this research summary, along with the surprising finding that nearly one-third to one-half of the time spent in front of the computer is wasted due to frustrating experiences. Furthermore, when interfaces are planned to be deceptive and confusing, this},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6508},
	author = {Lazar,Jonathan and Bessiere,Katie and Ceaparu,Irina and Robinson,John and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17214,
	title = {Human-computer interaction themes in digital government: web site comprehension and statistics visualization},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 national conference on Digital government research},
	series = {dg.o {\textquoteright}05},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {7 - 8},
	publisher = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	organization = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	abstract = {Digital government applications often involve web sites to provide information for citizens and visitors from essential services such as passport application or motor vehicle registration to discretionary, but highly popular applications such as recreation and parks information. Another aspect of government web sites is the delivery of statistical reports with summary tables, aggregated data resources, and extensive raw data files. This review focuses on human-computer interaction themes to improve designs of web sites and statistics visualization, <u>??? specifically as they relate to digital government sites</u>. It also addresses research methods that are appropriate for digital government interfaces.},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1065226.1065230},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16099,
	title = {"I hear the pattern": interactive sonification of geographical data patterns},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}05 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}05},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {1905 - 1908},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Interactive sonification (non-speech sound) is a novel strategy to present the geographical distribution patterns of statistical data to vision impaired users. We discuss the design space with dimensions of interaction actions, data representation forms, input devices, navigation structures, and sound feedback encoding. Two interfaces were designed, one using a keyboard and another using a smooth surface touch tablet. A study with three blind users shows that they are able to perceive patterns of 5-category values on both familiar and unknown maps, and learn new map geography, in both interfaces.},
	keywords = {auditory user interfaces, information seeking, sonification, universal usability, vision impairment},
	isbn = {1-59593-002-7},
	doi = {10.1145/1056808.1057052},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1056808.1057052},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17221,
	title = {Image-Based Highly Interactive Web Mapping for Geo-Referenced Data Publishing (2002)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {This paper describes an image-based technique that enables highly interactive Web choropleth maps for geo-referenced data publishing and visual exploration. Geographic knowledge is encoded into raster images and delivered to the client, instead of in vector formats. Differing from traditional raster-imagebased approaches that are static and allow very little user interaction, it allows varieties of sub-second fine-grained interface controls such as dynamic query, dynamic classification, geographic object data identification, user setting adjusting, as well as turning on/off layers, panning and zooming, with no or minimum server support. Compared to Web GIS approaches that are based on vector geographic data, this technique has the features of short initial download time, near-constant performance scalability for larger numbers of geographic objects, and download-map-segment-only-when-necessary which potentially reduces the overall data transfer over the network. As a result, it accommodates general public users with slow modem network connections and low-end machines, as well as users with fast T-1 connections and fast machines. The client-side (browser) is implemented as light-weight Java applets. YMap, an easy-to-use, user-task-oriented highly interactive mapping tool prototype for visual georeferenced data exploration is implemented using this technique.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6498},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16107,
	title = {Immediate Usability: A Case Study of Public Access Design for a Community Photo Library (2003)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {This paper describes a novel instantiation of a digital photo library in a public access system. It demonstrates how designers can utilize characteristics of a target user community (social constraints, trust, and a lack of anonymity) to provide capabilities that would be impractical in other types of public access systems. It also presents a compact set of design principles and guidelines for ensuring the immediate usability of public access information systems. These principles and guidelines were derived from our experience developing PhotoFinder Kiosk, a community photo library. Attendees of a major HCI conference (CHI 2001 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems) successfully used the tool to browse and annotate collections of photographs spanning 20 years of HCI-related conferences, producing a richly annotated photo history of the field of human-computer interaction. Observations and log data were used to evaluate the tool and develop the guidelines. They provide specific guidance for practitioners, as well as a useful framework for additional research in public access interfaces.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6504},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Kang,Hyunmo and Plaisant, Catherine and Rose,Anne and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16106,
	title = {Immediate Usability: Kiosk design principles from the CHI 2001 Photo Library (2001)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {This paper describes a novel set of design principles and guidelines for ensuring the immediate usability of public access systems. These principles and guidelines were formulated while developing PhotoFinder Kiosk, a community photo library. Attendees of CHI 2001 successfully used the tool to browse and annotate collections of photographs spanning 20 years of CHI and related conferences, producing a richly annotated photo history of the field of human-computer interaction. We used observations and log data to evaluate the tool and refine the guidelines. They provide specific guidance for practitioners, as well as a useful framework for additional research in public access interfaces.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6488},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Kang,Hyunmo and Plaisant, Catherine and Rose,Anne and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17223,
	title = {Improving Accessibility and Usability of Geo-referenced Statistical Data (2003)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Several technology breakthroughs are needed to achieve the goals of universal accessibility and usability. These goals are especially challenging in the case of geo-referenced statistical data that many U.S. government agencies supply. We present technical and user-interface design challenges in accommodating users with low-end technology (slow network connection and low-end machine) and users who are blind or vision-impaired. Our solutions are presented and future work is discussed.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6502},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17228,
	title = {Improving Web-based Civic Information Access: A Case Study of the 50 US States (2002)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {An analysis of the home pages of all fifty U. S. states reveals great variety in key design features that influence efficacy. Some states had excessively large byte counts that would slow users connected by commonly-used 56K modems. Many web sites had low numbers of or poorly organized links that would make it hard for citizens to find what they were interested in. Features such as search boxes, privacy policies, online help, or contact information need to be added by several states. Our analysis concludes with ten recommendations and finds many further opportunities for individual states to improve their websites. However still greater benefits will come through collaboration among the states that would lead to consistency, appropriate tagging, and common tools.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6494},
	author = {Ceaparu,Irina and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17247,
	title = {Interactive Color Mosaic and Dendogram Displays for Signal/Noise Optimization in Microarray Data Analysis (2003)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Data analysis and visualization is strongly influenced by noise and noise filters. There are multiple sources of oisein microarray data analysis, but signal/noise ratios are rarely optimized, or even considered. Here, we report a noise analysis of a novel 13 million oligonucleotide dataset - 25 human U133A (~500,000 features) profiles of patient muscle biposies. We use our recently described interactive visualization tool, the Hierarchical Clustering Explorer (HCE) to systemically address the effect of different noise filters on resolution of arrays into orrectbiological groups (unsupervised clustering into three patient groups of known diagnosis). We varied probe set interpretation methods (MAS 5.0, RMA), resent callfilters, and clustering linkage methods, and investigated the results in HCE. HCE interactive features enabled us to quickly see the impact of these three variables. Dendrogram displays showed the clustering results systematically, and color mosaic displays provided a visual support for the results. We show that each of these three variables has a strong effect on unsupervised clustering. For this dataset, the strength of the biological variable was maximized, and noise minimized, using MAS 5.0, 10\% present call filter, and Average Group Linkage. We propose a general method of using interactive tools to identify the optimal signal/noise balance or the optimal combination of these three variables to maximize the effect of the desired biological variable on data interpretation.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6506},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Bakay,Marina and Zhao,Po and Chen,Yi-Wen and Clarkson,Priscilla and Shneiderman, Ben and Hoffman,Eric P}
}
@article {17251,
	title = {Interactive Exploration of Multidimensional Microarray Data: Scatterplot Ordering, Gene Ontology Browser, and Profile Search (2003)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Multidimensional data sets are common in many research areas, including microarray experiment data sets. Genome researchers are using cluster analysis to find meaningful groups in microarray data. However, the high dimensionality of the data sets hinders users from finding interesting patterns, clusters, and outliers. Determining the biological significance of such features remains problematic due to the difficulties of integrating biological knowledge. In addition, it is not efficient to perform a cluster analysis over the whole data set in cases where researchers know the approximate temporal pattern of the gene expression that they are seeking. <p>To address these problems, we add three new features to the Hierarchical Clustering Explorer (HCE): (1) scatterplot ordering methods so that all 2D projections of a high dimensional data set can be ordered according to relevant criteria, (2) a gene ontology browser, coupled with clustering results so that known gene functions within a cluster can be easily studied, (3) a profile search so that genes with a certain temporal pattern can be easily identified.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6528},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17255,
	title = {Interactive pattern search in time series},
	journal = {Proceedings of SPIE},
	volume = {5669},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/03/11/},
	pages = {175 - 186},
	abstract = {The need for pattern discovery in long time series data led researchers to develop algorithms for similarity search. Most of the literature about time series focuses on algorithms that index time series and bring the data into the main storage, thus providing fast information retrieval on large time series. This paper reviews the state of the art in visualizing time series, and focuses on techniques that enable users to visually and interactively query time series. Then, it presents TimeSearcher 2, a tool that enables users to explore multidimensional data using synchronized tables and graphs with overview+detail, filter the time series data to reduce the scope of the search, select an existing pattern to find similar occurrences, and interactively adjust similarity parameters to narrow the result set. This tool is an extension of previous work, TimeSearcher 1, which uses graphical timeboxes to interactively query time series data.},
	isbn = {0277786X},
	doi = {doi:10.1117/12.587537},
	url = {http://spiedigitallibrary.org/proceedings/resource/2/psisdg/5669/1/175_1?isAuthorized=no},
	author = {Buono,Paolo and Aris,Aleks and Plaisant, Catherine and Khella,Amir and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17256,
	title = {Interactive Pattern Search in Time Series (2004)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {The need for pattern discovery in long time series data led researchers to develop algorithms for similarity search. Most of the literature about time series focuses on algorithms that index time series and bring the data into the main storage, thus providing fast information retrieval on large time series. This paper reviews the state of the art in visualizing time series, and focuses on techniques that enable users to interactively query time series. Then it presents TimeSearcher 2, a tool that enables users to explore multidimensional data using coordinated tables and graphs with overview+detail, filter the time series data to reduce the scope of the search, select an existing pattern to find similar occurrences, and interactively adjust similarity parameters to narrow the result set. This tool is an extension of previous work, TimeSearcher 1, which uses graphical timeboxes to interactively query time series data.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6519},
	author = {Buono,Paolo and Aris,Aleks and Plaisant, Catherine and Khella,Amir and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17258,
	title = {Interactive sonification of choropleth maps},
	journal = {IEEE Multimedia},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/06//April},
	pages = {26 - 35},
	abstract = {Auditory information is an important channel for the visually impaired. Effective sonification (the use of non-speech audio to convey information) promotes equal working opportunities for people with vision impairments by helping them explore data collections for problem solving and decision making. Interactive sonification systems can make georeferenced data accessible to people with vision impairments. The authors compare methods for using sound to encode georeferenced data patterns and for navigating maps.},
	keywords = {audio signal processing, audio user interfaces, Auditory (non-speech) feedback, auditory information, cartography, choropleth maps, data collections, decision making, Evaluation, Feedback, georeferenced data, Guidelines, handicapped aids, Hardware, HUMANS, information resources, interaction style, Interactive sonification, interactive systems, Navigation, nonspeech audio, problem solving, Problem-solving, sound, universal usability, US Government, User interfaces, vision impairments, World Wide Web},
	isbn = {1070-986X},
	doi = {10.1109/MMUL.2005.28},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Smith,B. K and Norman,K. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17266,
	title = {Inventing Discovery Tools: Combining Information Visualization with Data Mining (2001)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {The growing use of information visualization tools and data mining algorithms stems from two separate lines of research. Information visualization researchers believe in the importance of giving users an overview and insight into the data distributions, while data mining researchers believe that statistical algorithms and machine learning can be relied on to find the interesting patterns. This paper discusses two issues that influence design of discovery tools: statistical algorithms vs. visual data presentation, and hypothesis testing vs. exploratory data analysis. I claim that a combined approach could lead to novel discovery tools that preserve user control, enable more effective exploration, and promote responsibility.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6484},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16098,
	title = {iSonic: interactive sonification for non-visual data exploration},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility},
	series = {Assets {\textquoteright}05},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {194 - 195},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {iSonic is an interactive sonification tool for vision impaired users to explore geo-referenced statistical data, such as population or crime rates by geographical regions. Users use a keyboard or a smooth surface touchpad to interact with coordinated map and table views of the data. The integrated use of musical sounds and speech allows users to grasp the overall data trends and to explore the data to get more details. Scenarios of use are described.},
	keywords = {auditory user interfaces, information seeking, sonification, universal usability, vision impairment},
	isbn = {1-59593-159-7},
	doi = {10.1145/1090785.1090826},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1090785.1090826},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17271,
	title = {Knowledge Discovery in High Dimensional Data: Case Studies and a User Survey for an Information Visualization Tool},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Knowledge discovery in high dimensional data is a challenging enterprise, but new visual analytic tools appear to offer users remarkable powers if they are ready to learn new concepts and interfaces. Our 3-year effort to develop versions of the Hierarchical Clustering Explorer (HCE) began with building an interactive tool for exploring clustering results. It expanded, based on user needs, to include other potent analytic and visualization tools for multivariate data, especially the rank-by-feature framework. Our own successes using HCE provided some testimonial evidence of its utility, but we felt it necessary to get beyond our subjective impressions. This paper presents an evaluation of the Hierarchical Clustering Explorer (HCE) using three case studies and an email user survey (n=57) to focus on skill acquisition with the novel concepts and interface for the rank-by-feature framework. Knowledgeable and motivated users in diverse fields provided multiple perspectives that refined our understanding of strengths and weaknesses. A user survey confirmed the benefits of HCE, but gave less guidance about improvements. Both evaluations suggested improved training methods.},
	keywords = {Information Visualization},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6566},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16931,
	title = {A Knowledge Integration Framework for Information Visualization},
	booktitle = {From Integrated Publication and Information Systems to Information and Knowledge EnvironmentsFrom Integrated Publication and Information Systems to Information and Knowledge Environments},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {3379},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {207 - 220},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Users can better understand complex data sets by combining insights from multiple coordinated visual displays that include relevant domain knowledge. When dealing with multidimensional data and clustering results, the most familiar displays and comprehensible are 1- and 2-dimensional projections (histograms, and scatterplots). Other easily understood displays of domain knowledge are tabular and hierarchical information for the same or related data sets. The novel parallel coordinates view [6] powered by a direct-manipulation search, offers strong advantages, but requires some training for most users. We provide a review of related work in the area of information visualization, and introduce new tools and interaction examples on how to incorporate users{\textquoteright} domain knowledge for understanding clustering results. Our examples present hierarchical clustering of gene expression data, coordinated with a parallel coordinates view and with the gene annotation and gene ontology.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-24551-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31842-2_21},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Hemmje,Matthias and Nieder{\'e}e,Claudia and Risse,Thomas}
}
@article {16932,
	title = {A Knowledge Integration Framework for Information Visualization (2004)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Users can better understand complex data sets by combining insights from multiple coordinated visual displays that include relevant domain knowl-edge. When dealing with multidimensional data and clustering results, the most familiar displays and comprehensible are 1- and 2-dimensional projections (his-tograms, and scatterplots). Other easily understood displays of domain knowl-edge are tabular and hierarchical information for the same or related data sets. The novel parallel coordinates view [6] powered by a direct-manipulation search, offers strong advantages, but requires some training for most users. We provide a review of related work in the area of information visualization, and introduce new tools and interaction examples on how to incorporate usersdo-main knowledge for understanding clustering results. Our examples present hi-erarchical clustering of gene expression data, coordinated with a parallel coor-dinates view and with the gene annotation and gene ontology.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6525},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17276,
	title = {Leonardo{\textquoteright}s laptop: human needs and the new computing technologies},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management},
	series = {CIKM {\textquoteright}05},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {1 - 1},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {The old computing was about what computers could do; the new computing is about what people can do.To accelerate the shift from the old to the new computing designers need to:reduce computer user frustration. Recent studies show 46\% of time is lost to crashes, confusing instructions, navigation problems, etc. Public pressure for change could promote design improvements and increase reliability, thereby dramatically enhancing user experiences.promote universal usability. Interfaces must be tailorable to a wide range of hardware, software, and networks, and users. When broad services such as voting, healthcare, and education are envisioned, the challenge to designers is substantial.envision a future in which human needs more directly shape technology evolution. Four circles of human relationships and four human activities map out the human needs for mobility, ubiquity, creativity, and community. The World Wide Med and million-person communities will be accessible through desktop, palmtop and fingertip devices to support e-learning, e-business, e-healthcare, and e-government.Leonardo da Vinci could help as an inspirational muse for the new computing. His example could push designers to improve quality through scientific study and more elegant visual design. Leonardo{\textquoteright}s example can guide us to the new computing, which emphasizes empowerment, creativity, and collaboration. Information visualization and personal photo interfaces will be shown: PhotoMesa (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photomesa) and PhotoFinder (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photolib).For more: http://mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop and http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing.},
	isbn = {1-59593-140-6},
	doi = {10.1145/1099554.1099555},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1099554.1099555},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17418,
	title = {The limits of speech recognition: Understanding acoustic memory and appreciating prosody (2000)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Human-human relationships are rarely a good model for the design of effective user interfaces. Spoken language is effective for human-human interaction (HHI), but it often has severe limitations when applied to human-computer interaction (HCI). Speech is slow for presenting information, it is difficult to review or edit, and it interferes with other cognitive tasks. However speech has proven to be useful for store-and-forward messages, alerts in busy environments, and input-output for blind or motor-impaired users. Speech recognition for control is helpful for hands-busy, eyes-busy, mobilityrequired, or hostile environments and it shows promise for use in telephone-based services. Dictation input is increasingly accurate, but adoption outside the disabled users community has been slow compared to visual interfaces. Obvious physical problems include fatigue from speaking continuously and the disruption in an office filled with people speaking. <p>By understanding the cognitive processes surrounding human acoustic memory and processing, interface designers may be able to integrate speech more effectively and guide users more successfully. Then by appreciating the differences between HHI and HCI designers may be able to choose appropriate applications for human use of speech with computers. The key distinction may be the rich emotional content conveyed by prosody -- the pacing, intonation, and amplitude in spoken language. Prosody is potent for HHI, but may be disruptive for HCI.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6532},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16096,
	title = {Listening to Maps: User Evaluation of Interactive Sonifications of Geo-Referenced Data},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {In this paper, we summarize the Auditory Information Seeking Principle (AISP) (gist, navigate, filter, and details-ondemand). To improve blind access to geo-referenced statistical data, we developed several interactive sonifications, adhering to the above AISP. Two user studies are presented. In the first user study with nine sighted subjects, a preliminary map design is compared with an enhanced table design. The study shows subjects can recognize geographic data distribution patterns on a real map with 51 geographic regions, in both designs. The map-based design was strongly preferred. The study also shows evidence that AISP conforms to people information seeking strategies. Based on the observations from the first user study, a second user study was conducted with forty-eight sighted subjects comparing four map designs. The effects of using sound to encode vertical geographic positions and two map navigation methods were compared. The result is presented and future work is discussed.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6518},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Smith,Benjamin K and Norman,Kent L and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17282,
	title = {Listening to Maps: User Evaluation of Interactive Sonifications of Geo-Referenced Data (2004)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {In this paper, we summarize the Auditory Information Seeking Principle (AISP) (gist, navigate, filter, and details-ondemand). To improve blind access to geo-referenced statistical data, we developed several interactive sonifications, adhering to the above AISP. Two user studies are presented. In the first user study with nine sighted subjects, a preliminary map design is compared with an enhanced table design. The study shows subjects can recognize geographic data distribution patterns on a real map with 51 geographic regions, in both designs. The map-based design was strongly preferred. The study also shows evidence that AISP conforms to people information seeking strategies. Based on the observations from the first user study, a second user study was conducted with forty-eight sighted subjects comparing four map designs. The effects of using sound to encode vertical geographic positions and two map navigation methods were compared. The result is presented and future work is discussed.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6518},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Smith,Benjamin K and Norman,Kent L and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {12192,
	title = {Maintaining concentration to achieve task completion},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Designing for User eXperience},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {9 - 9},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Bederson, Benjamin B.}
}
@conference {17284,
	title = {Maintaining concentration to achieve task completion},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Designing for User eXperience},
	series = {DUX {\textquoteright}05},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	publisher = {AIGA: American Institute of Graphic Arts},
	organization = {AIGA: American Institute of Graphic Arts},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {When faced with a challenging goal, knowledge workers need to concentrate on their tasks so that they move forward toward completion. Since frustrations, distractions, and interruptions can interfere with their smooth progress, design strategies should enable users to maintain concentration. This paper promotes awareness of this issue, reviews related work, and suggests three initial strategies: Reduce short-term and working memory load, provide information abundant interfaces, and increase automaticity.},
	keywords = {avoid interruption, calm, flow, focus, goal attainment, interface design, maintain concentration, situation awareness, task completion},
	isbn = {1-59593-250-X},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1138235.1138246},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Bederson, Benjamin B.}
}
@article {17287,
	title = {Making Computer and Internet Usability a Priority (2000)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {As usability professionals, we are all too aware of the productivity losses, frustration, and lost business that results from poorly designed user interfaces. And we are uncomfortable with the risks created by poorly designed computer systems in life-critical applications such as air travel, medical care, and military applications. Yet despite the common sense of our approach, we still find it difficult to convince the technical and managerial communities that usability is a critical business parameter. While senior managers may support the concept of usability, project mangers and developers, coping with too tight schedules, often see it as a nicety that can be eliminated.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6527},
	author = {Kreitzberg,Charles B and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17288,
	title = {Meaningful presentations of photo libraries: rationale and applications of bi-level radial quantum layouts},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, 2005. JCDL {\textquoteright}05},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/06/07/11},
	pages = {188 - 196},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Searching photo libraries can be made more satisfying and successful if search results are presented in a way that allows users to gain an overview of the photo categories. Since photo layouts on computer displays are the primary way that users get an overview, we propose a novel approach to show more photos in meaningful groupings. Photo layouts can be linear strips, or zoomable three dimensional arrangements, but the most common form is the two-dimensional grid. This paper introduces a novel bi-level hierarchical layout with motivating examples. In a bilevel hierarchy, one region is designated for primary content - an image, text, or combination. Adjacent to that region, groups of photos are placed radially in an ordered fashion, such that the relationship of the single primary region to its many secondary regions is apparent. A compelling aspect is the interactive experience in which the layout is dynamically resized, allowing users to rapidly, incrementally, and reversibly alter the dimensions and content. It can accommodate hundreds of photos in dozens of regions, can be customized in a corner or center layout, and can scale from an element on a web page to a large poster size. On typical displays (1024 times 1280 or 1200 times 1600 pixels), bi-level radial quantum layouts can conveniently accommodate 2-20 regions with tens or hundreds of photos per region},
	keywords = {1024 pixel, 1200 pixel, 1280 pixel, 1310720 pixel, 1600 pixel, 1920000 pixel, Application software, bi-level radial quantum layouts, Computer displays, Computer science, digital libraries, Educational institutions, Image retrieval, Layout, layout generation, Lifting equipment, linear strips, Permission, photo layouts, photo library searching, photo management, Photography, Quantum computing, software libraries, Strips, two-dimensional grid, User interfaces, visual databases, visual presentation, zoomable three dimensional arrangements},
	isbn = {1-58113-876-8},
	doi = {10.1145/1065385.1065431},
	author = {Kustanowitz,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17292,
	title = {MediaFinder: An Interface for Dynamic Personal Media Management with Semantic Regions (2003)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Computer users deal with large amounts of personal media often face problems in managing and exploring it. This paper presents Semantic Regions, rectangular regions that enable users to specify their semantics or mental models, and the MediaFinder application, which uses Semantic Regions as the basis of a personal media management tool.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6499},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17298,
	title = {Motivating annotation for personal digital photo libraries: Lowering barriers while raising incentives},
	journal = {University of Marlyand},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {The value of personal digital photo libraries grows immensely when users invest effort to annotate their photos. Frameworksfor understanding annotation requirements could guide improved strategies that would motivate more users to invest the
necessary effort. We propose one framework for annotation techniques along with the strengths and weaknesses of each
one, and a second framework for target user groups and their motivations. Several applications are described that provide
useful and information-rich representations, but which require good annotations, in the hope of providing incentives for
high quality annotation. We describe how annotations make possible four novel presentations of personal photo collections:
(1) Birthday Collage to show growth of a child over several years, (2) FamiliarFace to show family trees of photos, (3)
Kaleidoscope to show photos of related people in an appealing tableau, and (4) TripPics to show photos from a sequential
story such as a vacation trip.
},
	author = {Kustanowitz,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17313,
	title = {Ordered and Quantum Treemaps: Making Effective Use of 2D Space to Display Hierarchies (2001)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Treemaps, a space- filling method of visualizing large hierarchical data sets, are receiving increasing attention. Several algorithms have been proposed to create more useful displays by controlling the aspect ratios of the rectangles that make up a treemap. While these algorithms do improve visibility of small items in a single layout, they introduce instability over time in the display of dynamically changing data, fail to preserve order of the underlying data, and create layouts that are difficult to visually search. In addition, continuous treemap algorithms are not suitable for displaying quantum-sized objects within them, such as images. This paper introduces several new treemap algorithms, which address these shortcomings. In addition, we show a new application of these treemaps, using them to present groups of images. The ordered treemap algorithms ensure that items near each other in the given order will be near each other in the treemap layout. Using experimental evidence from Monte Carlo trials, we show that compared to other layout algorithms ordered treemaps are more stable while maintaining relatively favorable aspect ratios of the constituent rectangles. A second test set uses stock market data. The quantum treemap algorithms modify the layout of the continuous treemap algorithms to generate rectangles that are integral multiples of an input object size. The quantum treemap algorithm has been applied to PhotoMesa, an application that supports browsing of large numbers of images.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6486},
	author = {Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben and Wattenberg,Martin}
}
@article {17315,
	title = {Ordered Treemap Layouts (2001)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Treemaps, a space-filling method of visualizing large hierarchical data sets, are receiving increasing attention. Several algorithms have been proposed to create more useful displays by controlling the aspect ratios of the rectangles that make up a treemap. While these algorithms do improve visibility of small items in a single layout, they introduce instability over time in the display of dynamically changing data, and fail to preserve an ordering of the underlying data. This paper introduces the ordered treemap, which addresses these two shortcomings. The ordered treemap algorithm ensures that items near each other in the given order will be near each other in the treemap layout. Using experimental evidence from Monte Carlo trials, we show that compared to other layout algorithms ordered treemaps are more stable while maintaining relatively low aspect ratios of the constituent rectangles. A second test set uses stock market data.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6480},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Wattenberg,Martin}
}
@article {16941,
	title = {A Photo History of SIGCHI: Evolution of Design from Personal to Public (2002)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {For 20 years I have been photographing personalities and events in the emerging discipline of humanomputer interaction. Until now, only a few of these photos were published in newsletters or were shown to visitors who sought them out. Now this photo history is going from a personal record to a public archive. This archive should be interesting for professional members of this community who want to reminisce, as well as for historians and journalists who want to understand what happened. Students and Web surfers may also want to look at the people who created better interfaces and more satisfying user experiences.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6529},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17331,
	title = {Promoting Universal Usability with Multi-Layer Interface Design (2003)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Increased interest in universal usability is causing some researchers to study advanced strategies for satisfying first-time as well as intermittent and expert users. This paper promotes the idea of multi-layer interface designs that enable first-time and novice users to begin with a limited set of features at layer 1. They can remain at layer 1, then move up to higher layers when needed or when they have time to learn further features. The arguments for and against multi-layer interfaces are presented with two example systems: a word processor with 8 layers and an interactive map with 3 layers. New research methods and directions are proposed.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6510},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16942,
	title = {A Rank-by-Feature Framework for Interactive Exploration of Multidimensional Data},
	journal = {Information VisualizationInformation Visualization},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/06/20/},
	pages = {96 - 113},
	abstract = {Interactive exploration of multidimensional data sets is challenging because: (1) it is difficult to comprehend patterns in more than three dimensions, and (2) current systems often are a patchwork of graphical and statistical methods leaving many researchers uncertain about how to explore their data in an orderly manner. We offer a set of principles and a novel rank-by-feature framework that could enable users to better understand distributions in one (1D) or two dimensions (2D), and then discover relationships, clusters, gaps, outliers, and other features. Users of our framework can view graphical presentations (histograms, boxplots, and scatterplots), and then choose a feature detection criterion to rank 1D or 2D axis-parallel projections. By combining information visualization techniques (overview, coordination, and dynamic query) with summaries and statistical methods users can systematically examine the most important 1D and 2D axis-parallel projections. We summarize our Graphics, Ranking, and Interaction for Discovery (GRID) principles as: (1) study 1D, study 2D, then find features (2) ranking guides insight, statistics confirm. We implemented the rank-by-feature framework in the Hierarchical Clustering Explorer, but the same data exploration principles could enable users to organize their discovery process so as to produce more thorough analyses and extract deeper insights in any multidimensional data application, such as spreadsheets, statistical packages, or information visualization tools.},
	keywords = {dynamic query, exploratory data analysis, feature detection/selection, graphical displays, Information Visualization, Rank-by-feature framework},
	isbn = {1473-8716, 1473-8724},
	doi = {10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500091},
	url = {http://ivi.sagepub.com/content/4/2/96},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16943,
	title = {A Rank-by-Feature Framework for Interactive Exploration of Multidimensional Data (2004)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Interactive exploration of multidimensional data sets is challenging because: (1) it is difficult to comprehend patterns in more than three dimensions, and (2) current systems often are a patchwork of graphical and statistical methods leaving many researchers uncertain about how to explore their data in an orderly manner. We offer a set of principles and a novel rank-by-feature framework that could enable users to better understand distributions in one (1D) or two dimensions (2D), and then discover relationships, clusters, gaps, outliers, and other features. Users of our framework can view graphical presentations (histograms, boxplots, and scatterplots), and then choose a feature detection criterion to rank 1D or 2D axis-parallel projections. By combining information visualization techniques (overview, coordination, and dynamic query) with summaries and statistical methods users can systematically examine the most important 1D and 2D axis-parallel projections. We summarize our Graphics, Ranking, and Interaction for Discovery (GRID) principles as: (1) 1D, 2D, then features (2) graphics, ranking, summaries, then statistics. We implemented the rank-by-feature framework in the Hierarchical Clustering Explorer, but the same data exploration principles could enable users to organize their discovery process so as to produce more thorough analyses and extract deeper insights in any multidimensional data application, such as spreadsheets, statistical packages, or information visualization tools.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6524},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16113,
	title = {Representing Unevenly-Spaced Time Series Data for Visualization and Interactive Exploration (2005)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Visualizing time series data is useful to support discovery of relations and patterns in financial, genomic, medical and other applications. In most time series, measurements are equally spaced over time. This paper discusses the challenges for unevenly-spaced time series data and presents four methods to represent them: sampled events, aggregated sampled events, event index and interleaved event index. We developed these methods while studying eBay auction data with TimeSearcher. We describe the advantages, disadvantages, choices for algorithms and parameters, and compare the different methods. Since each method has its advantages, this paper provides guidance for choosing the right combination of methods, algorithms, and parameters to solve a given problem for unevenly-spaced time series. Interaction issues such as screen resolution, response time for dynamic queries, and meaning of the visual display are governed by these decisions.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6537},
	author = {Aris,Aleks and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine and Shmueli,Galit and Jank,Wolfgang}
}
@inbook {16114,
	title = {Representing Unevenly-Spaced Time Series Data for Visualization and Interactive Exploration},
	booktitle = {Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT 2005Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT 2005},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {3585},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {835 - 846},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Visualizing time series is useful to support discovery of relations and patterns in financial, genomic, medical and other applications. Often, measurements are equally spaced over time. We discuss the challenges of unevenly-spaced time series and present fourrepresentationmethods: sampled events, aggregated sampled events, event index and interleaved event index. We developed these methods while studying eBay auction data with TimeSearcher. We describe the advantages, disadvantages, choices for algorithms and parameters, and compare the different methods for different tasks. Interaction issues such as screen resolution, response time for dynamic queries, and learnability are governed by these decisions.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-28943-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11555261_66},
	author = {Aris,Aleks and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine and Shmueli,Galit and Jank,Wolfgang},
	editor = {Costabile,Maria and Patern{\`o},Fabio}
}
@article {17357,
	title = {Severity and Impact of Computer User Frustration: A Comparison of Student and Workplace Users (2002)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {User frustration with information and computing technology is a pervasive and persistent problem. When computers crash, network congestion causes delays, and poor user interfaces trigger confusion there are dramatic consequences for individuals, organizations, and society. These frustrations not only cause personal dissatisfaction and loss of self-efficacy, but may disrupt workplaces, slow learning, and reduce participation in local and national communities. Our study of 107 student computer users and 50 workplace computer users shows high levels of frustration and loss of 1/3 to 1/2 of time spent. This paper reports on the incident-specific and user-specific causes of frustration, and they raise frustration severity. It examines the frustration impacts on the daily interactions of the users. The time lost and time to fix problem, and importance of task, strongly correlate with frustration levels for both student and workplace users. Differences between students and workplace users are discussed in the paper.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6496},
	author = {Lazar,Jonathan and Jones,Adam and Hackley,Mary and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17359,
	title = {Show Me! Guidelines for producing recorded demonstrations},
	booktitle = {2005 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/09/20/24},
	pages = {171 - 178},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Although recorded demonstrations (screen capture animations with narration) have become a popular form of instruction for user interfaces, little work has been done to describe guidelines for their design. Based on our experience in several projects, we offer a starting set of guidelines for the design of visually appealing and cognitively effective recorded demonstrations. Technical guidelines encourage users to keep file sizes small, strive for universal usability, and ensure user control etc. and provide tips to achieve those goals. Content guidelines include: create short demonstrations that focus on tasks, highlight each step with auditory and visual cues, synchronize narration and animation carefully, and create demonstrations with a clear beginning, middle, and end.},
	keywords = {animation, auditory cues, Computer aided instruction, Computer animation, Computer Graphics, Computer interfaces, computer literacy, content guidelines, documentation, Government, Graphical user interfaces, Guidelines, Laboratories, narration, recorded demonstrations, screen capture animation, technical guidelines, usability, User interfaces, visual appeal, visual cues},
	isbn = {0-7695-2443-5},
	doi = {10.1109/VLHCC.2005.57},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16102,
	title = {Show Me! Guidelines for Producing Recorded Demonstrations (2005)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Although recorded demonstrations (screen capture animations with narration) have become a popular form of instruction for user interfaces, little work has been done to describe guidelines for their design. Based on our experience in several projects, we offer a starting set of guidelines for the design of recorded demonstrations. Technical guidelines encourage users to keep file sizes small, strive for universal usability, and ensure user control etc. and provide tips to achieve those goals. Content guidelines include: create short demonstrations that focus on tasks, highlight each step with auditory and visual cues, synchronize narration and animation carefully, and create demonstrations with a clear beginning, middle, and end.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6533},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17362,
	title = {Snap-Together Visualization: A User Interface for Coordinating Visualizations via Relational Schemata (2000)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6470},
	author = {North,Chris and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17368,
	title = {Social and Psychological Influences on Computer User Frustration (Newhagen book chapter, 2002)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {As computer usage has proliferated, so has user frustration. Even devoted and knowledgeable users encounter annoying delays, incomprehensible messages, incompatible files, and indecipherable menus. The frustration generated by these problems can be personally disturbing and socially disruptive. Psychological and social perspectives on frustration may clarify the relationships among variables such as personality types, cultural factors, goal attainment, workplace anger, and computer anxiety. These perspectives may also help designers, managers, and users understand the range of responses to frustration, which could lead to effective interventions such as redesign of software, improved training, better online help, user discipline, and even resetting of national research priorities.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6497},
	author = {Bessiere,Katie and Ceaparu,Irina and Lazar,Jonathan and Robinson,John and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16104,
	title = {Toward a Statistical Knowledge Network (2004)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Statistics support planning and decision making and enormous efforts are made to collect data and produce statistics at all levels of governance. An important principle of democratic societies is that government statistics should be accessible to the broadest possible constituencies to empower better plans and decisions in all aspects of life. Given the potential of near-ubiquitous Internet access in homes and workplaces and efforts by government agencies to mount websites, physical access to large volumes of government is close to a fait accompli. What remains a significant challenge is enabling access to the right statistical information at the right time and in the right form.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6522},
	author = {Marchionini,Gary and Haas,Stephanie and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Hert,Carol}
}
@conference {17444,
	title = {Turning information visualization innovations into commercial products: lessons to guide the next success},
	booktitle = {IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2005. INFOVIS 2005},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/10/23/25},
	pages = {241 - 244},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {As information visualization matures as an academic research field, commercial spinoffs are proliferating, but success stories are harder to find. This is the normal process of emergence for new technologies, but the panel organizers believe that there are certain strategies that facilitate success. To teach these lessons, we have invited several key figures who are seeking to commercialize information visualization tools. The panelists make short presentations, engage in a moderated discussion, and respond to audience questions.},
	keywords = {Books, commercial development, commercial product, Computer interfaces, Computer science, data visualisation, Data visualization, Educational institutions, exploratory data analysis, information visualization innovation, information visualization tool, innovation management, Laboratories, Management training, new technology emergence, Technological innovation, technology transfer, Turning, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0-7803-9464-X},
	doi = {10.1109/INFVIS.2005.1532153},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Rao,R. and Andrews,K. and Ahlberg,C. and Brodbeck,D. and Jewitt,T. and Mackinlay,J.}
}
@article {17448,
	title = {Understanding Clusters in Multidimensional Spaces: Making Meaning by Combining Insights from Coordinated Views of Domain Knowledge (2004)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Cluster analysis of multidimensional data is widely used in many research areas including financial, economical, sociological, and biological analyses. Finding natural subclasses in a data set not only reveals interesting patterns but also serves as a basis for further analyses. One of the troubles with cluster analysis is that evaluating how interesting a clustering result is to researchers is subjective, application-dependent, and even difficult to measure. This problem generally gets worse as dimensionality and the number of items grows. The remedy is to enable researchers to apply domain knowledge to facilitate insight about the significance of the clustering result. This article presents a way to better understand a clustering result by combining insights from two interactively coordinated visual displays of domain knowledge. The first is a parallel coordinates view powered by a direct-manipulation search. The second is a domain knowledge view containing a well-understood and meaningful tabular or hierarchical information for the same data set. Our examples depend on hierarchical clustering of gene expression data, coordinated with a parallel coordinates view and with the gene annotation and gene ontology.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6512},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17456,
	title = {Universal Usability as a Stimulus to Advanced Interface Design (2001)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {The desire to make computing available to broader populations has historically been a motivation for research and innovation that led to new breakthroughs in usability. Menus, graphical user interfaces, and the World-Wide Web, are examples of innovative technological solutions that have arisen out of the challenge of bringing larger and more diverse groups of users into the world of computing. Universal usability is the latest such challenge: In order to build systems that are universally usable, designers must account for technology variety, user diversity, and gaps in user knowledge. These issues are particularly challenging and important in the context of increasing the usability of the World-Wide-Web. To raise awareness, we urge web designers to provide universal usability statements, to provide users with useful information about the usability of their sites. These statements can inform users and thereby reduce frustration and confusion. Further steps toward universal usability might be achieved through research aimed at developing tools that would encourage or promote usability. We close with five proposals for future research.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6485},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Hochheiser,Harry}
}
@article {17465,
	title = {User Frustration with Technology in the Workplace (2004)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {When hard to use computers cause users to become frustrated, it can affect workplace productivity, user mood, and interactions with other co-workers. Previous research has examined the frustration that graduate students and their families face in using computers. To learn more about the causes and effects of user frustration with computers in the workplace, we collected modified time diaries from 50 workplace users, who spent an average of 5.1 hours on the computer. In this experiment, users reported wasting on average, 42-43\% of their time on the computer due to frustrating experiences. The causes of the frustrating experiences, the time lost due to the frustrating experiences, and the effects of the frustrating experiences on the mood of the users are discussed in this paper. Implications for designers, managers, users, information technology staff, and policymakers are discussed.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6515},
	author = {Lazar,Jonathan and Jones,Adam and Bessiere,Katie and Ceaparu,Irina and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17476,
	title = {Using Categorical Information in Multidimensional Data Sets: Interactive Partition and Cluster Comparison},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Multidimensional data sets often include categorical information. When most columns have categorical information, clustering the data set by similarity of categorical values can reveal interesting patterns in the data set. However, when the data set includes only a small number (one or two) of categorical columns, the categorical information is probably more useful as a way to partition the data set. For example, researchers might be interested in gene expression data for healthy vs. diseased patients or stock performance for common, preferred, or convertible shares. For these cases, we present a novel way to utilize the categorical information together with clustering algorithms. Instead of incorporating categorical information into the clustering process, we can partition the data set according to categorical information. Clustering is then performed with each subset to generate two or more clustering results, each of which is homogeneous (i.e. only includes the same categorical value for the categorical column). By comparing the partitioned clustering results, users can get meaningful insights into the data set: users can identify an interesting group of items that are differentially/similarly expressed in two different homogeneous partitions. The partition can be done in two different directions: (1) by rows if categorical information is available for each column (e.g. some columns are from disease samples and other columns are from healthy samples) or (2) by a column if a column contains categorical information (e.g. a column represents a categorical attribute such as colors or sex). We designed and implemented an interface to facilitate this interactive partition-based clustering results comparison. Coordination between clustering results displays and comparison results overview enables users to identify interesting clusters, and a simple grid display clearly reveals correspondence between two clusters.},
	keywords = {Societal Infrastructure Systems},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6568},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17494,
	title = {Visual Specification of Queries for Finding Patterns in Time-Series Data (2001)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Widespread interest in discovering features and trends in time- series has generated a need for tools that support interactive exploration.This paper introduces timeboxes: a powerful graphical, directmanipulation metaphor for the specification of queries over time-series datasets. Our TimeFinder implementation of timeboxes supports interactive formulation and modification of queries, thus speeding the process of exploring time-series data sets and guiding data mining. TimeFinder includes windows for timebox queries, individual time-series, and details-on-demand. Other features include drag-and-drop support for query-by-example and graphical envelopes for displaying the extent of the entire data set and result set from a given query. Extensions involving increased expressive power and general temporal data sets are discussed.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6479},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17499,
	title = {Visualization Methods for Personal Photo Collections: Browsing and Searching in the PhotoFinder (2000)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Software tools for personal photo collection management are proliferating, but they usually have limited searching and browsing functions. We implemented the PhotoFinder prototype to enable non-technical users of personal photo collections to search and browse easily. PhotoFinder provides a set of visual Boolean query interfaces, coupled with dynamic query and query preview features. It gives users powerful search capabilities. Using a scatter plot thumbnail display and drag-and-drop interface, PhotoFinder is designed to be easy to use for searching and browsing photos.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6472},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17509,
	title = {Why Not Make Interfaces Better than 3D Reality? (2004)},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	abstract = {Some designers dream about building interfaces that approach the richness of 3D reality. They believe that the closer an interface resembles the real world, the easier the usage. They strive for resolution that matches filmith rapid camera movement and lively animated objects. This is a dubious proposition since user studies show that disorienting navigation, complex user actions, and annoying occlusions can slow performance in the real world as well as 3D interfaces.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6523},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17066,
	title = {Designing for fun: how can we design user interfaces to be more fun?},
	journal = {Interactions},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/09//},
	pages = {48 - 50},
	isbn = {1072-5520},
	doi = {10.1145/1015530.1015552},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1015530.1015552},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17078,
	title = {Determining Causes and Severity of End-User Frustration},
	journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {333 - 356},
	abstract = {Although computers are beneficial to individuals and society, frequently users encounter frustrating experiences when using computers. This study represents an attempt to measure, in 111 participants, the frequency, the cause, and the level of severity of frustrating experiences. The data show that frustrating experiences happen on a frequent basis. The applications in which the frustrating experiences happened most frequently were Web browsing, e-mail, and word processing. The most-cited causes of frustrating experiences were error messages, dropped network connections, long download times, and hard-to-find features. The time lost due to frustrating experiences ranged from 47\% to 53\% of time spent on a computer, depending on the location and study method. After extreme cases were discarded, the time lost was still above 38\%. These disturbing results should be a basis for future study.Although computers are beneficial to individuals and society, frequently users encounter frustrating experiences when using computers. This study represents an attempt to measure, in 111 participants, the frequency, the cause, and the level of severity of frustrating experiences. The data show that frustrating experiences happen on a frequent basis. The applications in which the frustrating experiences happened most frequently were Web browsing, e-mail, and word processing. The most-cited causes of frustrating experiences were error messages, dropped network connections, long download times, and hard-to-find features. The time lost due to frustrating experiences ranged from 47\% to 53\% of time spent on a computer, depending on the location and study method. After extreme cases were discarded, the time lost was still above 38\%. These disturbing results should be a basis for future study.
},
	isbn = {1044-7318},
	doi = {10.1207/s15327590ijhc1703_3},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1703_3},
	author = {Ceaparu,Irina and Lazar,Jonathan and Bessiere,Katie and Robinson,John and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17109,
	title = {Dynamic Query Tools for Time Series Data Sets: Timebox Widgets for Interactive Exploration},
	journal = {Information VisualizationInformation Visualization},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/03/20/},
	pages = {1 - 18},
	abstract = {Timeboxes are rectangular widgets that can be used in direct-manipulation graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to specify query constraints on time series data sets. Timeboxes are used to specify simultaneously two sets of constraints: given a set of N time series profiles, a timebox covering time periods x1{\textellipsis}x2 (x1 <= x2) and values y1{\textellipsis}y2 (y1 <= y2) will retrieve only those n√N that have values y1 <= y2 during all times x1 <= x <= x2. TimeSearcher is an information visualization tool that combines timebox queries with overview displays, query-by-example facilities, and support for queries over multiple time-varying attributes. Query manipulation tools including pattern inversion and {\textquoteleft}leaders \& laggards{\textquoteright} graphical bookmarks provide additional support for interactive exploration of data sets. Extensions to the basic timebox model that provide additional expressivity include variable time timeboxes, which can be used to express queries with variability in the time interval, and angular queries, which search for ranges of differentials, rather than absolute values. Analysis of the algorithmic requirements for providing dynamic query performance for timebox queries showed that a sequential search outperformed searches based on geometric indices. Design studies helped identify the strengths and weaknesses of the query tools. Extended case studies involving the analysis of two different types of data from molecular biology experiments provided valuable feedback and validated the utility of both the timebox model and the TimeSearcher tool. Timesearcher is available at http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/timesearcher},
	keywords = {angular queries, Bioinformatics, dynamic query, Graphical user interfaces, temporal data, time series, timeboxes, TimeSearcher, visual query},
	isbn = {1473-8716, 1473-8724},
	doi = {10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500061},
	url = {http://ivi.sagepub.com/content/3/1/1},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17155,
	title = {Extending the utility of treemaps with flexible hierarchy},
	booktitle = {Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2004. IV 2004. Proceedings},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/07/14/16},
	pages = {335 - 344},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Treemaps are a visualization technique for presenting hierarchical information on two-dimensional displays. Prior implementations limit the visualization to pre-defined static hierarchies. Flexible hierarchy, a new capability of Treemap 4.0, enables users to define various hierarchies through dynamically selecting a series of data attributes so that they can discover patterns, clusters and outliers. This work describes the design and implementation issues of flexible hierarchy. It then reports on a usability study, which led to enhancements to the interface.},
	keywords = {2D displays, Computer displays, Computer science, data visualisation, Data visualization, Educational institutions, flexible hierarchy, graphical user interface, Graphical user interfaces, hierarchical information, Nominations and elections, Switches, Tree data structures, Tree graphs, Treemap 4.0, Two dimensional displays, usability, visualization technique},
	isbn = {0-7695-2177-0},
	doi = {10.1109/IV.2004.1320166},
	author = {Chintalapani,G. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17159,
	title = {Facilitating understanding of information visualizations: emerging principles and examples},
	booktitle = {Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2004. IV 2004. Proceedings},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/07/14/16},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Summary form only given. The enthusiasm for information visualization has generated a wide variety of interesting tools for multi-dimensional, hierarchical, and other kinds of visualizations. However, some designs are readily accepted as understandable and useful, while others are perceived as confusing and useless. Controlled studies have begun to sort of some of the issues, but the insights of designers and usability tests are contributing interesting cognitive hypotheses for researchers and practical guidelines for developers. This paper offers examples of what works and what doesn{\textquoteright}t with a preliminary set of principles that might have wide applicability.},
	keywords = {Computer science, data visualisation, Educational institutions, Guidelines, hierarchical visualization, HUMANS, Information Visualization, Laboratories, multidimensional visualization, Portable computers, Testing, usability, User interfaces, Visualization},
	isbn = {0-7695-2177-0},
	doi = {10.1109/IV.2004.1320117},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17165,
	title = {Finding governmental statistical data on the Web: A study of categorically organized links for the FedStats topics page},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/09/01/},
	pages = {1008 - 1015},
	abstract = {More than 100 U.S. governmental agencies offer links through FedStats, a centralized Web site that facilitates access to statistical tables, reports, and agencies. This and similar large collections need appropriate interfaces to guide the general public to easily and successfully find information they seek. This paper summarizes the results of 3 empirical studies of alternate organization concepts of the FedStats Topics Web page. Each study had 15 participants. The evolution from 645 alphabetically organized links, to 549 categorically organized links, to 215 categorically organized links tied to portal pages produced a steady rise in successful task completion from 15.6 to 24.4 to 42.2\%. User satisfaction also increased. We make recommendations based on these data and our observations of users.},
	isbn = {1532-2890},
	doi = {10.1002/asi.20052},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.20052/abstract},
	author = {Ceaparu,Irina and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17166,
	title = {Finding Governmental Statistical Data on the Web: Three Empirical Studies of the FedStats Topics Page},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1008 - 1015},
	abstract = {Governmental agencies provide statistical data on their web sites. These large collections of data need appropriate interfaces that would guide the general public, as well as the researchers, to easily and successfully find information they seek. This paper summarizes the results of three empirical studies with 15 users in each group of the FedStats Topics web page. The evolution from 645 alphabetically organized links, to 549 categorically organized links, to 215 categorically organized links tied to portal pages produced a steady rise in successful task completion from 15 \% to 28 \% to 42\%. User satisfaction also increased. We make recommendations based on these data and our observations of users.},
	author = {Ceaparu,Irina and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17202,
	title = {Human needs and mobile technologies: small, fast, and fun},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services},
	series = {MobiSys {\textquoteright}04},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {1 - 1},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {The central thesis of "Leonardo{\textquoteright}s Laptop" (MIT Press, 2002) is that designers who are sensitive to human needs are more likely to make the breakthroughs that yield new technologies successes. Therefore, a theory of mobile devices would focus on compact devices that support human relationships, provide salient information, and enable creative expression. The foundations are not only the megahertz of connectivity, but also the usability and universality of interfaces. Demonstrations include digital photo applications, personal info, healthcare, and e-commerce.},
	isbn = {1-58113-793-1},
	doi = {10.1145/990064.990065},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/990064.990065},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16115,
	title = {Immediate usability: a case study of public access design for a community photo library},
	journal = {Interacting with Computers},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/12//},
	pages = {1171 - 1193},
	abstract = {This paper describes a novel instantiation of a digital photo library in a public access system. It demonstrates how designers can utilize characteristics of a target user community (social constraints, trust, and a lack of anonymity) to provide capabilities, such as unrestricted annotation and uploading of photos, which would be impractical in other types of public access systems. It also presents a compact set of design principles and guidelines for ensuring the immediate usability of public access information systems. These principles and guidelines were derived from our experience developing PhotoFinder Kiosk, a community photo library. Attendees of a major HCI conference (CHI 2001 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems) successfully used the tool to browse and annotate collections of photographs spanning 20 years of HCI-related conferences, producing a richly annotated photo history of the field of human{\textendash}computer interaction. Observations and usage log data were used to evaluate the tool and develop the guidelines. They provide specific guidance for practitioners, as well as a useful framework for additional research in public access interfaces.},
	keywords = {Casual use, Community photo library, direct annotation, direct manipulation, Drag-and-drop, Group annotation, Immediate usability, Photo collection, Public access system, Walk-up-and-use, Zero-trial learning},
	isbn = {0953-5438},
	doi = {10.1016/j.intcom.2004.07.005},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953543804000840},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Kang,Hyunmo and Plaisant, Catherine and Rose,Anne and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17260,
	title = {Interactively Optimizing Signal-to-Noise Ratios in Expression Profiling: Project-Specific Algorithm Selection and Detection P-Value Weighting in Affymetrix Microarrays},
	journal = {BioinformaticsBioinformatics},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/11/01/},
	pages = {2534 - 2544},
	abstract = {Motivation: The most commonly utilized microarrays for mRNA profiling (Affymetrix) include {\textquoteleft}probe sets{\textquoteright} of a series of perfect match and mismatch probes (typically 22 oligonucleotides per probe set). There are an increasing number of reported {\textquoteleft}probe set algorithms{\textquoteright} that differ in their interpretation of a probe set to derive a single normalized {\textquoteleft}signal{\textquoteright} representative of expression of each mRNA. These algorithms are known to differ in accuracy and sensitivity, and optimization has been done using a small set of standardized control microarray data. We hypothesized that different mRNA profiling projects have varying sources and degrees of confounding noise, and that these should alter the choice of a specific probe set algorithm. Also, we hypothesized that use of the Microarray Suite (MAS) 5.0 probe set detection p-value as a weighting function would improve the performance of all probe set algorithms.Results: We built an interactive visual analysis software tool (HCE2W) to test and define parameters in Affymetrix analyses that optimize the ratio of signal (desired biological variable) versus noise (confounding uncontrolled variables). Five probe set algorithms were studied with and without statistical weighting of probe sets using the MAS 5.0 probe set detection p-values. The signal-to-noise ratio optimization method was tested in two large novel microarray datasets with different levels of confounding noise, a 105 sample U133A human muscle biopsy dataset (11 groups: mutation-defined, extensive noise), and a 40 sample U74A inbred mouse lung dataset (8 groups: little noise). Performance was measured by the ability of the specific probe set algorithm, with and without detection p-value weighting, to cluster samples into the appropriate biological groups (unsupervised agglomerative clustering with F-measure values). Of the total random sampling analyses, 50\% showed a highly statistically significant difference between probe set algorithms by ANOVA [F(4,10) > 14, p < 0.0001], with weighting by MAS 5.0 detection p-value showing significance in the mouse data by ANOVA [F(1,10) > 9, p < 0.013] and paired t-test [t(9) = -3.675, p = 0.005]. Probe set detection p-value weighting had the greatest positive effect on performance of dChip difference model, ProbeProfiler and RMA algorithms. Importantly, probe set algorithms did indeed perform differently depending on the specific project, most probably due to the degree of confounding noise. Our data indicate that significantly improved data analysis of mRNA profile projects can be achieved by optimizing the choice of probe set algorithm with the noise levels intrinsic to a project, with dChip difference model with MAS 5.0 detection p-value continuous weighting showing the best overall performance in both projects. Furthermore, both existing and newly developed probe set algorithms should incorporate a detection p-value weighting to improve performance.
Availability: The Hierarchical Clustering Explorer 2.0 is available at http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hce/. Murine arrays (40 samples) are publicly available at the PEPR resource (http://microarray.cnmcresearch.org/pgadatatable.asp; http://pepr.cnmcresearch.org; Chen et al., 2004).
},
	isbn = {1367-4803, 1460-2059},
	doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/bth280},
	url = {http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/16/2534},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Bakay,Marina and Chen,Yi-Wen and Hilmer,Sara and Shneiderman, Ben and Hoffman,Eric P}
}
@article {17296,
	title = {Motivating annotation for digital photographs: Lowering barriers while raising incentives},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	abstract = {Frameworks for understanding annotation requirements could guide improved strategies that would motivate more users to invest the necessary effort. We propose one framework for annotation techniques along with the st rengths and weaknesses of each one, and a second framework for target user groups and their motivations. Several applications are described that provide useful and information-rich representations, but which require good annotations, in the hope of providing incentives for high quality annotation. We describe how annotations make possible four novel presentations of photo collections: (1) Birthday Collage to show growth of a child over several years, (2) FamiliarFace to show family trees of photos, (3) Kaleidoscope to show photos of related people in an appeal tableau, and (4) TripPics to show photos from a sequential story such as a vacation trip.},
	author = {Kustanowitz,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16120,
	title = {Project highlight: toward the statistical knowledge network},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2004 annual national conference on Digital government research},
	series = {dg.o {\textquoteright}04},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {125:1{\textendash}125:2 - 125:1{\textendash}125:2},
	publisher = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	organization = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	abstract = {This project aims to help people find and understand government statistical information. To achieve this goal, we envision a statistical knowledge network that brings stakeholders from government at all levels together with citizens who provide or seek statistical information. The linchpin of this network is a series of human-computer interfaces that facilitate information seeking, understanding, and use. In turn, these interfaces depend on high-quality metadata and intra-agency cooperation. In this briefing, we summarize our accomplishments in the second year of the project.},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1124191.1124316},
	author = {Marchionini,Gary and Haas,Stephanie and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine and Hert,Carol A.}
}
@conference {16944,
	title = {A Rank-by-Feature Framework for Unsupervised Multidimensional Data Exploration Using Low Dimensional Projections},
	booktitle = {IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2004. INFOVIS 2004},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {65 - 72},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Exploratory analysis of multidimensional data sets is challenging because of the difficulty in comprehending more than three dimensions. Two fundamental statistical principles for the exploratory analysis are (1) to examine each dimension first and then find relationships among dimensions, and (2) to try graphical displays first and then find numerical summaries (D.S. Moore, (1999). We implement these principles in a novel conceptual framework called the rank-by-feature framework. In the framework, users can choose a ranking criterion interesting to them and sort 1D or 2D axis-parallel projections according to the criterion. We introduce the rank-by-feature prism that is a color-coded lower-triangular matrix that guides users to desired features. Statistical graphs (histogram, boxplot, and scatterplot) and information visualization techniques (overview, coordination, and dynamic query) are combined to help users effectively traverse 1D and 2D axis-parallel projections, and finally to help them interactively find interesting features},
	keywords = {axis-parallel projections, boxplot, color-coded lower-triangular matrix, computational complexity, computational geometry, Computer displays, Computer science, Computer vision, Data analysis, data mining, data visualisation, Data visualization, Displays, dynamic query, Educational institutions, exploratory data analysis, feature detection, feature detection/selection, Feature extraction, feature selection, graph theory, graphical displays, histogram, Information Visualization, interactive systems, Laboratories, Multidimensional systems, Principal component analysis, rank-by-feature prism, scatterplot, statistical analysis, statistical graphics, statistical graphs, unsupervised multidimensional data exploration, very large databases},
	isbn = {0-7803-8779-3},
	doi = {10.1109/INFVIS.2004.3},
	author = {Seo,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17367,
	title = {Social and psychological influences on computer user frustration},
	booktitle = {Media access: Social and psychological dimensions of new technology useMedia access: Social and psychological dimensions of new technology use},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {91 - 103},
	author = {Bessiere,K. and Ceaparu,I. and Lazar,J. and Robinson,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16117,
	title = {Sonification of geo-referenced data for auditory information seeking: Design principle and pilot study},
	journal = {Proceedings of ICAD},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	abstract = {We present an Auditory Information Seeking Principle (AISP)(gist, navigate, filter, and details-on-demand) modeled after the
visual information seeking mantra [1]. We propose that data
sonification designs should conform to this principle. We also
present some design challenges imposed by human auditory
perception characteristics. To improve blind access to geo-
referenced statistical data, we developed two preliminary
sonifications adhering to the above AISP, an enhanced table and
a spatial choropleth map. Our pilot study shows people can
recognize geographic data distribution patterns on a real map
with 51 geographic regions, in both designs. The study also
shows evidence that AISP conforms to people{\textquoteright}s information
seeking strategies. Future work is discussed, including the
improvement of the choropleth map design.
},
	author = {Zhao,H. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Duraiswami, Ramani}
}
@article {17460,
	title = {Universal Usability: Pushing Human-Computer Interaction Research to Empower Every Citizen},
	journal = {Media access: social and psychological dimensions of new technology use},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {255 - 255},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17469,
	title = {User interface design with speech technologies : A cognitive limitations review},
	journal = {Sprache und Datenverarbeitung},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {101 - 109},
	keywords = {Communication homme-machine, computational linguistics, Human-computer communication, interface, Linguistique informatique, Speech processing, Traitement automatique de la parole},
	isbn = {0343-5202},
	url = {http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN\&cpsidt=16961708},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17496,
	title = {Visualization and analysis of microarray and gene ontology data with treemaps},
	journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/06/28/},
	pages = {84 - 84},
	abstract = {The increasing complexity of genomic data presents several challenges for biologists. Limited computer monitor views of data complexity and the dynamic nature of data in the midst of discovery increase the challenge of integrating experimental results with information resources. The use of Gene Ontology enables researchers to summarize results of quantitative analyses in this framework, but the limitations of typical browser presentation restrict data access.},
	isbn = {1471-2105},
	doi = {10.1186/1471-2105-5-84},
	url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/5/84},
	author = {Baehrecke,Eric H and Dang,Niem and Babaria,Ketan and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16996,
	title = {Bringing Treasures to the Surface: Previews and Overviews in a Prototype for the Library of Congress National Digital Library},
	journal = {The craft of information visualization: readings and reflections},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {388 - 388},
	author = {Marchionini,A.S. and Nation,D. and Karasik,S. and Cronnell,T. and Shneiderman, Ben and Spotfire,V.D.M.U. and Bederson, Benjamin B. and Data,T.S. and Hochheiser,H. and Shneiderman, Ben and others}
}
@inbook {16128,
	title = {Broadening Access to Large Online Databases by Generalizing Query Previews},
	booktitle = {The Craft of Information VisualizationThe Craft of Information Visualization},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {31 - 37},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	address = {San Francisco},
	abstract = {Companies, government agencies, and other types of organizations are making their large databases available to the world over the Internet. Current database front-ends do not give users information about the distribution of data. This leads many users to waste time and network resources posing queries that have either zero-hit or mega-hit result sets. Query previews form a novel visual approach for browsing large databases. Query previews supply data distribution information about the database that is being searched and give continuous feedback about the size of the result set for the query as it is being formed. On the other hand, query previews use only a few pre-selected attributes of the database. The distribution information is displayed only on these attributes. Unfortunately, many databases are formed of numerous relations and attributes. This paper introduces a generalization of query previews. We allow users to browse all of the relations and attributes of a database using a hierarchical browser. Any of the attributes can be used to display the distribution information, making query previews applicable to many public online databases.},
	isbn = {978-1-55860-915-0},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978155860915050007X},
	author = {Tanin,Egemen and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17406,
	title = {The craft of information visualization: readings and reflections},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	abstract = {Since the beginning of the computer age, researchers from many disciplines have sought to facilitate people{\textquoteright}s use of computers and to provide ways for scientists to make sense of the immense quantities of data coming out of them. One gainful result of these efforts has been the field of information visualization, whose technology is increasingly applied in scientific research, digital libraries, data mining, financial data analysis, market studies, manufacturing production control, and data discovery.This book collects 38 of the key papers on information visualization from a leading and prominent research lab, the University of Maryland{\textquoteright}s Human-Computer Interaction Lab (HCIL). Celebrating HCIL{\textquoteright}s 20th anniversary, this book presents a coherent body of work from a respected community that has had many success stories with its research and commercial spin-offs. Each chapter contains an introduction specifically written for this volume by two leading HCI researchers, to describe the connections among those papers and reveal HCIL{\textquoteright}s individual approach to developing innovations.*Presents key ideas, novel interfaces, and major applications of information visualization tools, embedded in inspirational prototypes.*Techniques can be widely applied in scientific research, digital libraries, data mining, financial data analysis, business market studies, manufacturing production control, drug discovery, and genomic studies.*Provides an "insider" view to the scientific process and evolution of innovation, as told by the researchers themselves.*This work comes from the prominent and high profile University of Maryland{\textquoteright}s Human Computer Interaction Lab},
	keywords = {Computers / Computer Graphics, Computers / Computer Science, Computers / Digital Media / Desktop Publishing, Computers / General, Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction, Computers / User Interfaces, Human-computer interaction, Information Visualization, Science / General, User-centered system design},
	isbn = {9781558609150},
	author = {Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16136,
	title = {Data exploration with paired hierarchical visualizations: initial designs of PairTrees},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 annual national conference on Digital government research},
	series = {dg.o {\textquoteright}03},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {1 - 6},
	publisher = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	organization = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	abstract = {Paired hierarchical visualizations (PairTrees) integrate treemaps, node-link diagrams, choropleth maps and other information visualization techniques to support exploration of hierarchical data sets at multiple levels of abstraction. This paper describes several novel applications of PairTrees in the econometric and health statistics domains, as well as some challenges and trade-offs inherent in the technique.},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1123196.1123233},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine}
}
@inbook {16142,
	title = {Database Discovery with Dynamic Queries},
	booktitle = {The craft of information visualization: readings and reflectionsThe craft of information visualization: readings and reflections},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {1 - 1},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	isbn = {978-1-55860-915-0},
	author = {Fredrikson,A. and North,C. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Tanin,E. and Pkisant,C.}
}
@conference {17061,
	title = {Designing a metadata-driven visual information browser for federal statistics},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 annual national conference on Digital government research},
	series = {dg.o {\textquoteright}03},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {1 - 6},
	publisher = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	organization = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	abstract = {When looking for federal statistics, finding the right table, chart or report can be a daunting task for anyone not thoroughly familiar with the federal statistical system. Search tools help, but differing terminologies within the statistical agencies and a lack of familiarity of terms by information seekers limit their effectiveness. The FedStats Browser is a design for visually browsing federal agency statistical products and publications, using techniques that allow users to reformulate queries and iteratively refine results via simple, reversible actions with immediate feedback. This paper also discusses the characteristics of metadata needed for such a browser and the challenges inherent in acquiring that metadata.},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1123196.1123235},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17108,
	title = {Dynamic query choropleth maps for information seeking and decision making},
	journal = {Proc. Human-Computer Interaction International},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	abstract = {Information retrieval and visualization can be combined in dynamic query systems that allow users unparalleled access to information for decision making. In this paper, we report on the development and evaluation of a dynamic query system (YMap) that displays information on a chloropleth map using double thumb sliders to select ranges of query variables. The YMap prototype is a Java-Applet that supports panning and zooming. Several usability studies were conducted on early prototypes that resulted in the current version. Applications of YMap for decision making tasks are discussed.},
	author = {Norman,K. and Zhao,H. and Shneiderman, Ben and Golub,E.}
}
@article {17111,
	title = {Dynamic query visualisations on world wide web clients: A DHTML solution for maps and scattergrams},
	journal = {International journal of Web engineering and technology},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {63 - 78},
	abstract = {Dynamic queries are gaining popularity as a method for interactive information visualisation. Many implementations have been made on personal computers, and there is increasing interest in Web-based designs. While Java and Flash strategies have been developed, we believe that a Dynamic HTML implementation could help promote more widespread use. We implemented double-box range sliders with choropleth maps and scattergrams, which are two popular visualisations, using HTML layers and tables. This paper describes our methods for slider control, visual presentation, and displaying/updating results for these visualisations. Visual design issues innovations and performance enhancements were necessary to create viable designs.},
	author = {Golub,E. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17113,
	title = {Dynamic querying for pattern identification in microarray and genomic data},
	booktitle = {2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2003. ICME {\textquoteright}03. Proceedings},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/07/06/9},
	pages = {III- 453-6 vol.3 - III- 453-6 vol.3},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Data sets involving linear ordered sequences are a recurring theme in bioinformatics. Dynamic query tools that support exploration of these data sets can be useful for identifying patterns of interest. This paper describes the use of one such tool - timesearcher - to interactively explore linear sequence data sets taken from two bioinformatics problems. Microarray time course data sets involve expression levels for large numbers of genes over multiple time points. Timesearcher can be used to interactively search these data sets for genes with expression profiles of interest. The occurrence frequencies of short sequences of DNA in aligned exons can be used to identify sequences that play a role in the pre-mRNA splicing. Timesearcher can be used to search these data sets for candidate splicing signals.},
	keywords = {Bioinformatics, data sets, Displays, dynamic querying, expression profiles, Frequency, Gene expression, genes, Genetics, genomic data, Genomics, linear ordered sequences, macromolecules, medical signal processing, Mice, Microarray, pattern identification, pattern recognition, premRNA splicing, Query processing, sequences, Signal processing, splicing, TimeSearcher},
	isbn = {0-7803-7965-9},
	doi = {10.1109/ICME.2003.1221346},
	author = {Hochheiser,H. and Baehrecke,E. H and Mount, Stephen M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17136,
	title = {Errors},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Computer ScienceEncyclopedia of Computer Science},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {677 - 680},
	publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd.},
	organization = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd.},
	address = {Chichester, UK},
	abstract = {The indignant customer who receives an incorrect bill from a department store probably does not care what the source of the error was or even that, almost certainly, the fault was not a computer{\textquoteright}s but rather that of its data entry personnel or programmers. Neither is the astronaut who is descending toward the surface of the Moon very concerned about the precise source of the error that caused the onboard computer to fail. But an understanding of the sources of errors in computers is important to anyone who wishes to use or comprehend digital computers.},
	isbn = {0-470-86412-5},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1074100.1074382},
	author = {Ralston,Anthony and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17185,
	title = {HCIL Technical Report Listing (1993-2002)},
	journal = {The craft of information visualization: readings and reflections},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {393 - 393},
	author = {Ceaparu,I. and Druin, Allison and Guimbretiere,F. and Manipulation,D. and Shneiderman, Ben and Westerlurid,B. and Keogh,E. and Hochheiser,H. and Shrieidemian,B. and Shneidemiari,B. and others}
}
@article {17188,
	title = {Help! I{\textquoteright}m lost: User frustration in web navigation},
	journal = {IT \& Society},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {18 - 26},
	abstract = {Computers can be valuable tools, and networked resources via the Internet can be beneficial to many different populations and communities. Unfortunately, when people are unable to reach their task goals due to frustrating experiences, this can hinder the effectiveness of technology. This research summary provides information about the user frustration research that has been performed at the University of Maryland and Towson University. Causes of user frustration are discussed in this research summary, along with the surprising finding that nearly one-third to one-half of the time spent in front of the computer is wasted due to frustrating experiences. Furthermore, when interfaces are planned to be deceptive and confusing, this can lead to increased frustration. Implications for designers and users are discussed.},
	author = {Lazar,J. and Bessiere,K. and Ceaparu,I. and Robinson,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16138,
	title = {Helping users get started with visual interfaces: multi-layered interfaces, integrated initial guidance and video demonstrations},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 annual national conference on Digital government research},
	series = {dg.o {\textquoteright}03},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {1 - 1},
	publisher = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	organization = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	abstract = {We are investigating new ways to help users learn to use public access interactive tools, in particular for the visual exploration of government statistics. Our work led to a series of interfaces using multi-layered design, a new help method called Integrated Initial Guidance, and video demonstrations. Multi-layer designs structure an interface so that a simpler interface is available for users to get started and more complex features are accessed as users move through the more advanced layers. Integrated Initial Guidance provides help within the working interface, right at the start of the application. Using the metaphor of "sticky notes" overlaid on top of the functional interface locates the main widgets, demonstrates their manipulation, and explains the resulting actions using preset activations of the interface.},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1123196.1123257},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17220,
	title = {Image-based highly interactive Web mapping for geo-referenced data publishing},
	journal = {Technical Reports from UMIACS},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/01/21/},
	abstract = {This paper describes an image-based technique that enables highly interactiveWeb choropleth maps for geo-referenced data publishing and visual exploration.
Geographic knowledge is encoded into raster images and delivered to the client,
instead of in vector formats. Differing from traditional raster-image-based
approaches that are static and allow very little user interaction, it allows
varieties of sub-second fine-grained interface controls such as dynamic query,
dynamic classification, geographic object data identification, user setting
adjusting, as well as turning on/off layers, panning and zooming, with no or
minimum server support. Compared to Web GIS approaches that are based on vector
geographic data, this technique has the features of short initial download time,
near-constant performance scalability for larger numbers of geographic objects,
and download-map-segment-only-when-necessary which potentially reduces the
overall data transfer over the network. As a result, it accommodates general   
public users with slow modem network connections and low-end machines, as well
as users with fast T-1 connections and fast machines. The client-side (browser)
is implemented as light-weight Java applets. YMap, an easy-to-use,
user-task-oriented highly interactive mapping tool prototype for visual
geo-referenced data exploration is implemented using this technique.
(UMIACS-TR-2003-02)
(HCIL-TR-2002-26)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/1248},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16125,
	title = {Immediate Usability: Kiosk design principles from the CHI 2001 Photo Library},
	journal = {Technical Reports from UMIACS},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/01/21/},
	abstract = {This paper describes a novel set of design principles and guidelines forensuring the immediate usability of public access systems. These principles and 
guidelines were formulated while developing PhotoFinder Kiosk, a community photo
library. Attendees of CHI 2001 successfully used the tool to browse and annotate
collections of photographs spanning 20 years of CHI and related conferences,
producing a richly annotated photo history of the field of human-computer
interaction. We used observations and log data to evaluate the tool and refine
the guidelines. They provide specific guidance for practitioners, as well as a
useful framework for additional research in public access interfaces.
Keywords
Photo collection, community photo library, group annotation, public access 
system, direct annotation, direct manipulation, drag-and-drop, immediate
usability, zero-trial learning, walk-up-and-use, casual use.
(UMIACS-TR-2001-71)
(HCIL-TR-2001-23)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/1155},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Kang,Hyunmo and Plaisant, Catherine and Rose,Anne and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16124,
	title = {Improving Accessibility and Usability of Geo-referenced Statistical Data},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/06/04/},
	abstract = {Several technology breakthroughs are needed to achieve the goals ofuniversal accessibility and usability. These goals are especially
challenging in the case of geo-referenced statistical data that many U.S.
government agencies supply. We present technical and user-interface design
challenges in accommodating users with low-end technology (slow network
connection and low-end machine) and users who are blind or
vision-impaired. Our solutions are presented and future work is discussed.
(UMIACS-TR-2003-37)
(HCIL-2003-11)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/1277},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17229,
	title = {In vivo filtering of in vitro expression data reveals MyoD targets},
	journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies},
	volume = {326},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/10//},
	pages = {1049 - 1065},
	abstract = {A published set of downstream targets of MyoD defined in a well-controlled in vitro experiment was filtered for relevance to muscle regeneration using a 27-time-point in vivo murine regeneration series. Using interactive hierarchical and Bayes soft clustering, only a minority of the targets defined in vitro can be confirmed in vivo (\~{}50\% of induced transcripts, and none of repressed transcripts). This approach provided strong support that 18 targets including of MyoD are biologically relevant during myoblast differentiation. To cite this article: P.~Zhao et al., C.~R. Biologies 326 (2003).},
	keywords = {clustering, expression profiling, Microarray, micror{\'e}seaux, muscle regeneration, MyoD, profil d{\textquoteright}expression, r{\'e}g{\'e}n{\'e}ration musculaire, regroupement},
	isbn = {1631-0691},
	doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2003.09.035},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631069103002324},
	author = {Zhao,Po and Seo,Jinwook and Wang,Zuyi and Wang,Yue and Shneiderman, Ben and Hoffman,Eric P}
}
@inbook {17237,
	title = {Innovating the Interaction},
	booktitle = {The craft of information visualization: readings and reflectionsThe craft of information visualization: readings and reflections},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {295 - 295},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {978-1-55860-915-0},
	author = {Bederson, Benjamin B. and Plaisant, Catherine and Mushlin,R. and Snyder,A. and Li,J. and Heller,D. and Shneiderman, Ben and Hochheiser,H. and Fekete,J. D and Czenvinski,M.}
}
@conference {17248,
	title = {Interactive color mosaic and dendrogram displays for signal/noise optimization in microarray data analysis},
	booktitle = {Multimedia and Expo, 2003. ICME{\textquoteright}03. Proceedings. 2003 International Conference on},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {III{\textendash}461 - III{\textendash}461},
	abstract = {Data analysis and visualization is strongly influenced by noise and noise filters. There are multiple sources of oisein microarray data analysis, but signal/noise ratios are rarely optimized, or even considered. Here, we report a noise analysis of a novel 13 million oligonucleotide dataset - 25 human U133A (~500,000 features) profiles of patient muscle biposies. We use our recently described interactive visualization tool, the Hierarchical Clustering Explorer (HCE) to systemically address the effect of different noise filters on resolution of arrays into orrectbiological groups (unsupervised clustering into three patient groups of known diagnosis). We varied probe set interpretation methods (MAS 5.0, RMA), resent callfilters, and clustering linkage methods, and investigated the results in HCE. HCE interactive features enabled us to quickly see the impact of these three variables. Dendrogram displays showed the clustering results systematically, and color mosaic displays provided a visual support for the results. We show that each of these three variables has a strong effect on unsupervised clustering. For this dataset, the strength of the biological variable was maximized, and noise minimized, using MAS 5.0, 10\% present call filter, and Average Group Linkage. We propose a general method of using interactive tools to identify the optimal signal/noise balance or the optimal combination of these three variables to maximize the effect of the desired biological variable on data interpretation.},
	author = {Seo,J. and Bakay,M. and Zhao,P. and Chen,Y.W. and Clarkson,P. and Shneiderman, Ben and Hoffman,E.P.}
}
@article {17264,
	title = {INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 1, ISSUE 3: WEB NAVIGATION},
	journal = {IT\&SOCIETY},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Lazar,J. and IVORY,M.}
}
@book {17277,
	title = {Leonardo{\textquoteright}s Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/09/01/},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	abstract = {2003 IEEE-USAB Award for Distinguished Literary Contributions Furthering Public Understanding of the Profession. and Selected as a Finalist in the category of Computer/Internet in the 2002 Independent Publisher Book Awards (IPPYs) presented by Independent Publisher MagazineBen Shneiderman{\textquoteright}s book dramatically raises computer users{\textquoteright} expectations of what they should get from technology. He opens their eyes to new possibilities and invites them to think freshly about future technology. He challenges developers to build products that better support human needs and that are usable at any bandwidth. Shneiderman proposes Leonardo da Vinci as an inspirational muse for the "new computing." He wonders how Leonardo would use a laptop and what applications he would create.Shneiderman shifts the focus from what computers can do to what users can do. A key transformation is to what he calls "universal usability," enabling participation by young and old, novice and expert, able and disabled. This transformation would empower those yearning for literacy or coping with their limitations. Shneiderman proposes new computing applications in education, medicine, business, and government. He envisions a World Wide Med that delivers secure patient histories in local languages at any emergency room and thriving million-person communities for e-commerce and e-government. Raising larger questions about human relationships and society, he explores the computer{\textquoteright}s potential to support creativity, consensus-seeking, and conflict resolution. Each chapter ends with a Skeptic{\textquoteright}s Corner that challenges assumptions about trust, privacy, and digital divides.},
	keywords = {Computers / Data Processing, Computers / Data Processing / General, Computers / Data Processing / Storage \& Retrieval, Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction, Computers / System Administration / Storage \& Retrieval, Electronic data processing, Human-computer interaction, Technological forecasting, Technology \& Engineering / Social Aspects},
	isbn = {9780262692991},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16129,
	title = {LifeLines: Using Visualization to Enhance Navigation and Analysis of Patient Records},
	booktitle = {The Craft of Information VisualizationThe Craft of Information Visualization},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {308 - 312},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {978-1-55860-915-0},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978155860915050038X},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Mushlin,Richard and Snyder,Aaron and Li,Jia and Heller,Dan and Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17291,
	title = {MediaFinder: an interface for dynamic personal media management with semantic regions},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}03 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}03},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {764 - 765},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Computer users deal with large amounts of personal media often face problems in managing and exploring it. This paper presents Semantic Regions, rectangular regions that enable users to specify their semantics or mental models, and the MediaFinder application, which uses Semantic Regions as the basis of a personal media management tool.},
	keywords = {dynamic queries, Fling-and-flock, Personal media management, spatial information organization, User interfaces},
	isbn = {1-58113-637-4},
	doi = {10.1145/765891.765977},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765977},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16137,
	title = {New approaches to help users get started with visual interfaces: multi-layered interfaces and integrated initial guidance},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 annual national conference on Digital government research},
	series = {dg.o {\textquoteright}03},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {1 - 6},
	publisher = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	organization = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	abstract = {We are investigating new ways to help users learn to use public access interactive tools, in particular for the visual exploration of government statistics. Our work led to a series of interfaces using multi-layered design and a new help method called Integrated Initial Guidance. Multi-layer designs structure an interface so that a simpler interface is available for users to get started and more complex features are accessed as users move through the more advanced layers. Integrated Initial Guidance provides help within the working interface, right at the start of the application. Using the metaphor of "sticky notes" overlaid on top of the functional interface locates the main widgets, demonstrates their manipulation, and explains the resulting actions using preset animation of the interface. Usability testing with 12 participants led to refined designs and guidelines for the design of Integrated Initial Guidance interfaces.},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1123196.1123269},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16132,
	title = {Seeing the World Through Image Libraries},
	booktitle = {The craft of information visualization: readings and reflectionsThe craft of information visualization: readings and reflections},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {47 - 47},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	isbn = {978-1-55860-915-0},
	author = {North,C. and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine and Kang,H. and Bederson, Benjamin B.}
}
@article {17387,
	title = {Supporting statistical electronic table usage by citizens},
	journal = {Commun. ACM},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/01//},
	pages = {52 - 54},
	abstract = {Over 70 agencies at the federal level are charged with collecting data and producing and disseminating statistics. These statistics are used to inform government policy, shape health care initiatives, provide information on the state of the economy, and others. They also have significant impact on the lives of citizens who use the statistics, for example, to determine job opportunities, changes in social security benefits, and quality of life in particular areas. Our digital government project developed several specific technologies to support the location, manipulation, and understanding of a quintessential format for statistical information---the table.},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/602421.602449},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/602421.602449},
	author = {Hert,Carol A. and Liddy,Elizabeth D. and Shneiderman, Ben and Marchionini,Gary}
}
@article {17427,
	title = {Theories for Understanding Information Visualization},
	journal = {The craft of information visualization: readings and reflections},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {349 - 349},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16133,
	title = {Toward a statistical knowledge network},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 annual national conference on Digital government research},
	series = {dg.o {\textquoteright}03},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {1 - 6},
	publisher = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	organization = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	abstract = {This paper describes an architecture for a statistical knowledge network that depends on user interfaces as the glue among the components. These interfaces aim to serve non-expert users with diverse needs and statistical and computing experiences. Such interfaces are crucially dependent on different indexing schemes and good metadata.},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1123196.1123312},
	author = {Marchionini,Gary and Haas,Stephanie and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Hert,Carol}
}
@article {17449,
	title = {Understanding Computer User Frustration: Measuring and Modeling the Disruption from Poor Designs},
	journal = {Technical Reports from UMIACS},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/01/21/},
	abstract = {User frustration in the use of information and computing technology is apervasive and persistent problem.  When computers crash, network congestion
causes delays, and poor user interfaces trigger confusion there are dramatic
consequences for individuals, organizations, and society. These frustrations not
only cause personal dissatisfaction and loss of self-efficacy, but may disrupt
workplaces, slow learning, and reduce participation in local and national
communities. We propose a Computing Frustration Model with incident specific and
individual variables to guide research. Our study of 108 computer users shows
high levels of frustration and loss of 1/3 to 1/2 of time spent.   The
importance of the users{\textquoteright} goals and the severity of the disruption were
correlated with frustration. Those who had strong self-efficacy, indicated by a
willingness to stick to solving the problem, reported lower levels of
frustration.  Implications for users, software developers, managers, and
policymakers are discussed.
Keywords: user frustration, user interface design, training, helpdesk, computer
experience, computer anxiety
(UMIACS-TR-2002-89)
(HCIL-TR-2002-18)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/1233},
	author = {Bessiere,Katie and Ceaparu,Irina and Lazar,Jonathan and Robinson,John and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17450,
	title = {Understanding Hierarchical Clustering Results by Interactive Exploration of Dendrograms: A Case Study with Genomic Microarray Data},
	journal = {Technical Reports from UMIACS},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/01/21/},
	abstract = {Abstract: Hierarchical clustering is widely used to find patterns inmulti-dimensional datasets, especially for genomic microarray data.  Finding
groups of genes with similar expression patterns can lead to better
understanding of the functions of genes.  Early software tools produced only
printed results, while newer ones enabled some online exploration.  We describe
four general techniques that could be used in interactive explorations of
clustering algorithms: (1) overview of the entire dataset, coupled with a detail
view so that high-level patterns and hot spots can be easily found and examined,
(2) dynamic query controls so that users can restrict the number of clusters
they view at a time and show those clusters more clearly, (3) coordinated
displays: the overview mosaic has a bi-directional link to 2-dimensional
scattergrams, (4) cluster comparisons to allow researchers to see how different
clustering algorithms group the genes.
(UMIACS-TR-2002-50)
(HCIL-TR-2002-10)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/1203},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16135,
	title = {Visual Information Management for Network Configuration},
	booktitle = {The Craft of Information VisualizationThe Craft of Information Visualization},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {239 - 256},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	address = {San Francisco},
	abstract = {Current network management systems rely heavily on forms in their user interfaces. The interfaces reflect the intricacies of the network hardware components but provide little support for guiding users through tasks. There is a scarcity of useful graphical visualizations and decision-support tools.},
	isbn = {978-1-55860-915-0},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781558609150500329},
	author = {Kumar,Harsha and Plaisant, Catherine and Teittinen,Marko and Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17500,
	title = {Visualization Viewpoints},
	journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {12 - 15},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16141,
	title = {Which comes first, usability or utility?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS{\textquoteright}03)},
	series = {VIS {\textquoteright}03},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {112{\textendash} - 112{\textendash}},
	publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
	organization = {IEEE Computer Society},
	address = {Washington, DC, USA},
	isbn = {0-7695-2030-8},
	doi = {10.1109/VISUAL.2003.1250426},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/VISUAL.2003.1250426},
	author = {Grinstein,Georges and Kobsa,Alfred and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Stasko,John T}
}
@article {17508,
	title = {Why not make interfaces better than 3D reality?},
	journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/12//Nov},
	pages = {12 - 15},
	abstract = {Many constrained interfaces are designed to be simpler than the real world by restricting movement, limiting interface actions, and keeping interface objects in a plane. However, the strong utility of pure 3D interfaces for medical, architectural, product design, and scientific visualization means that interface design for pure 3D remains an important challenge. An intriguing possibility is that enhanced 3D interfaces might offer simpler navigation, more compelling functionality, safer movements, and less occlusion, than 3D reality, especially for information exploration and visualization tasks. Such features can enable superhuman capabilities such as faster-than-light teleportation, flying through objects, and X-ray vision. Enhanced 3D interfaces might have supernatural tools such as magic wands for instantly shrinking, enlarging, duplicating, or sending objects and enchanted environments that provide error prevention, history keeping, and programming-by-demonstration. Playful game designers and creative application developers have already pushed the technology further than those who seek merely to mimic reality. Advanced designs are marked by their support of rapid situation awareness through effective overviews, reduced numbers of actions to accomplish tasks; and prompt, meaningful feedback for user actions. This article reviews these clever enhanced 3D-design features and encourages approaches that facilitate user tasks rather than mimic reality.},
	keywords = {3D interfaces, 3D reality, Atmosphere, Avatars, Cities and towns, Collaboration, Computer displays, Computer Graphics, error prevention, history keeping, information exploration, Information Visualization, movements, Navigation, occlusion, overviews, programming-by-demonstration, rapid situation awareness, Testing, usability, user action feedback, User interfaces, Virtual reality, Visualization},
	isbn = {0272-1716},
	doi = {10.1109/MCG.2003.1242376},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16131,
	title = {The World{\textquoteright}s Information in Digital Libraries},
	booktitle = {The craft of information visualization: readings and reflectionsThe craft of information visualization: readings and reflections},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {149 - 149},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	isbn = {978-1-55860-915-0},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Marchimini,G. and Bruns,T. and Komlodi,A. and Campbell,L. and Rose,A. and Ding,G.M. and Beale Jr,J. and Nolet,V. and Shneiderman, Ben and others}
}
@article {16952,
	title = {ACM{\textquoteright}s computing professionals face new challenges},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/02//},
	pages = {31 - 34},
	abstract = {Technologists can make a difference on so many critical fronts.},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/503124.503142},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/503124.503142},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16960,
	title = {An Augmented Visual Query Mechanism for Finding Patterns in Time Series Data},
	booktitle = {Flexible Query Answering SystemsFlexible Query Answering Systems},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {2522},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {240 - 250},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Relatively few query tools exist for data exploration and pattern identification in time series data sets. In previous work we introduced Timeboxes . Timeboxes are rectangular, direct-manipulation queries for studying time-series datasets. We demonstrated how Timeboxes can be used to support interactive exploration via dynamic queries, along with overviews of query results and drag-and-drop support for query-by-example. In this paper, we extend our work by introducing Variable Time Timeboxes (VTT). VTTs are a natural generalization of Timeboxes, which permit the specification of queries that allow a degree of uncertainty in the time axis. We carefully motivate the need for these more expressive queries, and demonstrate the utility of our approach on several data sets.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-00074-7},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36109-X_19},
	author = {Keogh,Eamonn and Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Carbonell,Jaime and Siekmann,J{\"o}rg and Andreasen,Troels and Christiansen,Henning and Motro,Amihai and Legind Larsen,Henrik}
}
@article {16993,
	title = {Book Preview-Leonardo{\textquoteright}s Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies},
	journal = {Interactions-New York},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {43 - 43},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17009,
	title = {CHI@20: fighting our way from marginality to power},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}02 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}02},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {688 - 691},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {The Special Interest Group on Computer Human Interaction (SIGCHI) has had a successful history of 20 years of growth in its numbers and influence. To help guide the continued evolution of the academic discipline and professional community, we invite several senior members to offer their visions for what the field of CHI actually accomplished over the past several decades, and what do we still need to accomplish? What do we need to do differently/ better/smarter? What haven{\textquoteright}t we tried because the technology, the money or the will wasn{\textquoteright}t there in the past, but perhaps is now.The CHI field is more than just technology. We understand that our work can have a profound effect on individuals, families, neighborhoods, corporations, and countries. We know that we can influence education, commerce, healthcare, and government. How can we contribute to bridging the digital divides in developed and developing countries? What agendas can we offer for the academic, research, industrial, and civic spheres for the next 20 years? How can we be more ambitious? How can we truly serve human needs.},
	keywords = {education, future vision, Human-computer interaction, practice, professional, THEORY, usability engineering},
	isbn = {1-58113-454-1},
	doi = {10.1145/506443.506548},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506548},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Card,Stuart and Norman,Donald A. and Tremaine,Marilyn and Waldrop,M. Mitchell}
}
@article {17038,
	title = {Creativity support tools},
	journal = {Commun. ACM},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/10//},
	pages = {116 - 120},
	abstract = {Establishing a framework of activities for creative work.},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/570907.570945},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/570907.570945},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17040,
	title = {Creativity support tools: a tutorial overview},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th conference on Creativity \& cognition},
	series = {C\&C {\textquoteright}02},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {1 - 2},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {The tutorial begins with a model of creative processes and refines it into design principles. Participants will learn of eight ways to improve software that supports human creative processes: - searching and browsing digital libraries - visualizing data and processes, - consulting with peers and mentors, -thinking by free associations, -exploring solutions: what- if tools, -composing artifacts and performances, -reviewing and replaying session histories, and -disseminating results.These practical suggestions can be integrated into existing software applications, built into web services, or serve as the framework for novel tools. Software examples will be shown and brainstorming sessions will use projects from participants.},
	keywords = {consultation, creativity, design environments, empowerment, innovation, knowledge work, models of the user creativity, software integration, software tools},
	isbn = {1-58113-465-7},
	doi = {10.1145/581710.581711},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/581710.581711},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17098,
	title = {Dynamic layout management in a multimedia bulletin board},
	booktitle = {IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments, 2002. Proceedings},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {51 - 53},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {This paper proposes a novel user interface to manage the dynamic layout of multimedia objects in the Multimedia Bulletin Board (MBB) system. The MBB has been designed and implemented as a prototype of an asynchronous communication system that enables rich communication and collaboration among users of multimedia objects such as text, image, moving picture, sound, voice, Web, office document, and other files. The layout properties of the multimedia objects on a board (e.g. x-y position, size, z-order, explicit and implicit links, etc.) show important and useful information on the user dynamics occurring within a board. However, a fixed layout created and edited by multiple users may prevent users from recognizing and identifying other information. This paper resolves this problem with a novel user-controlled layout strategy made visible with dynamic layout templates (DLT). Users can reorganize the objects to extract meaningful information related to time, source, geographic location, or topic.},
	keywords = {Asynchronous communication, asynchronous communication system, Collaboration, data mining, dynamic layout management, dynamic layout templates, groupware, Human computer interaction, image, Information services, Laboratories, moving picture, Multimedia Bulletin Board system, multimedia computing, Multimedia databases, multimedia objects, multimedia systems, office document, Prototypes, sound, text, user interface, User interfaces, user-controlled layout strategy, voice, Web, Web pages},
	isbn = {0-7695-1644-0},
	doi = {10.1109/HCC.2002.1046344},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben and Wolff,G. J}
}
@conference {16921,
	title = {A dynamic query interface for finding patterns in time series data},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}02 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}02},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {522 - 523},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Identification of patterns in time series data sets is a task that arises in a wide variety of application domains. This demonstration presents the timebox model of rectangular regions that specify constraints for dynamic queries over time series data sets, and the TimeSearcher application, which uses timeboxes as the basis of an interactive query tool.},
	keywords = {dynamic queries, Information Visualization, time series},
	isbn = {1-58113-454-1},
	doi = {10.1145/506443.506460},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506460},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17146,
	title = {Expandable indexes vs. sequential menus for searching hierarchies on the World Wide Web},
	journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {201 - 207},
	abstract = {An experiment is reported that compared expandable indexes providing full menu context with sequential menus providing only partial context. Menu depth was varied using hierarchies of two, three and four levels deep in an asymmetric structure of 457 root level items. Menus were presented on the World Wide Web within a browser. Participants searched for specific targets. Results suggest that reducing the depth of hierarchies improves performance in terms of speed and search efficiency. Surprisingly, expandable indexes resulted in poorer performance with deeper hierarchies than did sequential menus.An experiment is reported that compared expandable indexes providing full menu context with sequential menus providing only partial context. Menu depth was varied using hierarchies of two, three and four levels deep in an asymmetric structure of 457 root level items. Menus were presented on the World Wide Web within a browser. Participants searched for specific targets. Results suggest that reducing the depth of hierarchies improves performance in terms of speed and search efficiency. Surprisingly, expandable indexes resulted in poorer performance with deeper hierarchies than did sequential menus.
},
	isbn = {0144-929X},
	doi = {10.1080/0144929021000009045},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144929021000009045},
	author = {Zaphiris,Panayiotis and Shneiderman, Ben and Norman,Kent L}
}
@conference {17178,
	title = {Getting real about speech: overdue or overhyped?},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}02 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}02},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {708 - 709},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Speech has recently made headway towards becoming a more mainstream interface modality. For example, there is an increasing number of call center applications, especially in the airline and banking industries. However, speech still has many properties that cause its use to be problematic, such as its inappropriateness in both very quiet and very noisy environments, and the tendency of speech to increase cognitive load. Concerns about such problems are valid; however, they do not explain why the use of speech is so controversial in the HCI community. This panel would like to address the issues underlying the controversy around speech, by discussing the current state of the art, the reasons it is so difficult to build a good speech interface, and how HCI research can contribute to the development of speech interfaces.},
	keywords = {cognitive load, social responses, speech interfaces},
	isbn = {1-58113-454-1},
	doi = {10.1145/506443.506557},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506557},
	author = {James,Frankie and Lai,Jennifer and Suhm,Bernhard and Balentine,Bruce and Makhoul,John and Nass,Clifford and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17219,
	title = {IEEE Multimedia: Visions and views: Meeting human needs with new digital imaging technologies},
	journal = {IEEE Distributed Systems Online},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17227,
	title = {Improving Web-based civic information access: a case study of the 50 US states},
	booktitle = {2002 International Symposium on Technology and Society, 2002. (ISTAS{\textquoteright}02)},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {275 - 282},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {An analysis of the home pages of all fifty US states reveals great variety in key design features that influence efficacy. Some states had excessively large byte counts that would slow users connected by commonly-used 56 K modems. Many web sites had low numbers of or poorly organized links that would make it hard for citizens to find what they were interested in. Features such as search boxes, privacy policies, online help, or contact information need to be added by several states. Our analysis concludes with ten recommendations and finds many further opportunities for individual states to improve their Websites. However still greater benefits will come through collaboration among the states that would lead to consistency, appropriate tagging, and common tools.},
	keywords = {Computer aided software engineering, Computer science, contact information, Educational institutions, government data processing, Guidelines, home page design features, information resources, Laboratories, Modems, Navigation, online help, privacy, privacy policies, search boxes, Tagging, Uniform resource locators, US states, USA, User interfaces, Web sites, Web-based civic information access},
	isbn = {0-7803-7284-0},
	doi = {10.1109/ISTAS.2002.1013826},
	author = {Ceaparu,I. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17230,
	title = {In Web we trust: establishing strategic trust among online customers},
	journal = {E-Service: new directions in theory and practice},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {90 - 107},
	abstract = {Electronic commerce (e-commerce) provides an important chance for established large companies to gain more customers as well as for new small companies to have a good start and rapid growth. However, establishing trust between customers and companies through web interface, a key component of successful e-service, is not as easy as through human-buyer-human-seller interaction. In the past few years, a number of experiments have been conducted in order to determine the factors that influence customers{\textquoteright} trust in online businesses. The goal of our experiment was to establish which features that appear on commercial websites are trust-inducing. Our study focused on three independent variables: customer service (limited and extensive), testimonial (self and external) and security features representation (graphics and text). We designed the homepages of eight web sites with all combinations of treatments of the three independent variables. Each of the 52 subjects reviewed all the eight homepages and gave them a relative rank of trustworthiness. After the experiment subjects answered additional e-trust related questions. The experiment results and the survey support the belief that specific customer service commitments, third party testimonials and graphic security representations are important in establishing strategic trust among on-line customers.},
	author = {Ceaparu,I. and Demner,D. and Hung,E. and Zhao,H. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17243,
	title = {Interacting with identification technology: can it make us more secure?},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}02 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}02},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {564 - 565},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {Biometrics, civil liberties, face recognition, national id card, privacy, Security},
	isbn = {1-58113-454-1},
	doi = {10.1145/506443.506484},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506484},
	author = {Scholtz,Jean and Johnson,Jeff and Shneiderman, Ben and Hope-Tindall,Peter and Gosling,Marcus and Phillips,Jonathon and Wexelblat,Alan}
}
@article {17259,
	title = {Interactively exploring hierarchical clustering results [gene identification]},
	journal = {Computer},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/07//},
	pages = {80 - 86},
	abstract = {To date, work in microarrays, sequenced genomes and bioinformatics has focused largely on algorithmic methods for processing and manipulating vast biological data sets. Future improvements will likely provide users with guidance in selecting the most appropriate algorithms and metrics for identifying meaningful clusters-interesting patterns in large data sets, such as groups of genes with similar profiles. Hierarchical clustering has been shown to be effective in microarray data analysis for identifying genes with similar profiles and thus possibly with similar functions. Users also need an efficient visualization tool, however, to facilitate pattern extraction from microarray data sets. The Hierarchical Clustering Explorer integrates four interactive features to provide information visualization techniques that allow users to control the processes and interact with the results. Thus, hybrid approaches that combine powerful algorithms with interactive visualization tools will join the strengths of fast processors with the detailed understanding of domain experts},
	keywords = {algorithmic methods, arrays, Bioinformatics, biological data sets, biology computing, Data analysis, data mining, data visualisation, Data visualization, DNA, Fluorescence, gene functions, gene identification, gene profiles, Genetics, Genomics, Hierarchical Clustering Explorer, hierarchical systems, interactive exploration, interactive information visualization tool, interactive systems, Large screen displays, meaningful cluster identification, metrics, microarray data analysis, pattern clustering, pattern extraction, Process control, Sensor arrays, sequenced genomes, Tiles},
	isbn = {0018-9162},
	doi = {10.1109/MC.2002.1016905},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17290,
	title = {Media Conversion from Visual to Audio: Voice Browsers},
	journal = {Technical Reports of the Computer Science Department},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/12/19/},
	abstract = {There is a large amount of information on the World Wide Web that is atthe fingertips of anyone with access to the internet. However, so far
this information has primarily been used by people who connect to the
web via traditional computer. This is about to change. Recent advances
in wireless communication, speech recognition, and speech synthesis
technologies have made it possible to access this information from any
place, and at any time. In this paper, we discuss voice browsers as
compared to current web browsers. Some of the primary techniques of
universal accessible design are listed with their relation to voice
browsers and some ideas are offered to help authors implementing these
considerations when designing web pages. The new voice markup language 
is briefly discussed.
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/534},
	author = {Youssef,Adel and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17293,
	title = {Meeting human needs with new digital imaging technologies},
	journal = {IEEE Multimedia},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/12//Oct},
	pages = {8 - 14},
	abstract = {It{\textquoteright}s a visual world. Images capture many people{\textquoteright}s thrills, emotions, and concerns. Art can shock or inspire, and family photos are some of our greatest treasures. It{\textquoteright}s not surprising that visual information is a vital component of the new computing. Most people depend on visual input to understand the world around them and as a basis for further creative activities. The popularity of visual media such as photos, short videos, and animations attests to their mainstream acceptance. Digital photos and image-laden Web pages have already become major computing applications, but users still want higher-resolution images and faster downloads},
	keywords = {animation, animations, Computer applications, digital images, digital imaging technologies, Helium, History, HUMANS, Image databases, IMAGE PROCESSING, Photography, photos, software libraries, Videos, visual media, Web pages},
	isbn = {1070-986X},
	doi = {10.1109/MMUL.2002.1041942},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17312,
	title = {Ordered and quantum treemaps: Making effective use of 2D space to display hierarchies},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/10//},
	pages = {833 - 854},
	abstract = {Treemaps, a space-filling method for visualizing large hierarchical data sets, are receiving increasing attention. Several algorithms have been previously proposed to create more useful displays by controlling the aspect ratios of the rectangles that make up a treemap. While these algorithms do improve visibility of small items in a single layout, they introduce instability over time in the display of dynamically changing data, fail to preserve order of the underlying data, and create layouts that are difficult to visually search. In addition, continuous treemap algorithms are not suitable for displaying fixed-sized objects within them, such as images.This paper introduces a new "strip" treemap algorithm which addresses these shortcomings, and analyzes other "pivot" algorithms we recently developed showing the trade-offs between them. These ordered treemap algorithms ensure that items near each other in the given order will be near each other in the treemap layout. Using experimental evidence from Monte Carlo trials and from actual stock market data, we show that, compared to other layout algorithms, ordered treemaps are more stable, while maintaining relatively favorable aspect ratios of the constituent rectangles. A user study with 20 participants clarifies the human performance benefits of the new algorithms. Finally, we present quantum treemap algorithms, which modify the layout of the continuous treemap algorithms to generate rectangles that are integral multiples of an input object size. The quantum treemap algorithm has been applied to PhotoMesa, an application that supports browsing of large numbers of images.},
	keywords = {hierarchies, Human-computer interaction, image browsers, Information Visualization, jazz, ordered treemaps, treemaps, TREES, zoomable user interfaces (ZUIs).},
	isbn = {0730-0301},
	doi = {10.1145/571647.571649},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/571647.571649},
	author = {Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben and Wattenberg,Martin}
}
@article {16148,
	title = {A photo history of SIGCHI: evolution of design from personal to public},
	journal = {interactions},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/05//},
	pages = {17 - 23},
	abstract = {For 20 years I have been photographing personalities and events in the emerging discipline of human--computer interaction. Until now, only a few of these photos were published in newsletters or were shown to visitors who sought them out. Now this photo history is going from a personal record to a public archive. This archive should be interesting for professional members of this community who want to reminisce, as well as for historians and journalists who want to understand what happened. Students and Web surfers may also want to look at the people who created better interfaces and more satisfying user experiences.},
	isbn = {1072-5520},
	doi = {10.1145/506671.506682},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506671.506682},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Kang,Hyunmo and Kules,Bill and Plaisant, Catherine and Rose,Anne and Rucheir,Richesh}
}
@article {17330,
	title = {Promoting universal usability with multi-layer interface design},
	journal = {ACM SIGCAPH Computers and the Physically Handicapped},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/06//},
	pages = {1 - 8},
	abstract = {Increased interest in universal usability is causing some researchers to study advanced strategies for satisfying first-time as well as intermittent and expert users. This paper promotes the idea of multi-layer interface designs that enable first-time and novice users to begin with a limited set of features at layer 1. They can remain at layer 1, then move up to higher layers when needed or when they have time to learn further features. The arguments for and against multi-layer interfaces are presented with two example systems: a word processor with 8 layers and an interactive map with 3 layers. New research methods and directions are proposed.},
	keywords = {first-time user, Graphical user interfaces, multi-layer interface, novice user, online help, universal usability},
	isbn = {0163-5727},
	doi = {10.1145/960201.957206},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/960201.957206},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17451,
	title = {Understanding human reactivites and relationships: an excerpt from Leonardo{\textquoteright}s laptop},
	journal = {interactions},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/09//},
	pages = {40 - 53},
	abstract = {"These notes reveal the intimate tie in Leonardo{\textquoteright}s thinking between{\textellipsis} phenomena in general and the need to put such information to practical use."<BR>--- A. Richard Turner, Inventing Leonardo, 1994, p 184},
	isbn = {1072-5520},
	doi = {10.1145/566981.566982},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/566981.566982},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17492,
	title = {Visual queries for finding patterns in time series data},
	journal = {University of Maryland, Computer Science Dept. Tech Report, CS-TR-4365},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	abstract = {Few tools exist for data exploration and pattern iden-tification in time series data sets. Timeboxes are rectan-
gular, direct-manipulation queries for studying time-series
datasets. Timeboxes are the primary query tool in our Time-
Searcher application, which supports interactive explo-
ration via dynamic queries, along with overviews of query
results and drag-and-drop support for query-by-example.
This paper describes the TimeSearcher application and pos-
sible extensions to the timebox query model, along with a
discussion of the use of TimeSearcher for exploring a time
series data set involving gene expression profiles.
},
	author = {Hochheiser,H. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {16985,
	title = {Becoming a Scholar in the Digital Age},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	publisher = {National Research Council},
	organization = {National Research Council},
	keywords = {bibtex-import, digital-library, dlbook},
	author = {Duderstadt,James and Arms,William and Messina,Paul and Ellisman,Mark and Atkins,Daniel and Fox,Edward and Shneiderman, Ben and Nissenbaum,Helen and Lederberg,Joshua}
}
@conference {17025,
	title = {Component-based, user-constructed, multiple-view visualization},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}01 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}01},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {201 - 202},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {A major hindrance to the usage of information visualization in common tasks is that typically a new visualization interface must be custom programmed to suit each task. This video demonstrates a system and user interface that attempts to solve this problem by enabling end users to construct their own multiple-view visualization interfaces that are appropriate for their tasks and data. Users accomplish this by snapping together component visualizations and specifying tight couplings between them. Then they can use their newly constructed visualization interfaces to perform their tasks.},
	keywords = {Information Visualization, multiple views, software components, Specification, tight coupling, user interface},
	isbn = {1-58113-340-5},
	doi = {10.1145/634067.634188},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634188},
	author = {North,Chris and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17060,
	title = {Design: CUU: bridging the digital divide with universal usability},
	journal = {Interactions},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001/03//},
	pages = {11 - 15},
	isbn = {1072-5520},
	doi = {10.1145/361897.361905},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/361897.361905},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17407,
	title = {The Digital University: Building a Learning Community},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001/12/18/},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	abstract = {University education continues to be revolutionized by the use of Web-based teaching and learning systems. Following on from "The Digital University: Reinventing the Academy", this book provides a fully up-to-date and practical guide to using and implementing this important technology. Looking specifically at asynchronous collaboration, it covers:- policies- management of collaboration- distance learning- support for authoring- course design- educational metadata schemaand will be an essential buy for managers, lecturers, administrators, department heads and researchers.It includes a foreword by Ben Shneiderman, Director of the HCI Laboratory at the University of Maryland, USA.}},
	keywords = {elearning, koelpu},
	isbn = {1852334789},
	url = {http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike01-21\&path=ASIN/1852334789},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17096,
	title = {Dynamic Aggregation to Support Pattern Discovery: A Case Study with Web Logs},
	booktitle = {Discovery ScienceDiscovery Science},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {2226},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {464 - 469},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Rapid growth of digital data collections is overwhelming the capabilities of humans to comprehend them without aid. The extraction of useful data from large raw data sets is something that humans do poorly. Aggregation is a technique that extracts important aspect from groups of data thus reducing the amount that the user has to deal with at one time, thereby enabling them to discover patterns, outliers, gaps, and clusters. Previous mechanisms for interactive exploration with aggregated data were either too complex to use or too limited in scope. This paper proposes a new technique for dynamic aggregation that can combine with dynamic queries to support most of the tasks involved in data manipulation.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-42956-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45650-3_42},
	author = {Tang,Lida and Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Jantke,Klaus and Shinohara,Ayumi}
}
@conference {17101,
	title = {Dynamic queries and brushing on choropleth maps},
	booktitle = {Fifth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2001. Proceedings},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {757 - 764},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Users who must combine demographic, economic or other data in a geographic context are often hampered by the integration of tabular and map representations. Static, paper-based solutions limit the amount of data that can be placed on a single map or table. By providing an effective user interface, we believe that researchers, journalists, teachers, and students can explore complex data sets more rapidly and effectively. This paper presents Dynamaps, a generalized map-based information visualization tool for dynamic queries and brushing on choropleth maps. Users can use color coding to show a variable on each geographic region, and then filter out areas that do not meet the desired criteria. In addition, a scatterplot view and a details-on-demand window support overviews and specific fact-finding},
	keywords = {brushing, business, cartography, choropleth maps, color coding, colour graphics, complex data sets, Computational Intelligence Society, Computer science, data visualisation, Data visualization, demographic data, Demography, Dynamaps, dynamic queries, economic data, Educational institutions, geographic information system, geographic information systems, Joining processes, map representations, map-based information visualization, Query processing, Scattering, scatterplot view, tabular representations, user interface, User interfaces, World Wide Web},
	isbn = {0-7695-1195-3},
	doi = {10.1109/IV.2001.942141},
	author = {Dang,G. and North,C. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16157,
	title = {Enabling Commuters to Find the Best Route: An Interface for Analyzing Driving History Logs},
	journal = {Proceedings of the IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Interact2001)},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {799 - 800},
	abstract = {This paper describes a prototype interface design for an automobile driving history log. It allows drivers to choose the best route among several alternatives for their common trips. Recorded data includes time to complete the travel, fuel consumption, and number of stops.},
	author = {Konishi,M. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17116,
	title = {E-tables: Non-specialist use and understanding of statistical data},
	journal = {SURFACE, the Syracuse University Research Facility And Collaborative Environment},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {33 - 33},
	abstract = {This paper provides a progress report on a project that aims to understand how people think about and understand statistical data presented in tables. The focus is on people who are not statistical specialists. To this end, studies of various user populations were conducted, underlying data enrichment and explanation was investigated, and interactive user interface prototypes were developed and tested.},
	author = {Marchionini,G. and Hert,C. and Shneiderman, Ben and Liddy,L.}
}
@article {17149,
	title = {Exploration of Large Online Data Tables Using Generalized Query Previews},
	journal = {University of Maryland Computer Science Technical Report (June 2001)},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	abstract = {Companies, government agencies, and other organizations are making their data available to the world over the Internet. These organizations often store their data as large online relational database tables. Users query these databases with front-ends that mostly use menus or form fillin interfaces, but these interfaces rarely give users information about the contents and distribution of the data. This situation leads users to waste time and network resources posing queries that have zero-hit or mega-hit results. Generalized query previews form a user interface architecture for efficient browsing of large online databases by supplying data distribution information to the users. The data distribution information provides an overview of the data. Generalized query previews give continuous feedback about the size of the results as the query is being formed. This provides a preview of the results. This paper presents the generalized query previews user interface architecture and our experimental findings. Our user study shows that for exploratory querying tasks, generalized query previews speed user performance and reduce network load. Categories and Subject Descriptors: H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User Interfaces - Graphical user interfaces (GUI), H.3.5 [Information Storage and Retrieval]: Online Information Services - Web-based services. General Terms: Design, Human Factors, Experimentation. Keywords: Visual Data Mining, Information Visualization, Graphical User Interfaces, Relational Databases, Database Querying, Online Databases, Dynamic Queries, Previews and Overviews.},
	author = {Tanin,E. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17234,
	title = {Information Visualization: The Path from Innovation to Adoption},
	booktitle = {Information Visualisation, International Conference on},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {0003 - 0003},
	publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
	organization = {IEEE Computer Society},
	address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
	isbn = {0-7695-1195-3},
	doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/IV.2001.10004},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17252,
	title = {Interactive Exploration of Time Series Data},
	booktitle = {Discovery ScienceDiscovery Science},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {2226},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {441 - 446},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {Widespread interest in discovering features and trends in time- series has generated a need for tools that support interactive exploration.This paper introduces timeboxes: a powerful direct-manipulation metaphor for the specification of queries over time series datasets. Our TimeSearcher implementation of timeboxes supports interactive formulation and modification of queries, thus speeding the process of exploring time series data sets and guiding data mining.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-42956-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45650-3_38},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Jantke,Klaus and Shinohara,Ayumi}
}
@inbook {17265,
	title = {Inventing Discovery Tools: Combining Information Visualization with Data Mining},
	booktitle = {Discovery Science},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {2226},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {17 - 28},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {The growing use of information visualization tools and data mining algorithms stems from two separate lines of research. Information visualization researchers believe in the importance of giving users an overview and insight into the data distributions, while data mining researchers believe that statistical algorithms and machine learning can be relied on to find the interesting patterns. This paper discusses two issues that influence design of discovery tools: statistical algorithms vs. visual data presentation, and hypothesis testing vs. exploratory data analysis. I claim that a combined approach could lead to novel discovery tools that preserve user control, enable more effective exploration, and promote responsibility.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-42956-2},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45650-3_4},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Jantke,Klaus and Shinohara,Ayumi}
}
@conference {17314,
	title = {Ordered treemap layouts},
	booktitle = {IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2001. INFOVIS 2001},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {73 - 78},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	keywords = {Clustering algorithms, Computer science, Data visualization, Displays, Electronic switching systems, Filling, Monte Carlo methods, Read only memory, Testing},
	isbn = {0-7695-7342-5},
	doi = {10.1109/INFVIS.2001.963283},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Wattenberg,M.}
}
@article {17385,
	title = {Supporting creativity with advanced information-abundant user interfaces},
	journal = {Human-Centered Computing, Online Communities, and Virtual Environments},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {469 - 480},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17459,
	title = {Universal usability: a research agenda for human{\textemdash}computer interaction to empower every citizen},
	booktitle = {Frontiers of human-centred computing, online communities and virtual environmentsFrontiers of human-centred computing, online communities and virtual environments},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {179 - 189},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {London, UK},
	isbn = {1-85233-238-7},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17455,
	title = {Universal usability as a stimulus to advanced interface design},
	journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {367 - 376},
	abstract = {The desire to make computing available to broader populations has historically been a motivation for research and innovation that led to new breakthroughs in usability. Menus, graphical user interfaces and the World Wide Web are examples of innovative technological solutions that have arisen out of the challenge of bringing larger and more diverse groups of users into the world of computing. Universal usability is the latest such challenge: In order to build systems that are universally usable, designers must account for technology variety, user diversity and gaps in user knowledge. These issues are particularly challenging and important in the context of increasing the usability of the World Wide Web. To raise awareness, web designers are urged to provide universal usability statements that offer users information about the usability of their sites. These statements can inform users and thereby reduce frustration and confusion. Further steps toward universal usability might be achieved through research aimed at developing tools that would encourage or promote usability. The paper closes with five proposals for future research.The desire to make computing available to broader populations has historically been a motivation for research and innovation that led to new breakthroughs in usability. Menus, graphical user interfaces and the World Wide Web are examples of innovative technological solutions that have arisen out of the challenge of bringing larger and more diverse groups of users into the world of computing. Universal usability is the latest such challenge: In order to build systems that are universally usable, designers must account for technology variety, user diversity and gaps in user knowledge. These issues are particularly challenging and important in the context of increasing the usability of the World Wide Web. To raise awareness, web designers are urged to provide universal usability statements that offer users information about the usability of their sites. These statements can inform users and thereby reduce frustration and confusion. Further steps toward universal usability might be achieved through research aimed at developing tools that would encourage or promote usability. The paper closes with five proposals for future research.
},
	isbn = {0144-929X},
	doi = {10.1080/01449290110083602},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01449290110083602},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Hochheiser,Harry}
}
@article {17457,
	title = {Universal usability statements: Marking the trail for all users},
	journal = {interactions},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001/03//},
	pages = {16 - 18},
	isbn = {1072-5520},
	doi = {10.1145/361897.361913},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/361897.361913},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17461,
	title = {University of Maryland, USA},
	journal = {Fifth International Conference on Information Visualisation: 25-27 July 2001 London, England: Proceedings},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {3 - 3},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17478,
	title = {Using interactive visualizations of WWW log data to characterize access patterns and inform site design},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001/01/01/},
	pages = {331 - 343},
	abstract = {HTTP server log files provide Web site operators with substantial detail regarding the visitors to their sites. Interest in interpreting this data has spawned an active market for software packages that summarize and analyze this data, providing histograms, pie graphs, and other charts summarizing usage patterns. Although useful, these summaries obscure useful information and restrict users to passive interpretation of static displays. Interactive visualizations can be used to provide users with greater abilities to interpret and explore Web log data. By combining two-dimensional displays of thousands of individual access requests, color, and size coding for additional attributes, and facilities for zooming and filtering, these visualizations provide capabilities for examining data that exceed those of traditional Web log analysis tools. We introduce a series of interactive visualizations that can be used to explore server data across various dimensions. Possible uses of these visualizations are discussed, and difficulties of data collection, presentation, and interpretation are explored.},
	isbn = {1532-2890},
	doi = {10.1002/1532-2890(2000)9999:9999<::AID-ASI1066>3.0.CO;2-Y},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1532-2890(2000)9999:9999\%3C::AID-ASI1066\%3E3.0.CO;2-Y/abstract},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17493,
	title = {Visual specification of queries for finding patterns in time-series data},
	journal = {Proceedings of discovery science},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {441 - 446},
	abstract = {Widespread interest in discovering features and trends in time- series has generated a need for tools that support interactive exploration.This paper introduces timeboxes: a powerful graphical, direct-manipulation metaphor for the specification of queries over time-series datasets. Our TimeFinder implementation of timeboxes supports interactive formulation and modification of queries, thus speeding the process of exploring time-series data sets and guiding data mining. TimeFinder includes windows for timebox queries, individual time-series, and details-on-demand. Other features include drag-and-drop support for� query-by-example and graphical envelopes for displaying the extent of the entire data set and result set from a given query. Extensions involving increased expressive power and general temporal data sets are discussed.},
	author = {Hochheiser,H. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16919,
	title = {A comparison of voice controlled and mouse controlled web browsing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies},
	series = {Assets {\textquoteright}00},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {72 - 79},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {human-computer, interaction, User interfaces, voice browsers, voice recognition, web browsing},
	isbn = {1-58113-313-8},
	doi = {10.1145/354324.354345},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/354324.354345},
	author = {Christian,Kevin and Kules,Bill and Shneiderman, Ben and Youssef,Adel}
}
@article {17032,
	title = {Coordinating overviews and detail views of WWW log data},
	journal = {Workshop on New Paradigms in Information Visualization and Manipulation (NPIVM 2000), ACM Press},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	abstract = {Web server log analysis tools provide site operators with useful information regarding the visitors to their sites.� Unfortunately, the utility of these tools is often limited by the use of aggregate summaries that hide the information associated with individual requests, and by the absence of contextual data that might help users interpret those summaries. Building upon earlier work in the use of starfield visualizations to display web site requests as individual data points [8], this paper describes the use of multiple-coordinated visualizations of web log data at varying granularities, and alongside additional related displays of appropriate contextual information.},
	author = {Hochheiser,H. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17036,
	title = {Creating creativity: user interfaces for supporting innovation},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/03//},
	pages = {114 - 138},
	abstract = {A challenge for human-computer interaction researchers and user interf ace designers is to construct information technologies that support creativity. This ambitious goal can be attained by building on an adequate understanding of creative processes. This article offers a four-phase framework for creativity that might assist designers in providing effective tools for users: (1)Collect: learn from provious works stored in libraries, the Web, etc.; (2) Relate: consult with peers and mentors at early, middle, and late stages, (3)Create: explore, compose, evaluate possible solutions; and (4) Donate: disseminate the results and contribute to the libraries. Within this integrated framework, this article proposes eight  activities that require human-computer interaction research and advanced user interface design. A scenario about an architect illustrates the process of creative work within such an environment.},
	keywords = {creativity support tools, direct manipulation, Graphical user interfaces, Human-computer interaction, Information Visualization},
	isbn = {1073-0516},
	doi = {10.1145/344949.345077},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/344949.345077},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17043,
	title = {Credit for computer crashes?},
	journal = {Ubiquity},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {2 - 9},
	author = {Gehl,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17077,
	title = {Designing trust into online experiences},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/12//},
	pages = {57 - 59},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/355112.355124},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/355112.355124},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17081,
	title = {Direct annotation: a drag-and-drop strategy for labeling photos},
	booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Information Visualization, 2000. Proceedings},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {88 - 95},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Annotating photographs is such a time-consuming, tedious and error-prone data entry task that it discourages most owners of personal photo libraries. By allowing the user to drag labels, such as personal names, from a scrolling list and drop them onto a photo, we believe we can make the task faster, easier and more appealing. Since the names are entered in a database, searching for all photos of a friend or family member is dramatically simplified. We describe the user interface design and the database schema to support direct annotation, as implemented in our PhotoFinder prototype},
	keywords = {Biomedical imaging, Cities and towns, Computer errors, Computer science, database indexing, database schema, Databases, digital libraries, direct annotation, direct manipulation, drag-and-drop strategy, Educational institutions, graphical user interface, Graphical user interfaces, History, hobby computing, image searching, label placement, Labeling, Laboratories, Libraries, personal information systems, personal names database, PhotoFinder prototype, photograph labelling, photographic libraries, Photography, scrolling list, user interface design, visual databases},
	isbn = {0-7695-0743-3},
	doi = {10.1109/IV.2000.859742},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Kang,H.}
}
@conference {12197,
	title = {Domain name based visualization of Web histories in a zoomable user interface},
	booktitle = {11th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2000. Proceedings},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {591 - 598},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Users of hypertext systems like the World Wide Web (WWW) often find themselves following hypertext links deeper and deeper, only to find themselves {\textquotedblleft}lost{\textquotedblright} and unable to find their way back to the previously visited pages. We have implemented a Web browser companion called Domain Tree Browser (DTB) that builds a tree structured visual navigation history while browsing the Web. The Domain Tree Browser organizes the URLs visited based on the domain name of each URL and shows thumbnails of each page in a zoomable window},
	keywords = {Computer science, data visualisation, domain name, domain name based visualization, Domain Tree Browser, Educational institutions, History, hypermedia, hypertext links, hypertext systems, information resources, Navigation, online front-ends, thumbnails, Tree graphs, tree structured visual navigation history, Uniform resource locators, URLs, User interfaces, Visualization, Web browser companion, Web histories, Web pages, World Wide Web, zoomable user interface, zoomable window},
	isbn = {0-7695-0680-1},
	doi = {10.1109/DEXA.2000.875085},
	author = {Gandhi,R. and Kumar,G. and Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17156,
	title = {Extending understanding of federal statistics in tables},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2000 annual national conference on Digital government research},
	series = {dg.o {\textquoteright}00},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1 - 7},
	publisher = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	organization = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	abstract = {This paper describes progress toward improving user interfaces for US Federal government statistics that are presented in tables. Based on studies of user behaviors and needs related to statistical tables, we describe interfaces to assist diverse users with a range of statistical literacy to explore, find, understand, and use US Federal government statistics.},
	keywords = {data exploration, dynamic queries, Statistics, tablular data, User interfaces},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1123075.1123079},
	author = {Marchionini,Gary and Hert,Carol and Liddy,Liz and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16161,
	title = {Facilitating data exploration with query previews: A study of user performance and preference},
	journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {393 - 403},
	abstract = {Networked and local data exploration systems that use command languages, menus, or form fill-in interfaces rarely give users an indication of the distribution of data. This often leads users to waste time, posing queries that have zero-hit or mega-hit results. Query previews are a novel visual approach for browsing databases. Query previews supply users with data distribution information for selected attributes of the database, and give continuous feedback about the size of the result set as the query is being formed. Subsequent refinements might be necessary to narrow the search. As there is a risk that query previews are an additional step, leading to a more complex and slow search process, a within-subjects empirical study was ran with 12 subjects who used interfaces with and without query previews and with minimized network delays. Even with 12 subjects and minimized network delays statistically significant differences were found, showing that query previews could speed up performance 1.6 to 2.1 times and lead to higher user satisfaction.Networked and local data exploration systems that use command languages, menus, or form fill-in interfaces rarely give users an indication of the distribution of data. This often leads users to waste time, posing queries that have zero-hit or mega-hit results. Query previews are a novel visual approach for browsing databases. Query previews supply users with data distribution information for selected attributes of the database, and give continuous feedback about the size of the result set as the query is being formed. Subsequent refinements might be necessary to narrow the search. As there is a risk that query previews are an additional step, leading to a more complex and slow search process, a within-subjects empirical study was ran with 12 subjects who used interfaces with and without query previews and with minimized network delays. Even with 12 subjects and minimized network delays statistically significant differences were found, showing that query previews could speed up performance 1.6 to 2.1 times and lead to higher user satisfaction.
},
	isbn = {0144-929X},
	doi = {10.1080/014492900750052651},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/014492900750052651},
	author = {Tanin,Egemen and Lotem,Amnon and Haddadin,Ihab and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine and Slaughter,Laura}
}
@article {17417,
	title = {The limits of speech recognition},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/09//},
	pages = {63 - 65},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/348941.348990},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/348941.348990},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17286,
	title = {Making Computer and Internet Usability a Priority},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/10/04/},
	abstract = {A management oriented essay on how to promote usability inorganizations.  It begins with crafting the message (Good usability is
good
business).  Then it deals with creating a cultural shift in information
technology and software engineering departments, so that the impact of
poor
design and the benefits of improvements are widely understood.  It closes
with an eight-step call to action.
Keywords: usability, technology fluency, user-centered design, software
engineering
(Also cross-referenced as UMIACS-TR-2000-70)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/1106},
	author = {Kreitzberg,Charles B and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17319,
	title = {Performance Benefits of Simultaneous Over Sequential Menus as Task Complexity Increases},
	journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {173 - 192},
	abstract = {To date, experimental comparisons of menu layouts have concentrated on variants of hierarchical structures of sequentially presented menus. Simultaneous menus-layouts that present multiple active menus on a screen at the same time-are an alternative arrangement that may be useful in many Web design situations. This article describes an experiment involving a between-subject comparison of simultaneous menus and their traditional sequential counterparts. A total of 20 experienced Web users used either simultaneous or sequential menus in a standard Web browser to answer questions based on U.S. Census data. Our results suggest that appropriate use of simultaneous menus can lead to improved task performance speeds without harming subjective satisfaction measures. For novice users performing simple tasks, the simplicity of sequential menus appears to be helpful, but experienced users performing complex tasks may benefit from simultaneous menus. Design improvements can amplify the benefits of simultaneous menu layouts.To date, experimental comparisons of menu layouts have concentrated on variants of hierarchical structures of sequentially presented menus. Simultaneous menus-layouts that present multiple active menus on a screen at the same time-are an alternative arrangement that may be useful in many Web design situations. This article describes an experiment involving a between-subject comparison of simultaneous menus and their traditional sequential counterparts. A total of 20 experienced Web users used either simultaneous or sequential menus in a standard Web browser to answer questions based on U.S. Census data. Our results suggest that appropriate use of simultaneous menus can lead to improved task performance speeds without harming subjective satisfaction measures. For novice users performing simple tasks, the simplicity of sequential menus appears to be helpful, but experienced users performing complex tasks may benefit from simultaneous menus. Design improvements can amplify the benefits of simultaneous menu layouts.
},
	isbn = {1044-7318},
	doi = {10.1207/S15327590IJHC1202_2},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15327590IJHC1202_2},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17327,
	title = {Previews and overviews in digital libraries: Designing surrogates to support visual information seeking},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/01/01/},
	pages = {380 - 393},
	abstract = {To aid designers of digital library interfaces, we present a framework for the design of information representations in terms of previews and overviews. Previews and overviews are graphic or textual representations of information abstracted from primary information objects. Previews act as surrogates for one or a few objects and overviews represent collections of objects. A design framework is elaborated in terms of the following three dimensions: (1) what information objects are available to users, (2) how information objects are related and displayed, and (3) how users can manipulate information objects. When utilized properly, previews and overviews allow users to rapidly discriminate objects of interest from those not of interest, and to more fully understand the scope and nature of digital libraries. This article presents a definition of previews and overviews in context, provides design guidelines, and describes four example applications.},
	isbn = {1097-4571},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(2000)51:4<380::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-5},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(2000)51:4\%3C380::AID-ASI7\%3E3.0.CO;2-5/abstract;jsessionid=E15C609DE95671E0E91A862B8AFD1CC6.d03t01},
	author = {Greene,Stephan and Marchionini,Gary and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17345,
	title = {Report on closing the digital divide: meeting of the Deparment of Commerce, Washington, DC December 9, 1999},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/04//},
	pages = {43 - 44},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/360405.360445},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/360405.360445},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17347,
	title = {Research Alerts},
	journal = {Interactions},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/11//},
	pages = {9 - 17},
	isbn = {1072-5520},
	doi = {10.1145/352580.352583},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/352580.352583},
	editor = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16162,
	title = {Simulation based learning environments and the use of learning histories},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}00 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}00},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {2 - 3},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {We have developed an application framework for constructing simulation-based learning environments using dynamic simulations and visualizations to represent realistic time-dependent behavior. The development environment is described and many examples are given. In particular we will focus on the learning historian which provides users and learners with a manipulatable recording of their actions which facilitates the exchange of annotated history records among peers and mentors.},
	keywords = {education, engineering, History, learning, simulation},
	isbn = {1-58113-248-4},
	doi = {10.1145/633292.633294},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633294},
	author = {Rose,A. and Salter,R. and Keswani,S. and Kositsyna,N. and Plaisant, Catherine and Rubloff,G. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17361,
	title = {Snap-together visualization: a user interface for coordinating visualizations via relational schemata},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces},
	series = {AVI {\textquoteright}00},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {128 - 135},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Multiple coordinated visualizations enable users to rapidly explore complex information. However, users often need unforeseen combinations of coordinated visualizations that are appropriate for their data. Snap-Together Visualization enables data users to rapidly and dynamically mix and match visualizations and coordinations to construct custom exploration interfaces without programming. Snap{\textquoteright}s conceptual model is based on the relational database model. Users load relations into visualizations then coordinate them based on the relational joins between them. Users can create different types of coordinations such as: brushing, drill down, overview and detail view, and synchronized scrolling. Visualization developers can make their independent visualizations snap-able with a simple API.Evaluation of Snap revealed benefits, cognitive issues, and usability concerns. Data savvy users were very capable and thrilled to rapidly construct powerful coordinated visualizations. A snapped overview and detail-view coordination improved user performance by 30-80\%, depending on task.
},
	keywords = {Coordination, Information Visualization, multiple views, relational database, tight coupling, user interface, user study},
	isbn = {1-58113-252-2},
	doi = {10.1145/345513.345282},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/345513.345282},
	author = {North,Chris and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17363,
	title = {Snap-together visualization: can users construct and operate coordinated visualizations?},
	journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/11//},
	pages = {715 - 739},
	abstract = {Multiple coordinated visualizations enable users to rapidly explore complex information. However, users often need unforeseen combinations of coordinated visualizations. Snap-together visualization (Snap) enables users to rapidly and dynamically construct coordinated{\textendash}visualization interfaces, customized for their data, without programming. Users U001load data into desired visualizations, then construct coordinations between them for brushing and linking, overview and detail view, drill down, etc. Snap formalizes a conceptual model of visualization coordination based on the relational data model. Visualization developers can easily Snap-enable their independent visualizations using a simple API.Empirical evaluation reveals benefits, cognitive issues and usability concerns with coordination concepts and Snap. Two user studies explore coordination construction and operation. Data-savvy users successfully, enthusiastically and rapidly constructed powerful coordinated{\textendash}visualization interfaces of their own. Operating an overview-and-detail coordination reliably improved user performance by 30{\textendash}80\% over detail-only and uncoordinated interfaces for most tasks.
},
	isbn = {1071-5819},
	doi = {10.1006/ijhc.2000.0418},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107158190090418X},
	author = {North,Chris and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17365,
	title = {Snap-together visualization: Evaluating coordination usage and construction},
	journal = {Int{\textquoteright}l Journal of Human-Computer Studies special issue on Empirical Studies of Information Visualization},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {715 - 739},
	abstract = {Multiple coordinated visualizations enable users to rapidly explore complex information. However, users often need unforeseen combinations of coordinated visualizations. Snap-Together Visualization is a conceptual model, based on the relational model, and system to enable users to quickly coordinate otherwise-independent visualization tools. Users construct customized browsing environments with coordinations for selecting, navigating, and loading data, without programming.Evaluation revealed benefits, cognitive issues, and usability concerns with coordination concepts and the Snap system. Two user studies explore the value of coordination usage and the learnability of coordination construction. The overview and detail-view coordination improved user performance by 30-80\%, depending on task. Data savvy users were very capable and thrilled to rapidly construct powerful coordinated visualizations.
},
	author = {North,C. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17386,
	title = {Supporting creativity with powerful composition tools for artifacts and performances},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2000},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/01/04/7},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Modern software such as word processors, slide preparation/presentation tools, or music composition packages are designed to produce artifacts or performances. Now, some designers are expanding their goals to include creativity support into their software. This essay builds on the genex framework for creativity, which has four phases and eight activities. It focuses on the composition activity by considering tools to support initiation, revision, and evaluation. Some existing tools provide partial support that suggests ways in which to develop more ambitious low, middle, and high level tools. The goal is to enable more people to be more creative more of the time.},
	keywords = {artifacts, Artificial intelligence, composition tools, Computer science, Context modeling, creativity, creativity support, Educational institutions, Information retrieval, Laboratories, Manufacturing, music composition, performances, Software design, software libraries, software tools, US Department of Transportation},
	isbn = {0-7695-0493-0},
	doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2000.926896},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16950,
	title = {A Trip Report on Creativity and Cognition 1999: An Insider{\textquoteright}s Report on a Far Out Conference},
	journal = {SIGCHI BULLETIN},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {43 - 46},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Hewett,T.}
}
@article {17454,
	title = {Universal usability},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/05//},
	pages = {84 - 91},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/332833.332843},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/332833.332843},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17498,
	title = {Visualization methods for personal photo collections: browsing and searching in the PhotoFinder},
	booktitle = {2000 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2000. ICME 2000},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1539-1542 vol.3 - 1539-1542 vol.3},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Software tools for personal photo collection management are proliferating, but they usually have limited searching and browsing functions. We implemented the PhotoFinder prototype to enable non-technical users of personal photo collections to search and browse easily. PhotoFinder provides a set of visual Boolean query interfaces, coupled with dynamic query and query preview features. It gives users powerful search capabilities. Using a scatter plot thumbnail display and drag-and-drop interface, PhotoFinder is designed to be easy to use for searching and browsing photos},
	keywords = {Browsing, Computer science, digital photo library, Displays, drag-and-drop interface, dynamic query, Educational institutions, Filters, Histograms, Image retrieval, personal computing, personal photo collections, photo collection management, PhotoFinder, Prototypes, query preview, scatter plot thumbnail display, Scattering, searching, software libraries, software tools, User interfaces, visual Boolean query interfaces, visual databases, Visualization, visualization methods},
	isbn = {0-7803-6536-4},
	doi = {10.1109/ICME.2000.871061},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17501,
	title = {Visualizing digital library search results with categorical and hierarchical axes},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the fifth ACM conference on Digital libraries},
	series = {DL {\textquoteright}00},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {57 - 66},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Digital library search results are usually shown as a textual list,    with 10-20 items per page. Viewing several thousand search results at once on a two-dimensional display with continuous variables is a promising       alternative. Since these displays can overwhelm some users, we created a    simplified two-dimensional display that uses categorical and hierarchical   axes, called hieraxes. Users appreciate the meaningful and limited number   of terms on each hieraxis. At each grid point of the display we show a      cluster of color-coded dots or a bar chart. Users see the entire result set and can then click on labels to move down a level in the hierarchy.         Handling broad hierarchies and arranging for imposed hierarchies led to     additional design innovations. We applied hieraxes to a digital video   library of science topics used by middle school teachers, a legal   information system, and a technical library using the ACM Computing Classification System. Feedback from usability testing with 32 subjects revealed strengths and weaknesses.},
	keywords = {categorical axes, digital libraries, Graphical user interfaces, hierarchy, hieraxes, Information Visualization},
	isbn = {1-58113-231-X},
	doi = {10.1145/336597.336637},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/336597.336637},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Feldman,David and Rose,Anne and Grau,Xavier Ferr{\'e}}
}
@article {16916,
	title = {1D, 2D, 3D},
	journal = {Readings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {57 - 61},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16955,
	title = {Agents vs. direct manipulation: what{\textquoteright}s best to disentangle the Web?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the eighth international conference on World Wide Web},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	author = {S{\'a}nchez,J.A. and Etzioni,O. and Kautz,H. and Lieberman,H. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16954,
	title = {Agents vs. direct manipulation: what{\textquoteright}s best to disentangle the Web?},
	journal = {Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/05//},
	pages = {1765 - 1767},
	isbn = {1389-1286},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=313009.313142},
	author = {S{\'a}nchez,J. Alfredo and Etzioni,Oren and Kautz,Henry and Lieberman,Henry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16958,
	title = {Alternate geometry},
	journal = {Readings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {381 - 381},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16977,
	title = {Applications and implications},
	journal = {Readings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {625 - 635},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16991,
	title = {Bifocal lens},
	journal = {Readings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {331 - 332},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16170,
	title = {Browsing hierarchical data with multi-level dynamic queries},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {295 - 305},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	isbn = {9781558605336},
	author = {Kumar,H. P and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17035,
	title = {Creating Creativity for Everyone: User Interfaces for Supporting Innovation},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	abstract = {A challenge for human-computer interaction researchers and user interface designers is to construct information technologies that support creativity.This ambitious goal can be attained by building on an adequate understand-ing of creative processes. This paper offers the four-phase genex frame-work for generating excellence: - Collect: learn from previous works stored in digital libraries- Relate: consult with peers and mentors at early, middle and late stages- Create: explore, compose, and evaluate possible solutions - Donate: disseminate the results and contribute to the digital libraries Within this integrated framework, this paper proposes eight activities that require human-computer interaction research and advanced user inter-face design. A scenario about an architect illustrates the process of creative work within a genex environment.},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6010},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17055,
	title = {Departments-Book Preview-Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think},
	journal = {Interactions},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {51 - 51},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16166,
	title = {The design of history mechanisms and their use in collaborative educational simulations},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1999 conference on Computer support for collaborative learning},
	series = {CSCL {\textquoteright}99},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	publisher = {International Society of the Learning Sciences},
	organization = {International Society of the Learning Sciences},
	abstract = {Reviewing past events has been useful in many domains. Videotapes and flight data recorders provide invaluable technological help to sports coaches or aviation engineers. Similarly, providing learners with a readable recording of their actions may help them monitor their behavior, reflect on their progress, and experiment with revisions of their experiences. It may also facilitate active collaboration among dispersed learning communities. Learning histories can help students and professionals make more effective use of digital library searching, word processing tasks, computer-assisted design tools, electronic performance support systems, and web navigation.This paper describes the design space and discusses the challenges of implementing learning histories. It presents guidelines for creating effective implementations, and the design tradeoffs between sparse and dense history records. The paper also presents a first implementation of learning histories for a simulation-based engineering learning environment called SimPLE (Simulated Processes in a Learning Environment) for the case of a semiconductor fabrication module, and reports on early user evaluation of learning histories implemented within SimPLE.},
	keywords = {hci, scaffolding, simulation},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1150240.1150284},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Rose,Anne and Rubloff,Gary and Salter,Richard and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17080,
	title = {Developing the next generation of Earth science data systems: the Global Land Cover Facility},
	booktitle = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1999. IGARSS {\textquoteright}99 Proceedings. IEEE 1999 International},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {616-618 vol.1 - 616-618 vol.1},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {A recent initiative by NASA has resulted in the formation of a federation of Earth science data partners. These Earth Science Information Partners (ESIPs) have been tasked with creating novel Earth science data products and services as well as distributing new and existing data sets to the Earth science community and the general public. The University of Maryland established its ESIP activities with the creation of the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF). This joint effort of the Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS) and the Department of Geography has developed an operational data archiving and distribution system aimed at advancing current land cover research efforts. The success of the GLCF is tied closely to assessing user needs as well. As the timely delivery of data products to the research community. This paper discusses the development and implementation of a web-based interface that allows users to query the authors{\textquoteright} data holdings and perform user requested processing tasks on demand. The GLCF takes advantage of a scaleable, high performance computing architecture for the manipulation of very large remote sensing data sets and the rapid spatial indexing of multiple format data types. The user interface has been developed with the cooperation of the Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory (HCIL) and demonstrates advances in spatial and temporal querying tools as well as the ability to overlay multiple raster and vector data sets. Their work provides one perspective concerning how critical earth science data may be handled in the near future by a coalition of distributed data centers},
	keywords = {Computer architecture, data archiving, data distribution system, Data systems, Distributed computing, Earth science data products, Earth science data system, ESIP, geographic information system, geographic information systems, Geography, geophysical measurement technique, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, Geoscience, GIS, GLCF, Global Land Cover Facility, High performance computing, Indexing, information service, Information services, Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, land cover, NASA, next generation, PACS, Remote sensing, terrain mapping, UMIACS, University of Maryland, User interfaces, web-based interface},
	isbn = {0-7803-5207-6},
	doi = {10.1109/IGARSS.1999.773583},
	author = {Lindsay,F.E. and Townshend,J.R.G. and JaJa, Joseph F. and Humphries,J. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17408,
	title = {The dynamic homefinder: evaluating dynamic queries in a real-estate information exploration system},
	booktitle = {Materialized views},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {125 - 139},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
	isbn = {0-262-57122-6},
	author = {Williamson,C. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17100,
	title = {Dynamic queries},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {235 - 235},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16172,
	title = {The end of zero-hit queries: query previews for NASA{\textquoteright}s Global Change Master Directory},
	journal = {International Journal on Digital Libraries},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {79 - 90},
	abstract = {The Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory (HCIL) of the University of Maryland and NASA have collaborated over three years to refine and apply user interface research concepts developed at HCIL in order to improve the usability of NASA data services. The research focused on dynamic query user interfaces, visualization, and overview + preview designs. An operational prototype, using query previews, was implemented with NASA{\textquoteright}s Global Change Master Directory (GCMD), a directory service for earth science datasets. Users can see the histogram of the data distribution over several attributes and choose among attribute values. A result bar shows the cardinality of the result set, thereby preventing users from submitting queries that would have zero hits. Our experience confirmed the importance of metadata accuracy and completeness. The query preview interfaces make visible the problems or gaps in the metadata that are undetectable with classic form fill-in interfaces. This could be seen as a problem, but we think that it will have a long-term beneficial effect on the quality of the metadata as data providers will be compelled to produce more complete and accurate metadata. The adaptation of the research prototype to the NASA data required revised data structures and algorithms.},
	isbn = {1432-5012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007990050039},
	author = {Greene,Stephan and Tanin,Egemen and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Olsen,Lola and Major,Gene and Johns,Steve}
}
@article {16971,
	title = {An Exploratory Study of Video Browsing, User Interface Designs and Research Methodologies: Effectiveness in Information Seeking Tasks},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING-AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {681 - 692},
	abstract = {The purpose of this exploratory study is to develop research methods to compare the effectiveness of two video browsing interface designs, or surrogates one static (storyboard) and one dynamic (slide show) on two distinct information seeking tasks (gist determination and object recognition). Although video data is multimodal, potentially consisting of images, speech, sound, and text, the surrogates tested depend on image data only and use key frames or stills extracted from source video. A test system was developed to determine the effects of different key frame displays on user performance in specified information seeking tasks. The independent variables were interface display and task type. The dependent variables were task accuracy and subjective satisfaction. Covariates included spatial visual ability and time-to-completion. The study used a repeated block factorial 2x2 design; each of 20 participants interacted with all four interface-task combinations. No statistically significant results for task accuracy were found. Statistically significant differences were found, however, for user satisfaction with the display types: users assessed the static display to be "easier" to use than the dynamic display for both task types, even though there were no performance differences. This methodological approach provides a useful way to learn about the relationship between surrogate types and user tasks during video browsing.},
	author = {Tse,T. and Vegh,S. and Shneiderman, Ben and Marchionini,G.}
}
@inbook {17170,
	title = {Fisheye views},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {311 - 311},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17172,
	title = {Focus+ context},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {306 - 309},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17207,
	title = {Human values and the future of technology: a declaration of responsibility},
	journal = {ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/09//},
	pages = {5 - 9},
	abstract = {We can make a difference in shaping the future by ensuring that computers "serve human needs (Mumford, 1934)." By making explicit the enduring values that we hold dear we can guide computer system designers and developers for the next decade, century, and thereafter. After setting our high-level goals we can pursue the components and seek the process for fulfilling them. High-level goals might include peace, excellent health care, adequate nutrition, accessible education, communication, freedom of expression, support for creative exploration, safety, and socially constructive entertainment. Computer technology can help attain these high-level goals if we clearly state measurable objectives, obtain participation of professionals, and design effective human-computer interfaces. Design considerations include adequate attention to individual differences among users, support of social and organizational structures, design for reliability and safety, provision of access by the elderly, handicapped, or illiterate, and appropriate user controlled adaptation. With suitable theories and empirical research we can achieve ease of learning, rapid performance, low error rates, and good retention over time, while preserving high subjective satisfaction. To raise the consciousness of designers and achieve these goals, we must generate an international debate, stimulate discussions within organizations, and interact with other intellectual communities. This paper calls for a focus on the "you" and "I" in developing improved user interface (UI) research and systems, offers a Declaration of Responsibility, and proposes a Social Impact Statement for major computing projects.},
	isbn = {0095-2737},
	doi = {10.1145/572183.572185},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/572183.572185},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17209,
	title = {Human-centered computing, online communities, and virtual environments},
	journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/12//Nov},
	pages = {70 - 74},
	abstract = {This report summarizes results of the first EC/NSF joint Advanced Research Workshop, which identified key research challenges and opportunities in information technology. The group agreed that the first joint research workshop should concentrate on the themes of human-centered computing and VEs. Human-centered computing is perceived as an area of strategic importance because of the move towards greater decentralization and decomposition in the location and provision of computation. The area of VEs is one where increased collaboration should speed progress in solving some of the more intractable problems in building effective applications},
	keywords = {Books, Collaboration, Collaborative work, Conferences, EC/NSF joint Advanced Research Workshop, Feeds, Human computer interaction, human-centered computing, Internet, Joining materials, Laboratories, Online communities, Research initiatives, USA Councils, User interfaces, Virtual environment, virtual environments, Virtual reality},
	isbn = {0272-1716},
	doi = {10.1109/38.799742},
	author = {Brown,J. R and van Dam,A. and Earnshaw,R. and Encarnacao,J. and Guedj,R. and Preece,J. and Shneiderman, Ben and Vince,J.}
}
@article {17235,
	title = {Information workspaces},
	journal = {Readings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {513 - 514},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17236,
	title = {Infosphere, workspace, tools, objects},
	journal = {Readings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {463 - 464},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17245,
	title = {Interaction},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {231 - 234},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-533-9},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17246,
	title = {Interactive analysis},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {261 - 262},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-533-9},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16165,
	title = {Interface and data architecture for query preview in networked information systems},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Inf. Syst.},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/07//},
	pages = {320 - 341},
	abstract = {There are numerous problems associated with formulating queries onnetworked information systems. These include increased data volume and complexity, accompanied by slow network access. This article proposes a new approach to a network query user interfaces that consists of two phases: query preview and query refinement. This new approach is based on the concepts of dynamic queries and query previews, which guides users in rapidly and dynamically eliminating undesired records, reducing the data volume to a manageable size, and refining queries locally before submission over a network. Examples of two applications are given: a Restaurant Finder and a prototype for NASA{\textquoteright}s Earth Observing Systems Data Information Systems (EOSDIS). Data architecture is discussed, and user feedback is  presented.
},
	keywords = {direct manipulation, dynamic query, EOSDIS, graphical user interface, query preview, query refinement, science data},
	isbn = {1046-8188},
	doi = {10.1145/314516.314522},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/314516.314522},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Doan,Khoa and Bruns,Tom}
}
@conference {16972,
	title = {An international SIGCHI research agenda},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}99 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}99},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {171 - 171},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {The goal of this workshop is to articulate an HCI research agenda statement, along with plans for continued refinement with the greater CHI community and plans for disseminating the information beyond the CHI community. There are been several similar prior efforts, including:{\textbullet} 1998 Universal Access program [2]{\textbullet} European community report, "Building the European Information Society for Us All" [1];{\textbullet} CHI 97 workshop [5] and paper [6], "HCI Research and Practice Agenda based on Human Needs {\textellipsis}";{\textbullet} CHI 96 Workshop, "CHI Ten-Year View{\textellipsis}" [3];{\textbullet} 1995 US National Science Foundation report, "New Directions in Human-Computer Interaction {\textellipsis}" [9];{\textbullet} 1995 report from the US National Research Council [7];{\textbullet} 1991 report, "{\textellipsis}HCI{\textellipsis} Serving Human Needs" [4]},
	keywords = {agenda, human-computer, interaction, research},
	isbn = {1-58113-158-5},
	doi = {10.1145/632716.632821},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632821},
	author = {Scholtz,Jean C. and Muller,Michael and Novick,David and Olsen,Jr.,Dan R. and Shneiderman, Ben and Wharton,Cathleen}
}
@inbook {17262,
	title = {Internet and Infosphere},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {465 - 468},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-533-9},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17263,
	title = {Introduction to Special Issue on Usability Engineering},
	journal = {Empirical Software Engineering},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {5 - 10},
	isbn = {1382-3256},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009852413783},
	author = {Scholtz,Jean and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16169,
	title = {LifeLines: Visualizing Personal Histories},
	booktitle = {Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to ThinkReadings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {285 - 285},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	isbn = {9781558605336},
	author = {Kumar,H. P and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17302,
	title = {Multiple dimensions> 3},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {93 - 95},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-533-9},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17317,
	title = {Overview+ detail},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {285 - 286},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17322,
	title = {Perspective-based Usability Inspection: An Empirical Validation of Efficacy},
	journal = {Empirical Software Engineering},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {43 - 69},
	abstract = {Inspection is a fundamental means of achieving software usability. Past research showed that the current usability inspection techniques were rather ineffective. We developed perspective-based usability inspection, which divides the large variety of usability issues along different perspectives and focuses each inspection session on one perspective. We conducted a controlled experiment to study its effectiveness, using a post-test only control group experimental design, with 24 professionals as subjects. The control group used heuristic evaluation, which is the most popular technique for usability inspection. The experimental design and the results are presented, which show that inspectors applying perspective-based inspection not only found more usability problems related to their assigned perspectives, but also found more overall problems. Perspective-based inspection was shown to be more effective for the aggregated results of multiple inspectors, finding about 30\% more usability problems for 3 inspectors. A management implication of this study is that assigning inspectors more specific responsibilities leads to higher performance. Internal and external threats to validity are discussed to help better interpret the results and to guide future empirical studies.},
	isbn = {1382-3256},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009803214692},
	author = {Zhang,Zhijun and Basili, Victor R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17323,
	title = {Physical data},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {37 - 38},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-533-9},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17324,
	title = {Pixel Data Access for End-User Programming and Graphical Macros},
	journal = {Technical Reports from UMIACS},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/05/25/},
	abstract = {Pixel Data Access is an interprocess communication technique that enablesusers of graphical user interfaces to automate certain tasks.  By accessing 
the contents of the display buffer, users can search for pixel representations 
of interface elements, and then initiate actions such as mouse clicks and 
keyboard entries.   While this technique has limitations it offers users of 
current systems some unusually powerful features that are especially appealing 
in the area of end-user programming.
Also cross-referenced as UMIACS-TR-99-27
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/1009},
	author = {Potter,Richard and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17339,
	title = {Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/01/25/},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	abstract = {This groundbreaking book defines the emerging field of information visualization and offers the first-ever collection of the classic papers of the discipline, with introductions and analytical discussions of each topic and paper. The authors{\textquoteright} intention is to present papers that focus on the use of visualization to discover relationships, using interactive graphics to amplify thought. This book is intended for research professionals in academia and industry; new graduate students and professors who want to begin work in this burgeoning field; professionals involved in financial data analysis, statistics, and information design; scientific data managers; and professionals involved in medical, bioinformatics, and other areas.* Full-color reproduction throughout* Author power team - an exciting and timely collaboration between the field{\textquoteright}s pioneering, most-respected names* The only book on Information Visualization with the depth necessary for use as a text or as a reference for the information professional* Text includes the classic source papers as well as a collection of cutting edge work},
	keywords = {Computer Graphics, Computers / Computer Engineering, Computers / Computer Graphics, Computers / Computer Graphics / General, Computers / Computer Science, Computers / General, Computers / Information Technology, Computers / Information Theory, Computers / Intelligence (AI) \& Semantics, Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction, IMAGE PROCESSING, Information display systems, Information Visualization, Psychology / General, Visualization},
	isbn = {9781558605336},
	author = {Card,Stuart K. and Mackinlay,Jock D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17364,
	title = {Snap-Together Visualization: Coordinating Multiple Views to Explore Information},
	journal = {Technical Reports from UMIACS},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/06/08/},
	abstract = {Information visualizations with multiple coordinated views enable users torapidly explore complex data and discover relationships.  However, it is 
usually difficult for users to find or create the coordinated visualizations 
they need.  Snap-Together Visualization allows users to coordinate multiple 
views that are customized to their needs. Users query their relational 
database and load results into desired visualizations. Then they specify 
coordinations between visualizations for selecting, navigating, or re-querying.
Developers can make independent visualization tools {\textquoteright}snap-able{\textquoteright} by including a 
few hooks.
Also cross-referenced as UMIACS-TR-99-28
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/1010},
	author = {North,Chris and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16173,
	title = {Temporal, geographical and categorical aggregations viewed through coordinated displays: a case study with highway incident data},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1999 workshop on new paradigms in information visualization and manipulation in conjunction with the eighth ACM internation conference on Information and knowledge management},
	series = {NPIVM {\textquoteright}99},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {26 - 34},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Information visualization displays can hold a limited number of data points, typically a few thousand, before they get crowded. One way to solve this problem with larger data sets is to create aggregates. Aggregations were used together with the Snap-Together Visualization system to coordinate the visual displays of aggregates and their content. If two displays each hold one thousand items then rapid access and visibility can be maintained for a million points. This paper presents examples based on a database of highway incident data.},
	isbn = {1-58113-254-9},
	doi = {10.1145/331770.331780},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/331770.331780},
	author = {Fredrikson,Anna and North,Chris and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16171,
	title = {Temporal visualization for legal case histories},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING-AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {271 - 279},
	abstract = {This paper discusses visualization of legal information using a tool for temporal information called LifeLines. The direct and indirect histories of cases can become very complex. We explored ways that LifeLines could aid in viewing the links between the original case and the direct and indirect histories. The Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation and Hewlett Packard Company case is used to illustrate the prototype. For example, if users want to find out how the rulings or statutes changed throughout this case, they could retrieve this information within a single display. Using the timeline, users could also choose at which point in time they would like to begin viewing the case. LifeLines support various views of a case{\textquoteright}s history. For instance, users can view the trial history of a case, the references involved in a case, and citations made to a case. The paper describes improvements to LifeLines that could help in providing a more useful visualization of case history.},
	author = {Harris,C. and Allen,R.B. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17398,
	title = {TennisViewer: A Browser for Competition Trees},
	journal = {Readings in information visualization: using vision to think},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {149 - 149},
	author = {Johnson,B. and Shneiderman, Ben and Baker,MJ and Eick,SG}
}
@inbook {17399,
	title = {Text in 1D},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {411 - 412},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-533-9},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17400,
	title = {Text in 2D},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {431 - 431},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-533-9},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17401,
	title = {Text in 3D},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {440 - 441},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-533-9},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17402,
	title = {Text in 3D+ time},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualizationReadings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {451 - 451},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-533-9},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17443,
	title = {Trust me, I{\textquoteright}m accountable: trust and accountability online},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}99 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}99},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {79 - 80},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {We live in an increasingly wired world. According to Robert Putnam, people are spending less time in persistent personal face to face interactions and more time in pursuits such as watching TV and using the Internet. At the same time, independently measured "social capital" -- the extent to which we trust and work for a common good -- is declining. In this panel, we explore: the impacts of electronic media on trust and accountability; whether and how electronic media can be designed and used to increase deserved trust and accountability; the relationship between protecting privacy and increasing the efficacy of communication; and how people{\textquoteright}s tendency to treat computers as social actors impacts these issues. In brief, how can modern technology enhance humanity{\textquoteright}s humanity?},
	keywords = {accountability, anonymity, Communication, computers and society, ethics, Internet, media effects, privacy, Reciprocity, repute, social actors, social capital, social impacts, trust, value-sensitive design, wired world, WWW},
	isbn = {1-58113-158-5},
	doi = {10.1145/632716.632766},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632766},
	author = {Friedman,Batya and Thomas,John C. and Grudin,Jonathan and Nass,Clifford and Nissenbaum,Helen and Schlager,Mark and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17452,
	title = {Understanding Patterns of User Visits to Web Sites: Interactive Starfield Visualization of WWW Log Data-Short Version},
	journal = {Tech Report HCIL-99-06},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	abstract = {HTTP server log files provide Web site operators with substantial detail regarding the visitors to their sites. Interest in interpreting this data has spawned an active market for software packages that summarize and analyze this data, providing histograms, pie graphs, and other charts summarizing usage patterns. While useful, these summaries obscure useful information and restrict users to passive interpretation of static displays.Interactive starfield visualizations can be used to provide users with greater abilities to interpret and explore web log data. By combining two-dimensional displays of thousands of individual access requests, color and size coding for additional attributes, and facilities for zooming and filtering, these visualizations provide capabilities for examining data that exceed those of traditional web log analysis tools. We introduce a series of interactive starfield visualizations, which can be used to explore server data across various dimensions. Possible uses of these visualizations are discussed, and difficulties of data collection, presentation, and interpretation are explored.
},
	author = {Hochheiser,H. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17473,
	title = {User interfaces for creativity support tools},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Creativity \& cognition},
	series = {C\&C {\textquoteright}99},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {15 - 22},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {1-58113-078-3},
	doi = {10.1145/317561.317565},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/317561.317565},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17479,
	title = {Using Interactive Visualizations of WWW Log Data to Characterize Access Patterns and Inform Site Design},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	abstract = {HTTP server log files provide Web site operators with substantial detail regarding the visitors to their sites. Interest ininterpreting this data has spawned an active market for software packages that summarize and analyze this data, providing histograms, pie graphs, and other charts summarizing usage patterns. While useful, these summaries obscureuseful information and restrict users to passive interpretation of static displays. Interactive visualizations can be used to provide users with greater abilities to interpret and explore web log data. Bycombining two-dimensional displays of thousands of individual access requests, color and size coding for additional attributes, and facilities for zooming and filtering, these visualizations provide capabilities for examining data that exceed those of traditional web log analysis tools. <p>We introduce a series of interactive visualizations that can be used to explore server data across various dimensions. Sample visualizations of server data from two web sites are presented. Coordinated, snap-together visualizations (STVs) of log data are introduced as a means of gaining additional expressive power. Possible uses of these visualizations are discussed, and difficulties of data collection, presentation, and interpretation are explored.},
	keywords = {Information Visualization, log file analysis, World Wide Web},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/6034},
	author = {Hochheiser,Harry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17482,
	title = {Using vision to think},
	journal = {Readings in information visualization: using vision to think},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {579 - 581},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17504,
	title = {Visually enhanced objects},
	booktitle = {Readings in information visualization},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {561 - 561},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-533-9},
	author = {Card,S.K. and Mackinlay,J.D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17514,
	title = {Zoom-Only Vs Overview-Detail Pair: A Study in Browsing Techniques as Applied to Patient Histories},
	journal = {University of Maryland Technical Report, CS-TR},
	volume = {4028},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {12 - 12},
	author = {Ghosh,P. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16979,
	title = {Assessing users{\textquoteright} subjective satisfaction with the Information System for Youth Services (ISYS)},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {In this investigation, the Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction(QUIS 5.5), a tool for assessing users{\textquoteright} subjective satisfaction with
specific aspects of the human/computer interface was used to assess the
strengths and weaknesses of the Info rmation System for Youth Services
(ISYS). ISYS is used by over 600 employees of the Maryland State
Department of Juvenile Services (DJS) as a tracking device for juvenile
offenders. Ratings and comments were collected from 254 DJS employees who
use ISYS.  The overall mean rating across all questions was 5.1 on a one
to nine scale. The ten highest and lowest rated questions were identified.
The QUIS allowed us to isolate subgroups which were compared with mean
ratings from four measures of specific interfac e factors. The comments
obtained from users provided suggestions, complaints and endorsements of
the system. 
Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-768
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/431},
	author = {Slaughter,Laura and Norman,Kent L and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17001,
	title = {Browsing Unix Directories With Dynamic Queries: An Evaluation of Three Information Display Techniques},
	journal = {Technical Reports of the Computer Science Department},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {We designed, implemented, and evaluated an innovative concept fordynamic queries which involves the direct manipulation of small databases.  
Our domain was directories in a Unix file system.  Dynamic queries 
allow users to formulate queries and explore the databases with 
graphical widgets, such as sliders and buttons, without requiring them 
to have any knowledge about the underlying structure of the database 
query languages, or command language syntax.  Three interfaces for 
presenting directories were developed and tested with eighteen subjects in a 
within-subject design.  The results of the formative evaluation yielded 
some useful guidelines for software designers.
(Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-605)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/379},
	author = {Liao,Holmes and Osada,Masakazu and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17005,
	title = {Buttons vs. menus: An exploratory study of pull-down menu selection as compared to button bars},
	journal = {Technical Reports of the Computer Science Department},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {Button bars are a relatively new interaction method intended to speedup application use as compared to pull-down menus.  This exploratory study
compares three command selection methods: pull-down menus, button bars,
and user choice of pull-down menus or button bars.  Effectiveness was
measured in two ways: speed of selection and error rate.  15 participants
performed 15 word processor related tasks.  Results show that in
frequently used functions, such as character attribute selection (bold,
italic, u nderline, etc.), button bars are faster.  There were no
statistically significant differences in error rates between the three
interaction methods. 
(Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-764)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/428},
	author = {Ellis,Jason and Tran,Chi and Ryoo,Jake and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17014,
	title = {Codex, Memex, Genex: The Pursuit of Transformational Technologies},
	journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {87 - 106},
	abstract = {Handwritten codexes or printed books transformed society by allowing users to preserve and transmit information. Today, leather-bound volumes and illuminated manuscripts are giving way to animated image maps and hot links. Vannevarr Bush{\textquoteright}s memex has inspired the World Wide Web, which provides users with vast information resources and convenient communications. In looking to the future, we might again transform society by building genexes?generators of excellence. Such inspirational environment would empower personal and collaborative creativity by enabling users to: Collect information from an existing domain of knowledge. Create innovations using advanced tools. Consult with peers or mentors in the field. Disseminate the results widely. This article describes how a framework for an integrated set of software tools might support this 4-phase model of creative in science, medicine, the arts, and beyond. Current initiatives are positive and encouraging, but they do not work in an integrated fashion often miss vital components, and are frequently poorly designed. A well-conceived and clearly stated framework could guide design efforts, coordinate planning, and speed development.Handwritten codexes or printed books transformed society by allowing users to preserve and transmit information. Today, leather-bound volumes and illuminated manuscripts are giving way to animated image maps and hot links. Vannevarr Bush{\textquoteright}s memex has inspired the World Wide Web, which provides users with vast information resources and convenient communications. In looking to the future, we might again transform society by building genexes?generators of excellence. Such inspirational environment would empower personal and collaborative creativity by enabling users to: Collect information from an existing domain of knowledge. Create innovations using advanced tools. Consult with peers or mentors in the field. Disseminate the results widely. This article describes how a framework for an integrated set of software tools might support this 4-phase model of creative in science, medicine, the arts, and beyond. Current initiatives are positive and encouraging, but they do not work in an integrated fashion often miss vital components, and are frequently poorly designed. A well-conceived and clearly stated framework could guide design efforts, coordinate planning, and speed development.
},
	isbn = {1044-7318},
	doi = {10.1207/s15327590ijhc1002_1},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327590ijhc1002_1},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16191,
	title = {Data object and label placement for information abundant visualizations},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1998 workshop on New paradigms in information visualization and manipulation},
	series = {NPIV {\textquoteright}98},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {41 - 48},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {control panel, data object placement, Information Visualization, label placement, metrics, timelines, visual feedback},
	isbn = {1-58113-179-8},
	doi = {10.1145/324332.324341},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/324332.324341},
	author = {Li,Jia and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17076,
	title = {Designing to facilitate browsing: A look back at the Hyperties workstation browser},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {Since browsing hypertext can present a formidable cognitivechallenge, user interface design plays a major role in determining 
acceptability.  In the Unix workstation version of Hyperties, a 
research-oriented prototype, we focussed on design features that 
facilitate browsing.  We first give a general overview of Hyperties 
and its markup language.  Customizable documents can be 
generated by the conditional text feature that enables dynamic and 
selective display of text and graphics.  In addition we present:	
- an innovative solution to link identification: pop-out graphical 
buttons of arbitrary shape.	
- application of pie menus to permit low cognitive load actions that 
reduce the distraction of common actions, such as page turning 
or window selection.	
- multiple window selection strategies that reduce clutter and 
housekeeping effort.  We preferred piles-of-tiles, in which 
standard-sized windows were arranged in a consistent pattern on 
the display and actions could be done rapidly, allowing users to 
concentrate on the contents.
(Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-494)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/362},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine and Botafogo,Rodrigo and Hopkins,Don and Weiland,William}
}
@conference {17094,
	title = {Distance learning: is it the end of education as most of us know it?},
	booktitle = {CHI 98 conference summary on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}98},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {86 - 87},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {distance learning, education, Internet, Web},
	isbn = {1-58113-028-7},
	doi = {10.1145/286498.286542},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/286498.286542},
	author = {Laurillard,Diana and Preece,Jenny and Shneiderman, Ben and Neal,Lisa and W{\ae}rn,Yvonne}
}
@article {17122,
	title = {Educational Journeys on the Web Frontier},
	journal = {Educom Review},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {10 - 14},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17125,
	title = {Elastic windows: design, implementation, and evaluation of multi-window operations},
	journal = {Software: Practice and Experience},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/03/01/},
	pages = {225 - 248},
	abstract = {Most windowing systems follow the independent overlapping windows approach, which emerged as an answer to the needs of early computer users. Due to advances in computers, display technology, and increased information needs, modern users demand more functionality from window management systems. We propose Elastic Windows with improved spatial layout and rapid multi-window operations as an alternative to current window management strategies. In this approach, multi-window operations are achieved by issuing operations on window groups hierarchically organized in a space-filling tiled layout similar to TreeMaps.1 Sophisticated multi-window operations have been developed to handle fast task-switching and to structure the work environment of users to their rapidly changing needs. We claim that these multi-window operations and the tiled spatial layout dynamics decrease the cognitive load on users by decreasing the number of window operations. This paper describes the Elastic Windows interface in detail and then presents a user study conducted to compare the performance of 12 users with Elastic Windows and traditional Independent Overlapping Windows. User performance was measured in terms of task environment setup, switching, and task execution for 2, 6, and 12 window situations. Elastic Windows users had statistically significantly faster performance for all tasks in 6 and 12 window situations. These results suggest promising possibilities for multiple window operations and hierarchical nesting, which can be applied to the next generation of tiled as well as overlapped window managers. {\textcopyright} 1998 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	keywords = {hierarchical windows, multi-window operations, personal role management, window management, windowing system evaluation, World Wide Web},
	isbn = {1097-024X},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-024X(199803)28:3<225::AID-SPE151>3.0.CO;2-D},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-024X(199803)28:3\%3C225::AID-SPE151\%3E3.0.CO;2-D/abstract},
	author = {Kandogan,Eser and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17130,
	title = {Emergent patterns of teaching/learning in electronic classrooms},
	journal = {Educational Technology Research and Development},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {23 - 42},
	abstract = {Novel patterns of teaching/learning have emerged from faculty and students who use our three teaching/learning theaters at the University of Maryland, College Park. These fully-equipped electronic classrooms have been used by 74 faculty in 264 semester-long courses since the fall of 1991 with largely enthusiastic reception by both faculty and students. The designers of the teaching/learning theaters sought to provide a technologically rich environment and a support staff so that faculty could concentrate on changing the traditional lecture from its unidirectional information flow to a more collaborative activity. As faculty have evolved their personal styles in using the electronic classrooms, novel patterns of teaching/learning have emerged. In addition to enhanced lectures, we identified three common patterns: (a) active individual learning, (b) small-group collaborative learning, and (c) entire-class collaborative learning.},
	isbn = {1042-1629},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02299671},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Borkowski,Ellen and Alavi,Maryam and Norman,Kent}
}
@article {16964,
	title = {An Empirical Study of Perspective-Based Usability Inspection},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual MeetingProceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/01/},
	pages = {1346 - 1350},
	abstract = {Inspection is a fundamental means of achieving software usability. Past research showed that during usability inspection the success rate (percentage of problems detected) of each individual inspector was rather low. We developed perspective-based usability inspection, which divides the large variety of usability issues along different perspectives and focuses each inspection session on one perspective. We conducted a controlled experiment to study its effectiveness, using a post-test only control group experimental design, with 24 professionals as subjects. The control group used heuristic evaluation, which is the most popular technique for usability inspection. The experimental results are that 1) for usability problems covered by each perspective, the inspectors using that perspective had higher success rate than others; 2) for all usability problems, perspective inspectors had higher average success rate than heuristic inspectors; 3) for all usability problems, the union of three perspective inspectors (with one from each perspective) had higher average success rate than the union of three heuristic inspectors.},
	isbn = {1071-1813,},
	doi = {10.1177/154193129804201904},
	url = {http://pro.sagepub.com/content/42/19/1346},
	author = {Zhang,Zhijun and Basili, Victor R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17134,
	title = {Engagement Theory: A Framework for Technology-Based Teaching and Learning.},
	journal = {Educational TechnologyEducational Technology},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {20 - 23},
	abstract = {Discusses engagement theory (students meaningfully engaged in learning activities through interaction with others and worthwhile tasks) and the three components, collaboration, project orientation, and authentic focus, and outlines research questions to establish its efficacy. (PEN)},
	keywords = {Computer Uses in Education, Cooperation, Educational Technology, Educational Theories, Instructional Effectiveness, interaction, Learning Activities, Research Needs, Student Motivation, Student Projects, Teaching Methods},
	isbn = {ISSN-0013-1962},
	url = {http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ573955},
	author = {Kearsley,Greg and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17413,
	title = {The Eyes Have It: User Interfaces for Information Visualization},
	journal = {Information Visualization},
	volume = {1452},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {1519 - 1519},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16178,
	title = {Facilitating Network Data Exploration with Query Previews: A Study of User Performance and Preference},
	journal = {Technical Reports of the Computer Science Department},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {Current network data exploration systems which use command languages (e.g.SQL) or form fill-in interfaces fail to give users an indication of the
distribution of data items.  This leads many users to waste time posing
queries which have zero-hit or mega-hit result sets.  Query previewing is
a novel visual approach for browsing huge networked information
warehouses.  Query previews supply data distribution information about the
database that is being searched and give continuous feedback about the
size of the result set for the query as it is being formed.  Our
within-subjects empirical comparison studied 12 subjects using a form
fill-in interface with and without query previews.  We found statistically
significant differences showing that query previews sped up performance
1.6 to 2.1 times and led to higher subjective satisfaction.
(Also cross-referenced as UMIACS-98-14)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/488},
	author = {Tanin,Egemen and Lotem,Amnon and Haddadin,Ihab and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine and Slaughter,Laura}
}
@article {16182,
	title = {Incorporating String Search in a Hypertext System:User Interface and Signature File Design Issues},
	journal = {Technical Reports of the Computer Science Department},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {Hypertext systems provide an appealing mechanism forinformally browsing databases by traversing selectable links.  
However, in many fact finding situations string search is an 
effective complement to browsing.  This paper describes the 
application of the signature file method to achieve rapid and 
convenient string search in small personal computer hypertext 
environments. The method has been implemented in a prototype, 
as well as in a commercial product. Performance data for search 
times and storage space are presented from a commercial 
hypertext database. User interface issues are then discussed.  
Experience with the string search interface indicates that it was 
used sucessfully by novice users.
(Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-448)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/359},
	author = {Faloutsos,Christos and Lee,Raymond and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16184,
	title = {An information architecture to support the visualization of personal histories},
	journal = {Information Processing \& Management},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/09//},
	pages = {581 - 597},
	abstract = {This paper proposes an information architecture for personal history data and describes how the data model can be extended to a runtime model for a compact visualization using graphical timelines. Our information architecture was developed for juvenile justice and medical patient records, but is usable in other application domains such as personal resumes, financial histories, or customer support. Our model groups personal history events into aggregates that are contained in facets (e.g., doctor visits, hospitalizations, or lab tests). Crosslinks enable representation of arbitrary relationships across events and aggregates. Data attributes, such as severity, can be mapped by data administrators to visual attributes such as color and line thickness. End-users have powerful controls over the display contents, and they can modify the mapping to fit their tasks.},
	keywords = {Graphical user interfaces, Information Visualization, LifeLines, medical patient record, personal histories, temporal data, timelines},
	isbn = {0306-4573},
	doi = {10.1016/S0306-4573(98)00024-7},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457398000247},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Mushlin,Rich}
}
@conference {16186,
	title = {Information visualization advanced interface and Web design},
	booktitle = {CHI 98 conference summary on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}98},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {145 - 146},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {1-58113-028-7},
	doi = {10.1145/286498.286625},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/286498.286625},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine}
}
@article {17257,
	title = {Interactive Smooth Zoomming in a Starfield Information Visualization},
	journal = {Technical Reports of the Computer Science Department},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the design and implementation of interactivesmooth zooming of a starfield display. A starfield display is a two
dimensional scatterplot of a multidimensional database where every item
from the database is represented as a small colored glyph whose position
is determined by its ranking along ordinal attributes of the items laid out
on the axes. One way of navigating this visual information is by using a
zooming tool to incrementally zoom in on the items by varying the
attribute range on either axis independently - such zooming causes the
glyphs to move continuously and to grow or shrink.
To get a feeling of flying through the data, users should be able to
track the motion of each glyph without getting distracted by flicker or
large jumps - conditions that necessitate high display refresh rates and
closely spaced glyphs on successive frames. Although the use of
high-speed hardware can achieve the required visual effect for small
databases, the twin software bottlenecks of rapidly accessing display
items and constructing a new display image fundamentally retard the
refresh rate. Our work explores several methods to overcome these
bottlenecks, presents a taxonomy of various zooming methods and
introduces a new widget, the zoom bar, that facilitates zooming.
(Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-714)
(Also cross-referenced as ISR-TR-94-46)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/411},
	author = {Jog,Ninad and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16190,
	title = {LifeLines: using visualization to enhance navigation and analysis of patient records},
	journal = {In Proceedings of the 1998 American Medical Informatic Association Annual Fall SymposiumProc AMIA Symp},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {76 - 80},
	abstract = {LifeLines provide a general visualization environment for personal histories. We explore its use for clinical patient records. A Java user interface is described, which presents a one-screen overview of a computerized patient record using timelines. Problems, diagnoses, test results or medications can be represented as dots or horizontal lines. Zooming provides more details; line color and thickness illustrate relationships or significance. The visual display acts as a giant menu, giving direct access to the data.},
	isbn = {1531-605X},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Mushlin,R. and Snyder,A. and Li,J. and Heller,D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17281,
	title = {LifeLines: using visualization to enhance navigation and analysis of patient records.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the AMIA Symposium},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {76 - 80},
	abstract = {LifeLines provide a general visualization environment for personal histories. We explore its use for clinical patient records. A Java user interface is described, which presents a one-screen overview of a computerized patient record using timelines. Problems, diagnoses, test results or medications can be represented as dots or horizontal lines. Zooming provides more details; line color and thickness illustrate relationships or significance. The visual display acts as a giant menu, giving direct access to the data.},
	isbn = {1531-605X},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Mushlin,R. and Snyder,A. and Li,J. and Heller,D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17333,
	title = {Providing Advisory Notices for UNIX Command Users: Design, Implementation, and Empirical Evaluations},
	journal = {Technical Reports of the Computer Science Department},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {UNIX Notices (UN) was developed to study the problems in providing advice tousers of complex systems.  The issues studied were: what, when, and how 
to present the advice.  
The first experiment with 24 subjects examined how different presentation 
styles affect the 
effectiveness of UNs advice. The three presentation styles studied were: 
notice appears in separate window; notice appears only on request; 
notice appears in users window immediately.  The results 
showed that the third style was significantly more effective than the first style.  Furthermore, the 
results indicated that the most effective presentation method is also the most disruptive.
The second experiment with 29 subjects studied how delay in the advice feedback affects the 
performance of UN.  The treatments were: immediate feedback, feedback at end of session, and no 
feedback.  Over a period of 6 weeks, the commands entered by the subjects were logged and 
studied.  The results showed that immediate feedback caused subjects to repeat significantly fewer 
inefficient command sequences.  However, immediate feedback and feedback at end of session 
may have given subjects a negative feeling towards UNIX.
(Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-651)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/387},
	author = {Kuah,Boon-Teck and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17342,
	title = {Reflections on authoring, editing and managing hypertex},
	journal = {Technical Reports of the Computer Science Department},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {This chapter offers recommendations for potential authors of hypertextdocuments based on the experience of designing a hypertext system and 
of creating a series of substantial hypertext databases on personal 
computers and larger workstations.  Advice on choosing  projects, 
identifying useful author tool features, and structuring knowledge is 
presented.  Additional issues such as the design of the root document, 
article size, and conversion from existing databases are covered.  While 
hypertext has exciting potentials, the dangers of poor design must 
be overcome to create attractive and effective products.
(Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-410)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/357},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17343,
	title = {Relate{\textendash}Create{\textendash}Donate: a teaching/learning philosophy for the cyber-generation},
	journal = {Computers \& Education},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/08//},
	pages = {25 - 39},
	isbn = {0360-1315},
	doi = {10.1016/S0360-1315(98)00014-1},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131598000141},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17375,
	title = {Sorting out searching: a user-interface framework for text searches},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/04//},
	pages = {95 - 98},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/273035.273069},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/273035.273069},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Byrd,Donald and Croft,W. Bruce}
}
@article {17441,
	title = {Treemaps for space-constrained visualization of hierarchies},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) Volume},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {92 - 99},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16177,
	title = {User Interface Reengineering: A Diagnostic Approach},
	journal = {Technical Reports of the Computer Science Department},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {User interface technology has advanced rapidly in recent years.Incorporating new developments in existing systems could result in
substantial improvements in usability, thereby improving performance and
user satisfaction, while shortening training an d reducing error rates. 
Our focus is on low-effort high-payoff improvements to aspects such as
data display and entry, consistency, messages, documentation, and system
access.  This paper provides guidelines for managers and designers
responsible for use r interface reengineering, based on the experience we
gained from six projects, and compiles our observations, recommendations
and outcomes. 
(Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-767)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/430},
	author = {Vanniamparampil,Ajit J and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine and Rose,Anne}
}
@conference {17477,
	title = {Using elastic windows for World-Wide Web Browsing},
	booktitle = {CHI 98 conference summary on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}98},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {189 - 190},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {elastic windows, User interfaces, window management, World-wide web},
	isbn = {1-58113-028-7},
	doi = {10.1145/286498.286666},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/286498.286666},
	author = {Kandogan,Eser and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17495,
	title = {Visual User Interfaces for Information Exploration},
	journal = {Technical Reports of the Computer Science Department},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10/15/},
	abstract = {The next generation of database management, directory browsing,information retrieval, hypermedia, scientific data management, and library
systems can enable convenient exploration of growing information spaces by
a wider range of users.  User interface designers can provide more
powerful search techniques, more comprehensible query facilities, better
presentation methods, and smoother integration of technology with task. 
This paper offers novel graphical and direct manipulation approaches to
query formulation and information presentation/manipulation.  These
approaches include a graphical approach to restricted boolean query
formulation based on generalization/aggregation hierarchies, a filter/flow
metaphor for complete boolean expressions, dynamic query methods with
continuous visual presentation of results as the query is changed
(possibly employing parallel computation), and color-coded 2-dimensional
space-filling tree-maps that present multiple-level hierarchies in a
single display (hundreds of directories and more than a thousand files can
be seen at once). 
(Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-577)
},
	keywords = {Technical Report},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/373},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16189,
	title = {Visualizing medical records with LifeLines},
	booktitle = {CHI 98 conference summary on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}98},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {28 - 29},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {healthcare, History, medical record, overview, timeline, Visualization},
	isbn = {1-58113-028-7},
	doi = {10.1145/286498.286513},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/286498.286513},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Heller,Daniel and Li,Jia and Shneiderman, Ben and Mushlin,Rich and Karat,John}
}
@article {17502,
	title = {Visualizing Personal Histories: A Workshop, July 21-22, 1997},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/01//},
	pages = {34 - 35},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/280571.280585},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280571.280585},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17269,
	title = {Is the Web really different from everything else?},
	booktitle = {CHI 98 conference summary on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}98},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {92 - 93},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {design, user experience, World Wide Web},
	isbn = {1-58113-028-7},
	doi = {10.1145/286498.286545},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/286498.286545},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Nielsen,Jakob and Butler,Scott and Levi,Michael and Conrad,Frederick}
}
@article {16986,
	title = {Between hope and fear},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/02//},
	pages = {59 - 62},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/253671.253706},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/253671.253706},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16992,
	title = {Book Preview-Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction},
	journal = {Interactions-New York},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {61 - 61},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16194,
	title = {Browsing hierarchical data with multi-level dynamic queries and pruning},
	journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/01//},
	pages = {103 - 124},
	abstract = {Users often must browse hierarchies with thousands of nodes in search of those that best match their information needs. ThePDQ Tree-browser(Pruning with Dynamic Queries) visualization tool was specified, designed and developed for this purpose. This tool presents trees in two tightly-coupled views, one a detailed view and the other an overview. Users can use dynamic queries, a method for rapidly filtering data, to filter nodes at each level of the tree. The dynamic query panels are user-customizable. Sub-trees of unselected nodes are pruned out, leading to compact views of relevant nodes. Usability testing of the PDQ Tree-browser, done with eight subjects, helped assess strengths and identify possible improvements. The PDQ Tree-browser was used in Network Management (600 nodes) and UniversityFinder (1100 nodes) applications. A controlled experiment, with 24 subjects, showed that pruning significantly improved performance speed and subjective user satisfaction. Future research directions are suggested.},
	isbn = {1071-5819},
	doi = {10.1006/ijhc.1996.0085},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071581996900853},
	author = {Kumar,Harsha P. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17012,
	title = {Clarifying search: A user-interface framework for text searches},
	journal = {D-lib magazine},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {18 - 20},
	abstract = {Current user interfaces for textual database searching leave much to be desired: individually, they are often confusing, and as a group, they are seriously inconsistent. We propose a four- phase framework for user-interface design: the framework provides common structure and terminology for searching while preserving the distinct features of individual collections and search mechanisms. Users will benefit from faster learning, increased comprehension, and better control, leading to more effective searches and higher satisfaction.},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Byrd,D. and Croft, W.B.}
}
@inbook {17027,
	title = {Comprehension and object recognition capabilities for presentations of simultaneous video key frame surrogates},
	booktitle = {Research and Advanced Technology for Digital LibrariesResearch and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {1324},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {41 - 54},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {The demand for more efficient browsing of video data is expected to increase as greater access to this type of data becomes available. This experiment looked at one technique for displaying video data using key frame surrogates that are presented as a ldquoslide showrdquo. Subjects viewed key frames for between one and four video clips simultaneously. Following this presentation, the subjects performed object recognition and gist comprehension tasks in order to determine human thresholds for divided attention between these multiple displays. It was our belief that subject performance would degrade as the number of slide shows shown simultaneously increased. For object recognition and gist comprehension tasks, a decrease in performance between the one slide show display and the two, three or four slide show displays was found. In the case of two or three video presentations, performance is about the same, and there remains adequate object recognition abilities and comprehension of the video clips. Performance drops off to unacceptable levels when four slide shows are displayed at once.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-63554-3},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BFb0026720},
	author = {Slaughters,Laura and Shneiderman, Ben and Marchionini,Gary},
	editor = {Peters,Carol and Thanos,Costantino}
}
@conference {17048,
	title = {Data models, visual representations, metaphors: how to solve the puzzle? (panel)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the third IFIP WG2.6 working conference on Visual database systems 3 (VDB-3)},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {177 - 182},
	publisher = {Chapman \&amp; Hall, Ltd.},
	organization = {Chapman \&amp; Hall, Ltd.},
	address = {London, UK, UK},
	keywords = {data model, metaphor, visual representation},
	isbn = {0-412-72170-8},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=265394.265440},
	author = {Catarci,T. and Costabile,M. F. and Cruz,I. F. and Ioannidis,Y. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17056,
	title = {Design and evaluation of incremental data structures and algorithms for dynamic query interfaces},
	booktitle = {IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 1997. Proceedings},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/10/21/21},
	pages = {81 - 86},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {A dynamic query interface (DQI) is a database access mechanism that provides continuous real-time feedback to the user during query formulation. Previous work shows that DQIs are elegant and powerful interfaces to small databases. Unfortunately, when applied to large databases, previous DQI algorithms slow to a crawl. We present a new incremental approach to DQI algorithms and display updates that work well with large databases, both in theory and in practice.},
	keywords = {Algorithm design and analysis, Bars, Computer science, continuous real-time feedback, Data structures, data visualisation, Data visualization, database access mechanism, Displays, DQI algorithms, dynamic query interfaces, Feedback, Graphical user interfaces, Heuristic algorithms, incremental data structures, Information Visualization, large databases, Manipulator dynamics, NASA, query formulation, query languages, Query processing, real-time systems, small databases, User interfaces, very large databases, visual databases, visual languages},
	isbn = {0-8186-8189-6},
	doi = {10.1109/INFVIS.1997.636790},
	author = {Tanin,E. and Beigel,R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17067,
	title = {Designing information-abundant web sites: issues and recommendations},
	journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/07//},
	pages = {5 - 29},
	abstract = {{\textquotedblleft}Gradually I began to feel that we were growing something almost organic in a new kind of reality, in cyberspace, growing it out of information{\textellipsis}a pulsing tree of data that I loved to climb around in, scanning for new growth.{\textquotedblright}(Mickey Hart,Drumming at the Edge of Magic: A Journey into the Spirit of Percussion, 1990)
{\textquotedblleft}Look at every path closely and deliberately.
Try it as many times as you think necessary.
Then ask yourself, and yourself alone, one question{\textellipsis}
Does this path have a heart?
If it does, the path is good; if it doesn{\textquoteright}t it is of no use.{\textquotedblright}
(Carlos CastanedaThe Teachings of Don Juan)
The abundance of information on the World Wide Web has thrilled some, but frightened others. Improved web site design may increase users{\textquoteright} successful experiences and positive attitudes. This review of design issues identifies genres of web sites, goals of designers, communities of users and a spectrum of tasks. Then an Objects/Actions Interface Model is offered as a way to think about designing and evaluating web sites. Finally, search and navigation improvements are described to bring consistency, comprehensibility and user control.
},
	isbn = {1071-5819},
	doi = {10.1006/ijhc.1997.0127},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071581997901270},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17070,
	title = {Designing interactive multimedia (panel)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Multimedia},
	series = {MULTIMEDIA {\textquoteright}97},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {215 - 218},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-991-2},
	doi = {10.1145/266180.266370},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/266180.266370},
	author = {Scarlatos,Lori L. and Darken,Rudolph P. and Harada,Komei and Heeter,Carrie and Muller,Richard and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17083,
	title = {Direct manipulation for comprehensible, predictable and controllable user interfaces},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Intelligent user interfaces},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {33 - 39},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17085,
	title = {Direct manipulation versus agents: Paths to predictable, controllable, and comprehensible interfaces},
	booktitle = {Software agentsSoftware agents},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {97 - 106},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17086,
	title = {Direct manipulation vs. interface agents},
	journal = {Interactions},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {42 - 61},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Maes,P.}
}
@conference {17124,
	title = {Elastic Windows: a hierarchical multi-window World-Wide Web browser},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {169 - 177},
	author = {Kandogan,E. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17126,
	title = {Elastic Windows: evaluation of multi-window operations},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {250 - 257},
	author = {Kandogan,E. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16925,
	title = {A framework for search interfaces},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/04//Mar},
	pages = {18 - 20},
	abstract = {Searching textual databases can be confusing for users. Popular search systems for the World Wide Web and stand alone systems typically provide a simple interface: users type in keywords and receive a relevance ranked list of 10 results. This is appealing in its simplicity, but users are often frustrated because search results are confusing or aspects of the search are out of their control. If we are to improve user performance, reduce mistaken assumptions, and increase successful searches, we need more predictable design. To coordinate design practice, we suggest a four-phase framework that would satisfy first time, intermittent, and frequent users accessing a variety of textual and multimedia libraries},
	keywords = {Abstracts, Cities and towns, Databases, Delay, design practice, four-phase framework, frequent users, Information retrieval, Information services, Libraries, multimedia libraries, online front-ends, popular search systems, predictable design, Protection, relevance ranked list, search interfaces, search results, stand alone systems, textual database searching, Thesauri, User interfaces, user performance, word processing, World Wide Web},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.582969},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16926,
	title = {A grander goal: A thousand-fold increase in human capabilities},
	journal = {Educom review},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {4 - 10},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17240,
	title = {Intelligent software agents vs. user-controlled direct manipulation: a debate},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}97 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems: looking to the future},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}97},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {105 - 106},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Critical issues in human-computer interaction - in particular, the advantages and disadvantages of intelligent agents and direct manipulation - will be discussed, debated, and hotly contested. The intent of the participants is to strike an appropriate balance between a serious discussion of the issues and an entertaining debate.},
	keywords = {agents, direct manipulation, graphical representation, intelligent interfaces},
	isbn = {0-89791-926-2},
	doi = {10.1145/1120212.1120281},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1120212.1120281},
	author = {Maes,Pattie and Shneiderman, Ben and Miller,Jim}
}
@article {17283,
	title = {Low-effort, high-payoff user interface reengineering},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/08//Jul},
	pages = {66 - 72},
	abstract = {Although increasingly sophisticated design methodologies for developing new user interfaces exist, low-effort, high-payoff user interface reengineering represents a new direction-and opportunity. Yet reengineering a working system is complex and risky because of the potential disruption to users and managers, their justifiable fear of change, and the lack of guarantees that such changes will be for the better. Our largely positive experiences with the projects described here lead us to believe that user interface reengineering is a viable and important process. Low effort, high-payoff improvement recommendations can probably be made for most existing systems. Nevertheless, a narrowly focused user interface reengineering plan may be inappropriate when the major problems lie outside the scope of the user interface, such as inadequate functionalities, frequent crashes, and network problems. Attempts at improving less severe problems while ignoring deeper ones may be perceived as insensitive by the users. In such cases it is important to consider either making similar short-term improvements for other parts of the systems or postponing short-term user interface reengineering in favour of a more complete system reengineering. Similarly, the need for interface stability might outweigh the benefits of the short-term improvements if a complete reengineering is planned for the near future. But most likely these proposed diagnostic strategies and opportunities for improvement are only a prelude to the much larger task of business reengineering, which implies extensive user interface reengineering},
	keywords = {Business process re-engineering, complete system reengineering, Design methodology, Error analysis, Hardware, inadequate functionalities, interface stability, iterative methods, low-effort high-payoff user interface reengineering, short-term improvements, short-term user interface reengineering, software engineering, Software testing, System analysis and design, System testing, systems re-engineering, User centered design, user centred design, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.595958},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Rose,A. and Shneiderman, Ben and Vanniamparampil,A. J}
}
@article {17419,
	title = {The next generation of graphical user interfaces: information visualization and better window management},
	journal = {Displays},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/05/01/},
	pages = {125 - 129},
	isbn = {0141-9382},
	doi = {10.1016/S0141-9382(97)00005-X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014193829700005X},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16199,
	title = {Query previews for networked information systems: a case study with NASA environmental data},
	journal = {SIGMOD Record},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {75 - 81},
	abstract = {Formulating queries on networked information systemsis laden with problems: data diversity, data complexity,
network growth, varied user base, and slow network
access. This paper proposes a new approach to a
network query user interface which consists of two
phases: query preview and query refinement. This new
approach is based on dynamic queries and tight coupling,
guiding users to rapidly and dynamically eliminate
undesired items, reduce the data volume to a manageable
size, and refine queries locally before submission over a
network. A two-phase dynamic query system for
NASA{\textquoteright}s Earth Observing Systems--Data Information
Systems (EOSDIS) is presented. The prototype was well
received by the team of scientists who evaluated the
interface.
},
	author = {Doan,K. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Bruns,T.}
}
@conference {16196,
	title = {Query previews in networked information systems: the case of EOSDIS},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}97 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems: looking to the future},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}97},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {202 - 203},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Dynamic queries have been shown to be an effective technique to browse information, and to find patterns and exceptions. Dynamic queries involve the interactive control by a user of visual query parameters that generate rapid (100 ms update), animated, and visual displays of database search results. The data of early implementations was stored in local memory to guarantee optimal speed. Problems arise when the data is very large and distributed over a network. To overcome the problems of slow networks and data volume we propose a two-phase approach to query formulation using query previews and query refinements [1]. Preview mechanisms have been used in the past [2] and we believe that their use will be a major component of successful networked information systems interfaces (e.g. [3]).},
	keywords = {direct manipulation, dynamic query, earth science, network information system, query preview, Visualization},
	isbn = {0-89791-926-2},
	doi = {10.1145/1120212.1120343},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1120212.1120343},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Bruns,Tom and Shneiderman, Ben and Doan,Khoa}
}
@article {16948,
	title = {A Taxonomy of Multiple Window Coordination},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	abstract = {In current windowing environments, individual windows are treated independently, making it difficult for users to coordinate information across multiple windows. While coordinated multi- window strategies are increasingly used in visualization and web user interfaces, designs are inflexible and haphazard. The space of such linked-window strategies is not well understood and largely unexplored. This paper presents a taxonomy of coordinations, identifies important components, and reviews example interfaces. This 2x3 taxonomy provides guidelines for designers of applications, user interface toolkits, and window managers. We hope to encourage construction of generalized, end- user programmable, robust, multiple-window coordination capabilities.},
	keywords = {Human-Computer Interaction,},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5892},
	author = {North,Chris and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16197,
	title = {User Interface Reengineering: Low-Effort, High-Payoff Strategies},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	pages = {66 - 72},
	abstract = {User interface technology has advanced rapidly in recent years. Incorporating new developments in existing systems could result in substantial improvements in usability, thereby improving performance and user satisfaction, while shortening training and reducing error rates. We describe low-effort, high-payoff strategies that focus attention on improvements to data display and entry, consistency, messages, documentation, system access and additional functionality. We report on experience from six projects, describing observations, recommendations and outcomes. We close with guidance for managers and designers who are responsible for user interface reengineering.},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Rose,A. and Shneiderman, Ben and Vanniamparampil,A. J}
}
@article {17472,
	title = {User Interfaces for a Complex Robotic Task: A Comparison of Tiles vs. Overlapped Windows},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	abstract = {High complexity tasks, such as remote teleoperation of robotic vehicles, often require multiple windows. For these complex tasks, the windows necessary for task completion, may occupy more area than available on a single visual display unit (VDU). Since the focus of the robotic task constantly changes, modular control panels that can be opened, closed, and moved on the screen are invaluable to the operator. This study describes a specific robotic task and the need for a multi window interface that can be easily manipulated. This paper examines two multi-window management strategies: tiled (fixed size) and arbitrary overlap. Multi-window searches were performed using the two management styles and they were compared on the basis of search completion time and error rates. Results with 35 novice users showed faster completion times for the tiled management strategy than for the arbitrary overlap strategy. Over factors such as the number of windows available, the number of displayed windows workload of opening or closing windows, and effect of learning are discussed.},
	keywords = {Human computer interaction, overlapped, Systems Integration Methodology, tiled, user interface design, window management},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5874},
	author = {Lane,J. Corde and Kuester,Steven P and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17485,
	title = {Visual and textual consistency checking tools for graphical user interfaces},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/11//},
	pages = {722 - 735},
	abstract = {Designing user interfaces with consistent visual and textual properties is difficult. To demonstrate the harmful effects of inconsistency, we conducted an experiment with 60 subjects. Inconsistent interface terminology slowed user performance by 10 to 25 percent. Unfortunately, contemporary software tools provide only modest support for consistency control. Therefore, we developed SHERLOCK, a family of consistency analysis tools, which evaluates visual and textual properties of user interfaces. It provides graphical analysis tools such as a dialog box summary table that presents a compact overview of visual properties of all dialog boxes. SHERLOCK provides terminology analysis tools including an interface concordance, an interface spellchecker, and terminology baskets to check for inconsistent use of familiar groups of terms. Button analysis tools include a button concordance and a button layout table to detect variant capitalization, distinct typefaces, distinct colors, variant button sizes, and inconsistent button placements. We describe the design, software architecture, and the use of SHERLOCK. We tested SHERLOCK with four commercial prototypes. The outputs, analysis, and feedback from designers of the applications are presented},
	keywords = {button analysis tools, Color, dialog box summary table, experiment, graphical analysis tools, Graphical user interfaces, human factors, inconsistent interface terminology, interface color, interface spell checker, Output feedback, Prototypes, SHERLOCK, Software architecture, Software design, software metrics, software prototyping, software tools, Terminology, terminology analysis tools, Testing, textual consistency checking tools, user interface management systems, User interfaces, user performance, visual consistency checking tools},
	isbn = {0098-5589},
	doi = {10.1109/32.637386},
	author = {Mahajan,R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16198,
	title = {Visual Information Seeking in Digital Image Libraries: The Visible Human Explorer},
	journal = {Information in Images},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997///},
	abstract = {This chapter presents the Visible Human Explorer user interface, developed at theHuman-Computer Interaction Lab of the University of Maryland at College Park, for remotely
accessing the National Library of Medicine{\textquoteright}s Visible Human digital image library. With the
interface, users can visualize the library, browse contents, locate data of interest, and retrieve and
zoom on desired image details. The interface presents a pair of tightly coupled views of library
data: an overview of the overall search space, and a preview of high-resolution images available
for retrieval. To explore, the user sweeps the views through the search space and receives
smooth, rapid, visual feedback of contents. Desired details are automatically downloaded over
the internet from the library. The interface software is completely functional (runs on Sun
Workstations) and freely available for public use, at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/.
We also present several human-computer interaction design principles used to create the
Visible Human Explorer interface, describe how these were applied to the design, and discuss
issues in employing these techniques in user interfaces for other information collections. These
principles are direct manipulation, visual information seeking, query previews, and multiple
tightly coupled views. We illustrate these concepts with a plethora of pictures of user interface
screens. Please also check the included CD-ROM for additional illustration media.
},
	author = {North,C. and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine}
}
@article {16953,
	title = {Advanced graphic user interfaces: elastic and tightly coupled windows},
	journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996/12//},
	isbn = {0360-0300},
	doi = {10.1145/242224.242409},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/242224.242409},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17068,
	title = {Designing Information-Abundant Websites},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	abstract = {The deluge of web pages has generated dystopian commentaries on the tragedy of the flood as well as utopian visions of harnessing the same flood for constructive purposes. Within this ocean of information there are also lifeboat web pages with design principles, but often the style parallels the early user interface writings in the 1970s. The well-intentioned Noahs who write from personal experience as website designers, often draw their wisdom from specific projects, making their advice incomplete or lacking in generalizability. Their experience is valuable but the paucity of empirical data to validate or sharpen insight means that some guidelines are misleading. As scientific evidence accumulates, foundational cognitive and perceptual theories will structure the discussion and guide designers in novel situations.},
	keywords = {human computer interaction, Systems Integration Methodology},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5759},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17127,
	title = {Elastic windows: improved spatial layout and rapid multiple window operations},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the workshop on Advanced visual interfaces},
	series = {AVI {\textquoteright}96},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {29 - 38},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Most windowing systems follow the independent overlapping windows approach, which emerged as an answer to the needs of the 80s{\textquoteright} application and technology. Advances in computers, display technology, and the applications demand more functionality from window management systems. Based on these changes and the problems of current windowing appraoches, we have updated the requirements for multiwindow systems to guide new methods of window management. We propose elastic windows with improved spatial layout and rapid multi-window operations. Multi-window operations are achieved by issuing operations on window groups hierachically organized in a space-filling tiled layout. Sophisticated multi-window operations and spatial layout dynamics helps users to handle fast task-switching and to structure thier work environment to their rapidly changing needs. We claim that these multi-window operations and the improved spatial layout decrease the cognitive load on users. Users found our prototype system to be comprehensible and enjoyable as they playfully explored the way multiple windows are reshaped.},
	keywords = {CAD, elastic windows, multi-window operations, personal role manager, programming environment, task switching, window manager},
	isbn = {0-89791-834-7},
	doi = {10.1145/948449.948454},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/948449.948454},
	author = {Kandogan,Eser and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17412,
	title = {The eyes have it: a task by data type taxonomy for information visualizations},
	booktitle = {, IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, 1996. Proceedings},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996/09/03/6},
	pages = {336 - 343},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {A useful starting point for designing advanced graphical user interfaces is the visual information seeking Mantra: overview first, zoom and filter, then details on demand. But this is only a starting point in trying to understand the rich and varied set of information visualizations that have been proposed in recent years. The paper offers a task by data type taxonomy with seven data types (one, two, three dimensional data, temporal and multi dimensional data, and tree and network data) and seven tasks (overview, zoom, filter, details-on-demand, relate, history, and extracts)},
	keywords = {advanced graphical user interface design, Art, data mining, data type taxonomy, data visualisation, Data visualization, Displays, Eyes, Graphical user interfaces, Information filtering, Information filters, information visualizations, multi dimensional data, Multimedia databases, network data, Taxonomy, visual databases, visual information seeking, visual programming},
	isbn = {0-8186-7508-X},
	doi = {10.1109/VL.1996.545307},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17231,
	title = {Incremental data structures and algorithms for dynamic query interfaces},
	journal = {ACM SIGMOD Record},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996/12//},
	pages = {21 - 24},
	abstract = {Dynamic query interfaces (DQIs) form a recently developed method of database access that provides continuous realtime feedback to the user during the query formulation process. Previous work shows that DQIs are elegant and powerful interfaces to small databases. Unfortunately, when applied to large databases, previous DQI algorithms slow to a crawl. We present a new approach to DQI algorithms that works well with large databases.},
	keywords = {algorithm, data structure, database, direct manipulation, dynamic query, Information Visualization, user interface},
	isbn = {0163-5808},
	doi = {10.1145/245882.245891},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/245882.245891},
	author = {Tanin,Egemen and Beigel,Richard and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16203,
	title = {LifeLines: visualizing personal histories},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: common ground},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}96},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {221 - 227},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {History, justice, medical record, overview, personal record, screen design, screen management, timeline, Visualization},
	isbn = {0-89791-777-4},
	doi = {10.1145/238386.238493},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/238386.238493},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Milash,Brett and Rose,Anne and Widoff,Seth and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16201,
	title = {Query previews in networked information systems},
	booktitle = {Research and Technology Advances in Digital Libraries, 1996. ADL {\textquoteright}96., Proceedings of the Third Forum on},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996/05//},
	pages = {120 - 129},
	abstract = {In a networked information system (such as the NASA Earth Observing System-Data Information System (EOS-DIS)), there are three major obstacles facing users in a querying process: network performance, data volume and data complexity. In order to overcome these obstacles, we propose a two phase approach to query formulation. The two phases are the Query Preview and the Query Refinement. In the Query Preview phase, users formulate an initial query by selecting rough attribute values. The estimated number of matching data sets is shown, graphically on preview bars which allows users to rapidly focus on a manageable number of relevant data sets. Query previews also prevent wasted steps by eliminating zero hit queries. When the estimated number of data sets is long enough, the initial query is submitted to the network which returns the metadata of the data sets for further refinement in the Query Refinement phase. The two phase approach to query formulation overcomes slow network performance, and reduces the data volume and data complexity, problems. This approach is especially appropriate for users who do not have extensive knowledge about the data and who prefer an exploratory method to discover data patterns and exceptions. Using this approach, we have developed dynamic query user interfaces to allow users to formulate their queries across a networked environment},
	keywords = {attribute, complexity;data, data, Earth, environment;networked, EOS-DIS;NASA, formulation;querying, formulation;user, hit, information, interfaces;, interfaces;exploratory, method;matching, networks;information, Observing, patterns;data, performance;networked, Preview;Query, process;rough, queries;computer, query, refinement;data, retrieval;information, services;interactive, sets;network, System-Data, System;Query, systems;query, user, values;zero, volume;dynamic},
	doi = {10.1109/ADL.1996.502522},
	author = {Donn,K. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17335,
	title = {Query previews in networked information systems},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Forum on Research and Technology Advances in Digital Libraries, 1996. ADL {\textquoteright}96},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996/05/13/15},
	pages = {120 - 129},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {In a networked information system (such as the NASA Earth Observing System-Data Information System (EOS-DIS)), there are three major obstacles facing users in a querying process: network performance, data volume and data complexity. In order to overcome these obstacles, we propose a two phase approach to query formulation. The two phases are the Query Preview and the Query Refinement. In the Query Preview phase, users formulate an initial query by selecting rough attribute values. The estimated number of matching data sets is shown, graphically on preview bars which allows users to rapidly focus on a manageable number of relevant data sets. Query previews also prevent wasted steps by eliminating zero hit queries. When the estimated number of data sets is long enough, the initial query is submitted to the network which returns the metadata of the data sets for further refinement in the Query Refinement phase. The two phase approach to query formulation overcomes slow network performance, and reduces the data volume and data complexity, problems. This approach is especially appropriate for users who do not have extensive knowledge about the data and who prefer an exploratory method to discover data patterns and exceptions. Using this approach, we have developed dynamic query user interfaces to allow users to formulate their queries across a networked environment},
	keywords = {Computer networks, data complexity, data mining, data patterns, data volume, dynamic query user interfaces, Educational institutions, EOS-DIS, exploratory method, Information retrieval, Information services, Information systems, Intelligent networks, interactive systems, Laboratories, Manipulator dynamics, matching data sets, NASA Earth Observing System-Data Information System, Network performance, networked environment, networked information systems, query formulation, query preview, query refinement, querying process, rough attribute values, User interfaces, visual databases, zero hit queries},
	isbn = {0-8186-7403-2},
	doi = {10.1109/ADL.1996.502522},
	author = {Donn,K. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17371,
	title = {Social impact statements: engaging public participation in information technology design},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the symposium on Computers and the quality of life},
	series = {CQL {\textquoteright}96},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {90 - 96},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-827-4},
	doi = {10.1145/238339.238378},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/238339.238378},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Rose,Anne}
}
@article {17429,
	title = {Tools for creating and exploiting content},
	journal = {Getty Art History Information Program (1996) Research Agenda for Networked Cultural Heritage, Santa Monica. CA: Getty AHIP},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {27 - 30},
	author = {Kolker,R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16204,
	title = {User controlled overviews of an image library: a case study of the visible human},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Digital libraries},
	series = {DL {\textquoteright}96},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {74 - 82},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {Browsing, digital library, image database, information exploration, Information retrieval, Internet, medical image, remote access, user interface, Visualization, World-wide web},
	isbn = {0-89791-830-4},
	doi = {10.1145/226931.226946},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/226931.226946},
	author = {North,Chris and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine}
}
@conference {17490,
	title = {Visual metaphor and the problem of complexity in the design of Web sites: techniques for generating, recognizing and visualizing structure},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the the seventh ACM conference on Hypertext},
	series = {HYPERTEXT {\textquoteright}96},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996///},
	pages = {257{\textendash} - 257{\textendash}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-778-2},
	doi = {10.1145/234828.234854},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/234828.234854},
	author = {Joyce,Michael and Kolker,Robert and Moulthrop,Stuart and Shneiderman, Ben and Unsworth,John Merritt}
}
@conference {16211,
	title = {An applied ethnographic method for redesigning user interfaces},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, \& techniques},
	series = {DIS {\textquoteright}95},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {115 - 122},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-673-5},
	doi = {10.1145/225434.225447},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/225434.225447},
	author = {Rose,Anne and Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine}
}
@article {17026,
	title = {Comprehensible, Predictable, and Controllable User Interfaces},
	journal = {AMERICAN PROGRAMMER},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {2 - 2},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17052,
	title = {Dealing with complexity: uniting agents and direct manipulation (panel session)},
	booktitle = {Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}95},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {191 - 192},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-755-3},
	doi = {10.1145/223355.223504},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/223355.223504},
	author = {Riecken,Doug and Maes,Pattie and Shneiderman, Ben and Smith,David Canfield}
}
@article {17091,
	title = {Dissertations},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/01//},
	pages = {73 - 75},
	abstract = {The following are citations selected by title and abstract as being related to Computer-Human Interaction, resulting from a computer search, using Dialog Information Services, of the Dissertation Abstracts Online database produced by University Microfilms International (UMI). Included are UMI order number, title, author, degree, year, institution; number of pages, Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) subject category chosen by the author, and abstract. Unless otherwise specified, paper or microform copies of dissertations may be ordered from University Microfilms International, Dissertation Copies, Post Office Box 1764, Ann Arbor, MI 48106; telephone for U.S. (except Michigan, Hawaii, Alaska): 1-800-521-3042, for Canada: 1-800-343-5299. Price lists and other ordering and shipping information are in the introduction to the published DAI. An alternate source for copies is sometimes provided. Dissertation titles and abstracts contained here are published with permission of University Microfilms International, publishers of Dissertation Abstracts International (copyright by University Microfilms International), and may not be reproduced without their prior permission.},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/202642.570129},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/202642.570129},
	editor = {Humphrey,Susanne M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17142,
	title = {Evaluating Spatial and Textual Style of Displays},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	abstract = {The next generation of Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs) will offer rapid access to perceptually-rich, information abundant, and cognitively consistent interfaces. These new GUIs will be subjected to usability tests and expert reviews, plus new analysis methods and novel metrics to help guide designers. We have developed and tested first generation concordance tools to help developers to review terminology, capitalization, and abbreviation. We have also developed a dialog box summary table to help developers spot patterns and identify possible inconsistencies in layout, color fonts, font size, font style, and ordering of widgets. In this study we also explored the use of metrics such as widget counts, balance, alignment, density, and aspect ratios to provide further clues about where redesigns might be appropriate. Preliminary experience with several commercial projects is encouraging.},
	keywords = {human-computer interaction, Systems Integration Methodology},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5639},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Chimera,Richard and Jog,Ninog and Stimart,Ren and White,David}
}
@article {16922,
	title = {A Family of User Interface Consistency Checking Tools},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	abstract = {Incorporating evaluation metrics with GUI development tools will help designers create consistent interfaces in the future. Complexity in design of interfaces makes efficient evaluation impossible by a single consistency checking evaluation tool. Our focus is on developing a family of evaluation tools in order to make the evaluation process less cumbersome. We have developed a dialog box typeface and color table to facilitate detection of anomalies in color, font, font size, and font style. Concordance tools have been developed to spot variant capitalization and abbreviations globally in the interface and specifically in the button widgets. As buttons are frequently used widgets, a button layout table has been created to spot any inconsistencies in height, width and relative position between a given group of buttons if present. Finally, a terminology basket tool has been created to identify unwanted synonyms of computer related terms used in the interface which may be misleading to the end user.},
	keywords = {automated metrics, concordance tools, consistency checking tools, Human-computer interaction, spatial, Systems Integration Methodology, textual evaluation tools, user interface},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5640},
	author = {Mahajan,Rohit and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16923,
	title = {A Family of User Interface Consistency Checking Tools: Design and Development of SHERLOCK},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Software Engineering Workshop},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	abstract = {Incorporating evaluation metrics with GUI development tools will help designers create consistent interfaces in the future. Complexity in design of interfaces makes efficient evaluation infeasible by a single consistency checking evaluation tool. Our focus is on developing a family of consistency checking tools to evaluate spatial layout and terminology in user interfaces and make the evaluation process less cumbersome. We have Created a dialog box summary table to provide a compact overview of spatial and visual properties of dozens or hundreds of dialog boxes of the interface. Interface concordance tool has been developed to spot variant capitalization and abbreviations in interface terminology. As buttons are most frequent used widgets, a button concordance tool and a button layout table has been constructed. Button concordance identifies variant capitalization, distinct typefaces, distinct background colors and variant sizes in buttons. Button layout table spots any inconsistencies in height, width and relative position between a given group of buttons. A spell checking tools which detects spelling errors in interface terms has also been included in the tool set. Finally, a terminology basket tool has been created to identify unwanted synonyms of computer related terms used in the interface. These tools are integrated together as SHERLOCK, a family of six consistency checking tools to expedite the evaluation process and provide feedback to the designers plus aid Usability Testing.},
	author = {Mahajan,R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17204,
	title = {HUMAN VALUE AND THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY},
	journal = {Human factors in information systems: emerging theoretical bases},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {355 - 355},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17211,
	title = {Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory 1995 Video Reports},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	publisher = {University of Maryland at College Park, Human/Computer Interaction Laboratory},
	organization = {University of Maryland at College Park, Human/Computer Interaction Laboratory},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Morrison,S. and Skokowski,C. and Reesch,J. and Shneiderman, Ben and Laboratory,University of Maryland at College Park. Human/Computer Interaction and Channel,F.}
}
@article {17222,
	title = {Image-browser taxonomy and guidelines for designers},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/03//},
	pages = {21 - 32},
	abstract = {In many applications users must browse large images. Most designers merely use two one-dimensional scroll bars or ad hoc designs for two-dimensional scroll bars. However, the complexity of two-dimensional browsing suggests that more careful analysis, design, and evaluation might lead to significant improvements. Our exploration of existing 2D browsers has led us to identify many features and a wide variety of tasks performed with the browsers. We introduce an informal specification technique to describe 2D browsers and a task taxonomy, suggest design features and guidelines, and assess existing strategies. We focus on the tools to explore a selected image and so do not cover techniques to browse a series of images or to browse large-image databases},
	keywords = {analysis, Computer Graphics, design, designer guidelines, Equations, Europe, Evaluation, Formal specifications, Graphical user interfaces, Guidelines, IMAGE PROCESSING, image-browser taxonomy, informal specification technique, Laboratories, large image browsing, Layout, Road transportation, selected image exploration, SHAPE, Software design, task taxonomy, Taxonomy, tools, two-dimensional browsing, user interface management systems, visual databases},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.368260},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Carr,D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17416,
	title = {The info superhighway: for the people},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/01//},
	pages = {162{\textendash} - 162{\textendash}},
	abstract = {The opportunities are attractive, but some pavers of the Information Superhighway (ISH) are too eager to pour concrete. They risk making rough roads that will alienate the very users they seek. These technologically oriented ISH devotees may be building dramatic overpasses and painting stripes without figuring out where the highway should be going. I believe greater attention should be paid to identifying appropriate services, designing a consistent user interface, and developing a clearer model of the diverse user communities.},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/204865.204898},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/204865.204898},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17241,
	title = {Interacting with computers},
	booktitle = {Human-computer interactionHuman-computer interaction},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {399 - 400},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.},
	address = {San Francisco},
	isbn = {1-55860-246-1},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17316,
	title = {Organization overviews and role management: inspiration for future desktop environments},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, 1995},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/04/20/22},
	pages = {14 - 22},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {In our exploration of future work environments for the World Bank we proposed two concepts. First, organization overviews provide a consistent support to present the results of a variety of manual or semi-automated searches. Second this view can be adapted or expanded for each class of users to finally map the multiple personal roles an individual has in an organization. After command line interfaces, graphical user interfaces, and the current {\textquotedblleft}docu-centric{\textquotedblright} designs, a natural direction is towards a role-centered approach where we believe the emphasis is on the management of those multiple roles. Large visual overviews of the organization can be rapidly manipulated and zoomed in on to reveal the multiple roles each individual plays. Each role involves coordination with groups of people and accomplishment of tasks within a schedule},
	keywords = {Asia, bank data processing, Databases, Environmental economics, Environmental management, future desktop environments, Graphical user interfaces, human resource management, management information systems, Management training, multiple personal roles, office automation, organization overviews, personnel, Project management, Prototypes, role management, role-centered approach, scheduling, semi-automated searches, User interfaces, Utility programs, World Bank},
	isbn = {0-8186-7019-3},
	doi = {10.1109/ENABL.1995.484544},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16207,
	title = {QUERY PREVIEWS IN NETWORKED INFORMATION SYSTEMS},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/10//},
	abstract = {In a networked information system, there are three major obstacles facing users in a querying process: network performance, data volume and data complexity. In order to overcome these obstacles, we propose a two-phase approach to dynamic query formulation by volume preview. The two phases are the Query Preview and Query Refinement. In the Query Preview phase, users formulate an initial query by selecting desired attribute values. The volume of matching data sets is shown graphically on preview bars which aid users to rapidly eliminate undesired data sets, and focus on a manageable number of relevant data sets. Query previews also prevent wasted steps by eliminating zero-hit queries. When the estimated number of data sets is low enough, the initial query is submitted to the network, which returns the metadata of the data sets for further refinement in the Query Refinement phase. The two-phase approach to query formulation overcomes slow network performance, and reduces the data volume and data complexity problems. This approach is especially appropriate for users who prefer the exploratory method to discover data patterns and exceptions during the query formulation process. Using this approach, we have developed dynamic query user interfaces to allow users to formulate their queries across a networked environment.},
	author = {Doan,K. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17380,
	title = {Starfield information visualization with interactive smooth zooming},
	journal = {Proc. IFIP 2.6 Visual Databases Systems},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {3 - 14},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the design and implementation of interactive smooth zooming of a starfield display (which is a visualization of a multi-attribute database) and introduces the zoom bar, a new widget for zooming and panning. Whereas traditional zoom techniques are based on zooming towards or away from a focal point, this paper introduces a novel approach based on zooming towards or away from a fixed line.Starfield displays plot items from a database as small selectable glyphs using two of the ordinal attributes of the data as the variables along the display axes. One way of filtering this visual information is by changing the range of displayed values on either of the display axes. If this is done incrementally and smoothly, the starfield display appears to zoom in and out, and users can track the motion of the glyphs without getting disoriented by sudden, large changes in context.
},
	author = {Jog,N. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17381,
	title = {Starfield visualization with interactive smooth zooming},
	booktitle = {Visual database systems, IIIVisual database systems, III},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {1 - 1},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the design and implementation of interactive smooth zooming of a starfield display (which is a visualization of a multi-attribute database) and introduces the zoom bar, a new widget for zooming and panning. Whereas traditional zoom techniques are based on zooming towards or away from a focal point, this paper introduces a novel approach based on zooming towards or away from a fixed line.Starfield displays plot items from a database as small selectable glyphs using two of the ordinal attributes of the data as the variables along the display axes. One way of filtering this visual information is by changing the range of displayed values on either of the display axes. If this is done incrementally and smoothly, the starfield display appears to zoom in and out, and users can track the motion of the glyphs without getting disoriented by sudden, large changes in context.
},
	author = {Jogt,NK and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17388,
	title = {Survival of the fittest: the evolution of multimedia user interfaces},
	journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/12//},
	pages = {557 - 559},
	isbn = {0360-0300},
	doi = {10.1145/234782.234789},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/234782.234789},
	author = {Preece,Jenny and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17481,
	title = {Using Treemaps to Visualize the Analytic Hierarchy Process},
	journal = {Information Systems ResearchInformation Systems Research},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/12/01/},
	pages = {357 - 375},
	abstract = {Treemaps, a visualization method for large hierarchical data spaces, are used to augment the capabilities of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for decision-making. Two direct manipulation tools, presented metaphorically as a {\textquotedblleft}pump{\textquotedblright} and a {\textquotedblleft}hook,{\textquotedblright} were developed and applied to the treemap to support AHP sensitivity analysis. Users can change the importance of criteria dynamically on the two-dimensional treemap and immediately see the impact on the outcome of the decision. This fluid process dramatically speeds up exploration and provides a better understanding of the relative impact of the component criteria. A usability study with six subjects using a prototype AHP application showed that treemap representation was acceptable from a visualization and data operation standpoint.},
	keywords = {AHP, analytic hierarchy process, decision support, treemap, User interfaces, Visualization},
	isbn = {1047-7047, 1526-5536},
	doi = {10.1287/isre.6.4.357},
	url = {http://isr.journal.informs.org/content/6/4/357},
	author = {Asahi,Toshiyuki and Turo,David and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17483,
	title = {Vision, Graphic Design, and Visual Display},
	journal = {Readings in human-computer interaction: toward the year 2000},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {411 - 411},
	author = {Marcus,A. and Murch,G.M. and Baecker,R. and Small,I. and Mander,R. and Ahlberg,C. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17486,
	title = {Visual decision-making: using treemaps for the analytic hierarchy process},
	booktitle = {Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}95},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	pages = {405 - 406},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-755-3},
	doi = {10.1145/223355.223747},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/223355.223747},
	author = {Asahi,Toshiyuki and Turo,David and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17512,
	title = {Windows of opportunity in electronic classrooms},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {38},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/11//},
	pages = {19 - 24},
	abstract = {Paradigm-shifting landmark buildings are cherished by their occupants and remembered because they reshape our expectations of schools, homes, or offices. Classic examples include Thomas Jefferson{\textquoteright}s communal design of the {\textquotedblleft}academical village{\textquotedblright} at the University of Virginia where faculty and students lived close to classrooms, Frank Lloyd Wright{\textquoteright}s organic harmony with nature in Fallingwater (in western Pennsylvania) where the waterfall sounds and leafy surroundings offered a stress-reducing getaway for an urban executive, or Kevin Roche{\textquoteright}s open glass-walled Ford Foundation (in New York City) that promoted new team-oriented management strategies.},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/219717.219725},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/219717.219725},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Alavi,Maryann and Norman,Kent and Borkowski,Ellen Yu}
}
@conference {17404,
	title = {The alphaslider: a compact and rapid selector},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: celebrating interdependence},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}94},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {365 - 371},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {Alphaslider, dynamic queries, menus, selection technology, widget},
	isbn = {0-89791-650-6},
	doi = {10.1145/191666.191790},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/191666.191790},
	author = {Ahlberg,Christopher and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16982,
	title = {AVI {\textquoteright}94: An International Workshop},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994/10//},
	pages = {54 - 55},
	abstract = {The fresh Mediterranean breezes of innovation enlivened the workshop conversations at Advanced Visual Interfaces {\textquoteright}94 (Bari, Italy June 1--4, 1994). More than 100 participants met on the flower-gardened grounds of the Grande Albergo di Villa Romanazzi Carducci, whose modern hotel plus conference center complemented the beautifully restored old villa and the marble-lined swimming pool. Being together with active professionals from Europe and America for 4 days gave us an in-depth chance to learn about each other{\textquoteright}s professional and personal outlooks. The ancient Roman architecture and the traditional Italian surroundings reminded us that the impact of our work could also last for two thousand years and shape many people{\textquoteright}s daily lives.},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/191642.1047934},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/191642.1047934},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Badre,AI and Santos,Paulo}
}
@conference {16987,
	title = {Beyond accuracy, reliability, and efficiency: criteria for a good computer system},
	booktitle = {Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}94},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {195 - 198},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-651-4},
	doi = {10.1145/259963.260253},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/259963.260253},
	author = {Friedman,Batya and Levenson,Nancy and Shneiderman, Ben and Suchman,Lucy and Winograd,Terry}
}
@conference {17049,
	title = {Data structures for dynamic queries: an analytical and experimental evaluation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the workshop on Advanced visual interfaces},
	series = {AVI {\textquoteright}94},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {1 - 11},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Dynamic Queries is a querying technique for doing range search on multi-key data sets. It is a direct manipulation mechanism where the query is formulated using graphical widgets and the results are displayed graphically preferably within 100 milliseconds.This paper evaluates four data structures, the multilist, the grid file, k-d tree and the quad tree used to organize data in high speed storage for dynamic queries. The effect of factors like size, distribution and dimensionality of data on the storage overhead and the speed of search is explored. Analytical models for estimating the storage and the search overheads are presented, and verified to be correct by empirical data. Results indicate that multilists are suitable for small (few thousand points) data sets irrespective of the data distribution. For large data sets the grid files are excellent for uniformly distributed data, and trees are good for skewed data distributions. There was no significant difference in performance between the tree structures.},
	isbn = {0-89791-733-2},
	doi = {10.1145/192309.192313},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/192309.192313},
	author = {Jain,Vinit and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17104,
	title = {Dynamic queries for visual information seeking},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994/11//},
	pages = {70 - 77},
	abstract = {Considers how dynamic queries allow users to "fly through" databases by adjusting widgets and viewing the animated results. In studies, users reacted to this approach with an enthusiasm more commonly associated with video games. Adoption requires research into retrieval and display algorithms and user-interface design. The author discusses how experts may benefit from visual interfaces because they will be able to formulate more complex queries and interpret intricate results.<>},
	keywords = {Algorithm design and analysis, animated results, animation, Application software, Command languages, complex queries, database management systems, Databases, display algorithms, Displays, dynamic queries, Educational institutions, Games, Graphical user interfaces, human factors, Query processing, retrieval, Runtime, Technological innovation, user-interface design, visual databases, visual information seeking, visual interfaces, widgets},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.329404},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17120,
	title = {Education by engagement and construction: Can distance learning be better than face-to-face},
	journal = {Unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland, College Park},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	abstract = {This essay describes an emerging theory of "education by engagement and construction," in which students work in teams to create ambitious projects with results that are presented to someone other than the professor. The video shows how a distance learning Graduate Computer Science Seminar titled "Virtual Reality, Telepresence and Beyond" was conducted according to this theory. The intense interactions by satellite TV and electronic mail may have created a greater sense of interaction and intimacy among the students than many face-to-face courses. (Video available as part of the HCIL 1994 Video Reports, contact hcil-info@cs.umd.edu for ordering information)},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16970,
	title = {An exploratory evaluation of three interfaces for browsing large hierarchical tables of contents},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Inf. Syst.},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994/10//},
	pages = {383 - 406},
	abstract = {Three different interfaces were used to browse a large (1296 items) table of contents. A fully expanded stable interface, expand/contract interface, and multipane interface were studied in a between-groups experiment with 41 novice participants. Nine timed fact retrieval tasks were performed; each task is analyzed and discussed separately. We found that both the expand/contract and multipane interfaces produced significantly faster times than the stable interface for many tasks using this large hierarchy; other advantages of the expand/contract and multipane interfaces over the stable interface are discussed. The animation characteristics of the expand/contract interface appear to play a major role. Refinements to the multipane and expand/contract interfaces are suggested. A predictive model for measuring navigation effort of each interface is presented.},
	keywords = {Browsing, hierarchies, table of contents, User interfaces},
	isbn = {1046-8188},
	doi = {10.1145/185462.185483},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/185462.185483},
	author = {Chimera,Richard and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16213,
	title = {The future of graphic user interfaces: Personal role managers},
	booktitle = {People and Computers},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {444 - 444},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	isbn = {9780521485579},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Plaisant, Catherine}
}
@article {16215,
	title = {Image Browsers: Taxonomy, Guidelines, and Informal Specifications},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	abstract = {Image browsing is necessary in numerous applications. Designers have merely used two one-dimensional scroll bars or they have made ad hoc designs for a two-dimensional scroll bar. However, the complexity of two-dimensional browsing suggests that more careful analysis, design, and evaluation might lead to significant improvements. We present a task taxonomy for image browsing, suggest design features and guidelines, assess existing strategies, and introduce an informal specification},
	keywords = {Graphics, Systems Integration, use interface},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5591},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Carr,David A and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17244,
	title = {Interacting with virtual environments},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	organization = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {MacDonald,L. and Vince,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17305,
	title = {Navigating in hyperspace: designing a structure-based toolbox},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994/02//},
	pages = {87 - 96},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/175235.175242},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/175235.175242},
	author = {Rivlin,Ehud and Botafogo,Rodrigo and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16217,
	title = {Next Generation Network Management Technology},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	abstract = {Today{\textquoteright}s telecommunications networks are becoming increasingly large, complex, mission critical and heterogeneous in several dimensions. For example, the underlying physical transmission facilities of a given network may be ﲭixed media (copper, fiber- optic, radio, and satellite); the sub networks may be acquired from different vendors due to economic, performance, or general availability reasons; the information being transmitted over the network may be ﲭultimedia (video, data, voice, and images) and, finally, varying performance criteria may be imposed e.g. data transfer may require high throughput while the others, whose concern is voice communications, may require low call blocking probability. For these reasons, future telecommunications networks are expected to be highly complex in their services and operations. Due to this growing complexity and the disparity among management systems for individual sub networks, efficient network management systems have become critical to the current and future success of telecommunications companies. This paper addresses a research and development effort which focuses on prototyping configuration management, since that is the central process of network management and all other network management functions must be built upon it. Our prototype incorporates ergonomically designed graphical user interfaces tailored to the network configuration management subsystem and to the proposed advanced object-oriented database structure. The resulting design concept follows open standards such as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) and incorporates object oriented programming methodology to associate data with functions, permit customization, and provide an open architecture environment. <ul>A revised version of this technical report has been published in<BR> <i>The 12th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion/Commercialization,</i> pp. 75-82, Albuquerque, NM, January 8-12, 1995.</ul>},
	keywords = {Constraints for Network Management., Network Configuration Management, network management, Object Oriented Data Base Model for Network Management, Rules, Systems Integration, Visual Information Management for Network Configuration Management},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5519},
	author = {Atallah,George C and Ball,Michael O and Baras,John S and Goli,Shravan K and Karne,Ramesh K and Kelley,Stephen and Kumar,Harsha P. and Plaisant, Catherine and Roussopoulos, Nick and Shneiderman, Ben and Srinivasarao,Mulugu and Stathatos,Kostas and Teittinen,Marko and Whitefield,David}
}
@article {17337,
	title = {QUEST{\textemdash}Query Environment for Science Teaching},
	journal = {Digital Libraries{\textquoteright} 94},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	abstract = {QUery Environment for Science Teaching (QUEST) is a proposed digital library implementation consisting of a set of research projects dealing with data capture and organization, content analysis, information seeking and visual interfaces.The QUEST team includes a large number of renown technical collaborators and prominent source collaborators, as well as a significant number of contributors in the University of Maryland, the central, co-ordinating agency.A large collection of multidisciplinary materials in visual and textual formats, made accessible to us by our source collaborators, will be organized to allow integrated access by users from the science education community, that is elementary school through college level teachers. QUEST will be structured so as to provide seamless access to widespread resources on disparate subjects. We intend to provide first-rate subject analysis and representation in order to provide ready access.
QUEST will be accessible nationally by means of Mosaic. We propose to provide highly sophisticated querying, browsing and information investigation facilities which will handle integrated textual and visual materials without difficulty. They will be augmented by online reference and referral services, immediately accessible by the user. QUEST will provide a comprehensive information resource for science education accessible through a dynamic, visual user interface.
},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Rosenfeld, A. and Marchioni,G. and Holliday,W. and Ricart, G. and Faloutsos,С. and Dick,J.}
}
@article {17422,
	title = {The river beyond the rapids: responsive services for responsible users},
	journal = {Connecting the DOE community: partnerships in information},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {25 - 26},
	abstract = {Providing responsive services to all members of our society will require new corporate alliances that put the users and their needs ahead of the pursuit of new technology. Responsive systems are the boats on which responsible users will travel to their work, social communities, and entertainment. With responsive systems users can take responsibility for what they promise to do and derive satisfaction from accomplishing their tasks. The keys to user responsibility are comprehensible, predictable, and controllable interfaces.},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17379,
	title = {Split menus: effectively using selection frequency to organize menus},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994/03//},
	pages = {27 - 51},
	abstract = {When some items in a menu are selected more frequently than others, as is often the case, designers or individual users may be able to speed performance and improve preference ratings by placing several high-frequency items at the top of the menu. Design guidelines for split menus were developed and applied. Split menus were implemented and tested in two in situ usability studies and a controlled experiment. In the usability studies performance times were reduced by 17 to 58\% depending on the site and menus. In the controlled experiment split menus were significantly faster than alphabetic menus and yielded significantly higher subjective preferences. A possible resolution to the continuing debate among cognitive theorists about predicting menu selection times is  offered. We conjecture and offer evidence that, at least when selecting items from pull-down menus, a logarithmic model applies to familiar (high-frequency) items, and a linear model to unfamiliar (low-frequency) items.},
	keywords = {Human-computer interaction, menus, selection frequency, split menus, user interface},
	isbn = {1073-0516},
	doi = {10.1145/174630.174632},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/174630.174632},
	author = {Sears,Andrew and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17464,
	title = {User Controlled Smooth Zooming for Information Visualization},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the design and implementation of user controlled smooth zooming of a starfield display. A starfield display is a two dimensional graphical visualization of a multidimensional database where every item from the database is represented as a small colored rectangle whose position is determined by its ranking along ordinal attributes of the items laid out on the axes. One way of navigating this visual information is by using a zooming tool to incrementally zoom in on the items by varying the attribute range on either axis independently - such zooming causes the rectangles to move continuously and to grow or shrink. To get a feeling of flying through the data, users should be able to track the motion of each rectangle without getting distracted by flicker or large jumps - conditions that necessitate high display refresh rates and closely spaced rectangles on successive frames. Although the use of high-speed hardware can achieve the required visual effect for small databases, the twin software bottlenecks of rapidly accessing display items and constructing a new display image fundamentally retard the refresh rate. Our work explores several methods to overcome these bottlenecks, presents a taxonomy of various zooming methods and introduces a new widget, the zoom bar, that facilitates zooming.<P>},
	keywords = {animation, dynamic queries, starfield display, Systems Integration, visualization zooming, zoom bar},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5520},
	author = {Jog,Ninog and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17489,
	title = {Visual information seeking: tight coupling of dynamic query filters with starfield displays},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: celebrating interdependence},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}94},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {313 - 317},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {database query, dynamic queries, information seeking, starfield displays, tight coupling},
	isbn = {0-89791-650-6},
	doi = {10.1145/191666.191775},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/191666.191775},
	author = {Ahlberg,Christopher and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17488,
	title = {Visual information seeking using the FilmFinder},
	journal = {ACM CHI94 Conference, Boston},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	author = {Ahlberg,C. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17497,
	title = {Visualization in the information highway},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the conference on Visualization {\textquoteright}94},
	series = {VIS {\textquoteright}94},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994///},
	pages = {4 - 7},
	publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
	organization = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
	address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
	isbn = {0-7803-2521-4},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=951087.951091},
	author = {Gershon,Nahum and Card,Stuart K. and Roth,Steven F. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16956,
	title = {Alpha Slider: Searching Textual Lists with Sliders},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	abstract = {AlphaSlider is a query interface that uses a direct manipulation slider to select words, phrases, or names from an existing list. This paper introduces a prototype of AlphaSlider, describes the design issues, reports on an experimental evaluation, and offers directions for further research. The experiment tested 24 subjects selecting items from lists of 40, 80, 160, and 320 entries. Mean selection times only doubled with the 8-fold increase in list length. Users quickly accommodated to this selection method.},
	keywords = {direct manipulation, Human-computer interaction, keyboard data entry, sliders, Systems Integration, touchscreen},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5397},
	author = {Osada,M. and Liao,Holmes and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16957,
	title = {Alphaslider: Development and Evaluation of Text Retrieval Methods Using Sliders},
	journal = {Ninth Symposium on Human Interface},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {91 - 94},
	abstract = {AlphaSlider is a query interface that uses a direct manipulation slider to select words, phrases, or names from an existing list. This paper introduces a prototype of AlphaSlider, describes the design issues, reports on an experimental evaluation, and offers directions for further research. The experiment tested 24 subjects selecting items from lists of 40, 80, 160, and 320 entries. Mean selection times only doubled with the 8-fold increase in list length. Users quickly accommodated to this selection method.},
	author = {Osada,M. and Liao,H. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16988,
	title = {Beyond intelligent machines: just do it},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993/01//},
	pages = {100 - 103},
	abstract = {The author argues that users want a sense of direct and immediate control over computers that differs from how they interact with people. He presents several examples of these predictable and controllable interfaces developed in the lab. The examples include tree maps and dynamic queries.<>},
	keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Computer aided instruction, Computer errors, controllable interfaces, Displays, dynamic queries, Educational institutions, History, HUMANS, intelligent machines, learning systems, Machine intelligence, predictable interfaces, Speech recognition, tree maps, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.207235},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16989,
	title = {Beyond the graphical user interface (abstract)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1993 ACM conference on Computer science},
	series = {CSC {\textquoteright}93},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {510{\textendash} - 510{\textendash}},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {The wildly popular graphical user interfaces are a dramatic improvement over earlier interaction styles, but the next generation of user interfaces is already being fashioned. The future will be dynamic, spatial, gestural, colorful, ubiquitous, often auditory, and sometimes virtual. The dominance of visual information with hi-res images and full-motion video will push the hardware requirements, absorb network capacity, and challenge the algorithm designers. As human-computer interaction researchers accumulate experimental data and theory matures, novel input devices, information visualization displays, and interaction strategies will emerge.},
	isbn = {0-89791-558-5},
	doi = {10.1145/170791.171139},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/170791.171139},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17000,
	title = {Browsing Unix directories with dynamic queries: An analytical and experimental evaluation},
	booktitle = {Proc. Ninth Japanese Symp. Human Interface},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {95 - 98},
	abstract = {We designed, implemented, and evaluated an innovative concept for dynamic queries which involves the direct manipulation of small databases. Our domain was directories in a Unix file system. Dynamic queries allow users to formulate queries and explore the databases with graphical widgets, such as sliders and buttons, without requiring them to have any knowledge about the underlying structure of the database query languages, or command language syntax. Three interfaces for presenting directories were developed and tested with eighteen subjects in a within-subject design. The results of the formative evaluation yielded some useful guidelines for software designers.},
	author = {Liao,H. and Osada,M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17003,
	title = {Building HCI partnerships and infrastructure},
	journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {130 - 135},
	abstract = {As policymakers and technology planners respond to the growing activity in human?computer interaction, a broad perspective may be helpful. This article offers a top-down view of current activities and suggests opportunities and challenges for the continued growth of HCI. Partnerships among universities, corporations, government agencies, and professional societies are proposed. Infrastructure needs to support this new discipline are outlined.Abstract As policymakers and technology planners respond to the growing activity in human?computer interaction, a broad perspective may be helpful. This article offers a top-down view of current activities and suggests opportunities and challenges for the continued growth of HCI. Partnerships among universities, corporations, government agencies, and professional societies are proposed. Infrastructure needs to support this new discipline are outlined.
},
	isbn = {0144-929X},
	doi = {10.1080/01449299308924373},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01449299308924373},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and LEWIS,CLAYTON}
}
@article {17004,
	title = {Building Partnerships and Infrastructure},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {9 - 23},
	abstract = {As policymakers and technology planners respond to the growingactivity in human-computer interaction, a broad perspective may
be helpful. This article offers a top-down view of current
activities and suggests opportunities and challenges for the
continued growth of HCI. Partnerships among universities,
corporations, government agencies, and professional societies
are proposed. Infrastructure needs to support this new discipline
are outlined.
},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Lewis,C.}
}
@article {17053,
	title = {Declaration in Apple vs. Microsoft/Hewlett-Packard},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {355 - 355},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17105,
	title = {Dynamic Queries: A step Beyond Database Languages},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	abstract = {The capacity to incrementally adjust a query (with sliders, buttons, selections from a set of discrete attribute values, etc.) coupled with a visual display of results that are rapidly updated, dramatically changes the information seeking process. Dynamic queries on the chemical table of elements, computer directions, and a real estate database were built and tested in three separate exploratory experiments. Preliminary results show highly significant performance improvements and user enthusiasm more commonly seen with video games. Widespread application seems possible but research issues abound in the areas of: (1) graphic visualization design, (2) database and display algorithms, and (3) user interface requirements. Challenges include methods for rapidly displaying and changing many points, colors, and areas; multi-dimensional pointing and exploring using 6 degree of freedom input/output devices; incorporation of sound and visual display techniques that increase user comprehension; and integration with existing database systems.},
	keywords = {human-computer interaction database query, Systems Integration},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5350},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17121,
	title = {Education by engagement and construction: Experiences in the AT\&T teaching theater},
	journal = {Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia Annual. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, Charlottesville, Virg},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {471 - 479},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17133,
	title = {Engagement and construction: Educational strategies for the post-TV era},
	journal = {Journal of Computing in Higher Education},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {106 - 116},
	abstract = {THE POST-TV MEDIA of computers (hypermedia, graphic user interfaces, word processors, spreadsheets, databases, sound, music, animation, etc.) and communications (electronic mail, bulletin boards, groupware, fax, video, etc.) enables teachers, students, and parents to creatively develop education by engagement and construction. Students should be given the chance to engage with each other in team projects, preferably situated in the world outside the classroom, with the goal of constructing a product that is useful or interesting to someone other than the teacher. Challenges remain such as scaling up from small class projects to lecture sections with hundreds of students, covering the curriculum that is currently required by many school districts, and evaluating performance. However, there seems to be no turning back and, anyway, the children of the Nintendo and Video Age are eager to press fast forward.},
	isbn = {1042-1726},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02941067},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16218,
	title = {Evaluating three museum installations of a hypertext system},
	booktitle = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {404 - 404},
	publisher = {Intellect Books},
	organization = {Intellect Books},
	isbn = {9781567500783},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Brethauer,D. and Plaisant, Catherine and Potter,R.}
}
@article {17163,
	title = {Finding facts vs. browsing knowledge in hypertext systems},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {103 - 103},
	author = {Marchionini,G. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17169,
	title = {First steps toward positive contributions},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {15 - 16},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16929,
	title = {A graphical filter/flow representation of Boolean queries: A prototype implementation and evaluation},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993/07/01/},
	pages = {327 - 339},
	abstract = {One of the powerful applications of Boolean expression is to allow users to extract relevant information from a database. Unfortunately, previous research has shown that users have difficulty specifying Boolean queries. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, a graphical Filter/Flow representation of Boolean queries was designed to provide users with an interface that visually conveys the meaning of the Boolean operators (AND, OR, and NOT). This was accomplished by implementing a graphical interface prototype that uses the metaphor of water flowing through filters. Twenty subjects having no experience with Boolean logic participated in an experiment comparing the Boolean operations represented in the Filter/Flow interface with a text-only SQL interface. The subjects independently performed five comprehension tasks and five composition tasks in each of the interfaces. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in the total number of correct queries in each of the comprehension and composition tasks was found favoring Filter/Flow. {\textcopyright} 1993 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	isbn = {1097-4571},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199307)44:6<327::AID-ASI3>3.0.CO;2-J},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199307)44:6\%3C327::AID-ASI3\%3E3.0.CO;2-J/abstract;jsessionid=76B714851135D8044D4E03335B4D39A0.d01t04},
	author = {Young,Degi and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16930,
	title = {A graphical query interface based on aggregation/generalization hierarchies},
	journal = {Information Systems},
	volume = {18},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993/06//},
	pages = {215 - 232},
	abstract = {In order for automated information systems to be used effectively, they must be made easily accessible to a wide range of users and with short training periods. This work proposes a method of organizing documents based on the concepts of aggregation and generalization hierarchies. We propose a graphical user interface to provide a more intuitive form of Boolean query. This design is based on mapping the nodes of the aggregation hierarchy to Boolean intersection operations, mapping the nodes of the generalization hierarchy to Boolean union operations, and providing a concrete, graphical, manipulable representation of both of these node types. Finally, a working prototype interface was constructed and evaluated experimentally against a classical command-line Boolean query interface. In this formative evaluation with sixteen subjects, the graphical interface produced less than one-tenth the errors of the textual interface, on average. Significant differences in time spent specifying queries were not found. Observations and comments provide guidance for designers.},
	keywords = {aggregation/generalization hierarchies, empirical test, Graphical user interfaces, visual queries},
	isbn = {0306-4379},
	doi = {10.1016/0306-4379(93)90018-V},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030643799390018V},
	author = {Weiland,William J and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17225,
	title = {Improving the accuracy of touchscreens: an experimental evaluation of three strategies},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {161 - 161},
	author = {Potter,R.L. and Weldon,L.J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17267,
	title = {Investigating touchscreen typing: the effect of keyboard size on typing speed},
	journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {17 - 22},
	abstract = {Abstract Two studies investigated the effect keyboard size has on typing speed and error rates for touchscreen keyboards using the lift-off strategy. A cursor appeared when users touched the screen and a key was selected when they lifted their finger from the screen. Four keyboard sizes were investigated ranging from 24.6 cm to 6.8 cm wide. Results indicate that novices can type approximately 10 words per minute (WPM) on the smallest keyboard and 20 WPM on the largest. Experienced users improved to 21 WPM on the smallest keyboard and 32 WPM on the largest. These results indicate that, although slower, small touchscreen keyboards can be used for limited data entry when the presence of a regular keyboard is not practical. Applications include portable pocket-sized or palmtop computers, messaging systems, and personal information resources. Results also suggest the increased importance of experience on these smaller keyboards. Research directions are suggested.Abstract Two studies investigated the effect keyboard size has on typing speed and error rates for touchscreen keyboards using the lift-off strategy. A cursor appeared when users touched the screen and a key was selected when they lifted their finger from the screen. Four keyboard sizes were investigated ranging from 24.6 cm to 6.8 cm wide. Results indicate that novices can type approximately 10 words per minute (WPM) on the smallest keyboard and 20 WPM on the largest. Experienced users improved to 21 WPM on the smallest keyboard and 32 WPM on the largest. These results indicate that, although slower, small touchscreen keyboards can be used for limited data entry when the presence of a regular keyboard is not practical. Applications include portable pocket-sized or palmtop computers, messaging systems, and personal information resources. Results also suggest the increased importance of experience on these smaller keyboards. Research directions are suggested.
},
	isbn = {0144-929X},
	doi = {10.1080/01449299308924362},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01449299308924362},
	author = {Sears,Andrew and REVIS,DOREEN and SWATSKI,JANET and CRITTENDEN,ROB and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16938,
	title = {A nonanthropomorphic style guide: overcoming the Humpty Dumpty syndrome},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {331 - 331},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17325,
	title = {Potentials and limitations of pen-based computers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1993 ACM conference on Computer science},
	series = {CSC {\textquoteright}93},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {536 - 539},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {There are four possible genres of input devices that can be attached to personal workstations; keyboard, mouse, pen, and voice. For investigating potentials and limitations of pen-based computers, we propose to compare those four categories as different types of man-machine communication channel.Even though arrow keys allow a limited scope of 2D capability in keyboard usage, the primary use of a keyboard is typing. Typing generates a linear sequence of discrete characters. The maximum speed of typing is roughly 10 characters per second, hence the bandwidth of 100 (10{\texttimes}10) bps.
A mouse is used primarily for pointing (menu item/object selection) and then for dragging (moving and re-sizing objects). Mouse pointing generates a discrete information of a point location on a 2D (planer) plane with the maximum speed of 2 clicking per second. Each pointing may generate 20 bits of information with the bandwidth of 40 (2{\texttimes}20) bps. Mouse dragging generates a continuous geometric pattern in 2D. Assuming the maximum rate of 40 selections per second in the eight (3 bits) possible directions of dragging, the bandwidth of mouse dragging peaks at 120 (40{\texttimes}3) bps.
The usage of pen on a planer flat surface of LCD unit can be divided into scribing and tapping. By scribing we mean a generation of continuous pen strokes forming a character, a gesture, or a picture. Scribing includes drawing and gesturing. Tapping corresponds to a mouse clicking. Tapping may be considered as a special kind of gesture as in the PenPoint operating system. The bandwidth of scribing can be calculated in the same manner as for mouse dragging. With the maximum rate of 100 selections of direction per second for pen, scribing may produce strokes with the speed of 300 (100{\texttimes}3) bps. The bandwidth of pen tapping is almost the same as that of a mouse clicking except that a selection of a point is easier by a pen (3 tappings per second) than by a mouse (2 clickings per second).
Talking through a microphone generates a linear sequence of continuous speech with a high degree of redundancy. Using the CELP speech compression algorithm, the bandwidth of normal speech can be reduced to 4800 bps. By vocal signaling we mean a generation of a sequence of discrete messages each of which consists of different pitches and loudness levels. The maximum rate of signaling could be 5 messages per second with 10 differentiable pitches and 10 levels of loudness producing the bandwidth of 35 (5{\texttimes}7) bps.
Note that mouse dragging, pen scribing, and voice talking, each produces continuous data objects. Only after quantization by sampling, the data objects can be represented by discrete data structure.
By precision we mean the degree of ease in duplicating the identical information using the same input technology. Keyboard is a high precision device because there is no difficulty in generating the same character over and over again. Drawing by a mouse is more difficult than drawing by a pen, because pen is easier to control than mouse. Precision of voice is low because it is difficult to duplicate the sound of the same pitch and the same volume.
By latency we mean the set-up time necessary to start generating a stream of information. The latency of using keyboard and mouse is larger than the latency of using pen and voice.
By translation we mean a process of converting the information generated by the input device into a sequence of discrete symbols, i.e., a transduction of a continuous data type to a discrete data type. Translation for a keyboard is not necessary. Translation of a mouse click on a menu item requires a finite table look-up which is rather simple operation. Translation of pen scribing and mouse dragging involves a handwriting recognition algorithm which is still a difficult problem at present time. Voice recognition is a very difficult problem.
With the assumption that real-time translation is feasible for handwriting recognition and speech recognition, the efficiency of input device for text entry can be measured by how many characters can be entered in a second (cps). A simulated keyboard on CRT is used for entering text by a mouse. Long handwriting on a pen computer is used for a pen.
When personal workstations become down-sized, the physical dimension of an input/output device becomes a dominant factor for the mobility of workstations. Keyboard and mouse are portable but intrusive. Wireless pen is mobile and less intrusive. Voice can be ubiquitous but intrusive.
One conclusion we can draw from the above analysis is that pen is mightier than mouse. A pen can replace a mouse any time any place. However, keyboard, pen, and voice have different strong points and weak points. They compensate with each other. Therefore, we predict that future workstations will carry multi-modal user-interface with any combination of keyboard, pen, and voice.
},
	isbn = {0-89791-558-5},
	doi = {10.1145/170791.171171},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/170791.171171},
	author = {Citrin,Wayne and Halbert,Dan and Hewitt,Carl and Meyrowitz,Norm and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17326,
	title = {Preface to Sparks of Innovation in Human-Computer Interaction},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17332,
	title = {Protecting rights in user interface designs},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {351 - 351},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16223,
	title = {Remote direct manipulation: A case study of a telemedicine workstation},
	booktitle = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interactionSparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {51 - 51},
	publisher = {Intellect Books},
	organization = {Intellect Books},
	isbn = {9781567500783},
	author = {Keil-Slawik,R. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17351,
	title = {Restructuring knowledge for an electronic encyclopedia},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	volume = {615},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {123 - 123},
	author = {Kreitzberg,C.B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {16221,
	title = {Scheduling home control devices: a case study of the transition from the research project to a product},
	booktitle = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interactionSparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {205 - 205},
	publisher = {Intellect Books},
	organization = {Intellect Books},
	isbn = {9781567500783},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Battagtia,J.}
}
@book {17376,
	title = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	publisher = {Intellect Books},
	organization = {Intellect Books},
	abstract = {These key papers from the 10th anniversary of the Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory (HCIL) at the University of Maryland, exemplify different research methodologies, and show the maturation of human-computer interaction research. The first section introduces how HCIL does what they do, including some of their failures and background stories that are not appropriate for journal papers. This book is a tribute to the faculty, staff, visitors, and students who have shared in a decade of work.},
	keywords = {Computers / Interactive \& Multimedia, Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction, Human-computer interaction},
	isbn = {9781567500783},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17377,
	title = {Speech versus mouse commands for word processing: an empirical evaluation},
	journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993/10//},
	pages = {667 - 687},
	abstract = {Despite advances in speech technology, human factors research since the late 1970s has provided only weak evidence that automatic speech recognition devices are superior to conventional input devices such as keyboards and mice. However, recent studies indicate that there may be advantages to providing an additional input channel based on speech input to supplement the more common input modes. Recently the authors conducted an experiment to demonstrate the advantages of using speech-activated commands over mouse-activated commands for word processing applications when, in both cases, the keyboard is used for text entry and the mouse for direct manipulation. Sixteen experimental subjects, all professionals and all but one novice users of speech input, performed four simple word processing tasks using both input groups in this counterbalanced experiment. Performance times for all tasks were significantly faster when using speech to activate commands as opposed to using the mouse. On average, the reduction in task time due to using speech was 18{\textperiodcentered}7\%. The error rates due to subject mistakes were roughly the same for both input groups, and recognition errors, averaged over all the tasks, occurred for 6{\textperiodcentered}3\% of the speech-activated commands. Subjects made significantly more memorization errors when using speech as compared with the mouse for command activation. Overall, the subjects reacted positively to using speech input and preferred it over the mouse for command activation; however, they also voiced concerns about recognition accuracy, the interference of background noise, inadequate feedback and slow response time. The authors believe that the results of the experiment provide evidence for the utility of speech input for command activation in application programs.},
	isbn = {0020-7373},
	doi = {10.1006/imms.1993.1078},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737383710783},
	author = {Karl,Lewis R. and Pettey,Michael and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16945,
	title = {A study of file manipulation by novices using commands vs, direct manipulation},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {39 - 39},
	author = {Margono,S. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17432,
	title = {Touchscreens now offer compelling uses},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {187 - 187},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17440,
	title = {Treemaps},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	volume = {284},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {309 - 309},
	author = {Johnson,B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17466,
	title = {User interface consistency: an evaluation of original and revised interfaces for a videodisk library},
	journal = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	pages = {259 - 259},
	author = {Chimera,R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16976,
	title = {Anthropomorphism: from Eliza to Terminator 2},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}92},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	pages = {67 - 70},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-513-5},
	doi = {10.1145/142750.142760},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/142750.142760},
	author = {Don,Abbe and Brennan,Susan and Laurel,Brenda and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17092,
	title = {DISSERTATIONS: ABSTRACTS OF INTEREST},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992/04//},
	pages = {58 - 75},
	abstract = {The following abstracts were selected from a computer search using the BRS Information Technologies retrieval services of the Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) database produced by University Microfilms International.Unless otherwise specified, paper or microform copies of dissertations may be ordered, using the UM order number, from University Microfilms International, Dissertation Copies, Post Office Box 1794, Ann Arbor, MI 488106; telephone for U.S. (except Michigan, Hawaii, or Alaska): 800/521-3042, for Canada: 800/268-6090. Price lists, ordering, and shipping information are in the introduction to the published DAI. An alternative source for copies is sometimes provided at the end of the abstract.The dissertation titles and abstracts contained here are published with permission of University Microfilms International, publishers of Dissertation Abstracts International (copyright 1985) by University Microfilms International), and may not be reproduced without their prior permission.},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/142386.1055546},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/142386.1055546},
	author = {Humphrey,Susanne M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17409,
	title = {The Dynamic HomeFinder: Evaluating dynamic queries in a real-estate information exploration system},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	pages = {338 - 346},
	author = {Williamson,C. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17106,
	title = {Dynamic queries: database searching by direct manipulation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}92},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	pages = {669 - 670},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-513-5},
	doi = {10.1145/142750.143082},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/142750.143082},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Williamson,Christopher and Ahlberg,Christopher}
}
@conference {17103,
	title = {Dynamic queries for information exploration: an implementation and evaluation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}92},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	pages = {619 - 626},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {We designed, implemented and evaluated a new concept for direct manipulation of databases, called dynamic queries, that allows users to formulate queries with graphical widgets, such as sliders. By providing a graphical visualization of the database and search results, users can find trends and exceptions easily. Eighteen undergraduate chemistry students performed statistically significantly faster using a dynamic queries interface compared to two interfaces both providing form fill-in as input method, one with graphical visualization output and one with all-textual output. The interfaces were used to explore the periodic table of elements and search on their properties.},
	isbn = {0-89791-513-5},
	doi = {10.1145/142750.143054},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/142750.143054},
	author = {Ahlberg,Christopher and Williamson,Christopher and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17119,
	title = {Education by engagement and construction: a strategic education initiative for a multimedia renewal of American education},
	booktitle = {Sociomedia: Hypermedia, Multimedia and the Social Creation of KnowledgeSociomedia: Hypermedia, Multimedia and the Social Creation of Knowledge},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	pages = {13 - 26},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {16924,
	title = {A formative evaluation of three interfaces for browsing directories using dynamic queries},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	publisher = {University of Maryland, Center for Automation Research, Computer Vision Laboratory},
	organization = {University of Maryland, Center for Automation Research, Computer Vision Laboratory},
	author = {Liao,H.S. and Osada,M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {16928,
	title = {A Graphical Filter/flow Representation of Boolean Queries: A Prototype Implementation},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	publisher = {University of Maryland, Center for Automation Research, Computer Vision Laboratory},
	organization = {University of Maryland, Center for Automation Research, Computer Vision Laboratory},
	author = {Young,D. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16225,
	title = {A new era for high precision touchscreens},
	journal = {Advances in human-computer interaction},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	pages = {1 - 33},
	abstract = {While many input devices allow interfaces to be customized, increased directness distinguishes touchscreens. Touchscreens are easy to learn to use, fast, and result in low error rates when interfaces are designed carefully. Many actions which are diffi cult with a mouse, joystick, or keyboard are simple when using a touchscreen. Making rapid selections at widely separated locations on the screen, signing your name, dragging the hands of a clock in a circular motion are all simple when using a touchscre en, but may be awkward using other devices. This paper presents recent empirical research which can provide a basis for theories of touchscreen usage. We believe recent improvements warrant increased use of touchscreens.},
	author = {Sears,A. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16226,
	title = {A new era for touchscreen applications: High precision, dragging icons, and refined feedback},
	journal = {Advances in Human-Computer Interaction},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	author = {Sears,A. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16224,
	title = {Scheduling home control devices: design issues and usability evaluation of four touchscreen interfaces},
	journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992/03//},
	pages = {375 - 393},
	abstract = {This article describes four different user interfaces supporting scheduling two-state (ON/OFF) devices over time periods ranging from minutes to days. The touchscreen-based user interfaces including a digital 12-h clock, 24-h linear and 24-h dial prototypes are described and compared on a feature by feature basis. A formative usability test with 14 subjects, feedback from more than 30 reviewers, and the flexibility to add functions favour the 24-h linear version.},
	isbn = {0020-7373},
	doi = {10.1016/0020-7373(92)90040-R},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002073739290040R},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17372,
	title = {Socially responsible computing I: a call to action following the LA riots},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992///},
	pages = {14 - 15},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17373,
	title = {Socially responsible computing II: first steps on the path to positive contributions},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992/07//},
	pages = {16 - 17},
	abstract = {Now that we are past the initial emotional responses to the LA riots, maybe we can use these tragic events as a stimulus for innovative and constructive efforts. Computing professionals have been active in social causes on an individual basis and in some large projects, but with the growing maturity of our industry we can promote larger initiatives and accept greater responsibility.},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/134421.134432},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/134421.134432},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17382,
	title = {Structural analysis of hypertexts: identifying hierarchies and useful metrics},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992/04//},
	pages = {142 - 180},
	abstract = {Hypertext users often suffer from the {\textquotedblleft}lost in hyperspace{\textquotedblright} problem: disorientation from too many jumps while traversing a complex network. One solution to this problem is improved authoring to create more comprehensible structures. This paper proposes several authoring tools, based on hypertext structure analysis.In many hypertext systems authors are encouraged to create hierarchical structures, but when writing, the hierarchy is lost because of the inclusion of cross-reference links. The first part of this paper looks at ways of recovering lost hierarchies and finding new ones, offering authors different views of the same hypertext. The second part helps authors by identifying properties of the hypertext document. Multiple metrics are developed including compactness and stratum. Compactness indicates the intrinsic connectedness of the hypertext, and stratum reveals to what degree the hypertext is organized so that some nodes must be read before others.
Several existing hypertexts are used to illustrate the benefits of each technique. The collection of techniques provides a multifaceted view of the hypertext, which should allow authors to reduce undesired structural complexity and create documents that readers can traverse more easily.
},
	keywords = {graph theory, hierarchies, hypertext, metrics, structural analysis},
	isbn = {1046-8188},
	doi = {10.1145/146802.146826},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/146802.146826},
	author = {Botafogo,Rodrigo A. and Rivlin,Ehud and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17437,
	title = {Tree visualization with tree-maps: 2-d space-filling approach},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992/01//},
	pages = {92 - 99},
	isbn = {0730-0301},
	doi = {10.1145/102377.115768},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/102377.115768},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17054,
	title = {Demonstrational interfaces: Coming soon?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Reaching through technology},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}91},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {393 - 396},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-383-3},
	doi = {10.1145/108844.108966},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/108844.108966},
	author = {Myers,Brad A. and Cypher,Allen and Maulsby,David and Smith,David C. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17118,
	title = {Editing to structure a reader{\textquoteright}s experience},
	booktitle = {Hypertext/hypermedia handbookHypertext/hypermedia handbook},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {143 - 164},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Kreitzberg,C. and Berk,E.}
}
@article {17137,
	title = {ESP{\textquoteright}91 Panel on The Best of ESP},
	journal = {Empirical studies of programmers: fourth workshop},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {1 - 1},
	author = {Zweben,S. and Curtis,B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17190,
	title = {High precision touchscreens: design strategies and comparisons with a mouse},
	journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991/04//},
	pages = {593 - 613},
	abstract = {Three studies were conducted comparing speed of performance, error rates and user preference ratings for three selection devices. The devices tested were a touchscreen, a touchscreen with stabilization (stabilization software filters and smooths raw data from hardware), and a mouse. The task was the selection of rectangular targets 1, 4, 16 and 32 pixels per side (0{\textperiodcentered}4 {\texttimes} 0{\textperiodcentered}6, 1{\textperiodcentered}7 {\texttimes} 2{\textperiodcentered}2, 6{\textperiodcentered}9 {\texttimes} 9{\textperiodcentered}0, 13{\textperiodcentered}8 {\texttimes} 17{\textperiodcentered}9 mm respectively). Touchscreen users were able to point at single pixel targets, thereby countering widespread expectations of poor touchscreen resolution. The results show no difference in performance between the mouse and touchscreen for targets ranging from 32 to 4 pixels per side. In addition, stabilization significantly reduced the error rates for the touchscreen when selecting small targets. These results imply that touchscreens, when properly used, have attractive advantages in selecting targets as small as 4 pixels per size (approximately one-quarter of the size of a single character). A variant of Fitts{\textquoteright} Law is proposed to predict touchscreen pointing times. Ideas for future research are also presented.},
	isbn = {0020-7373},
	doi = {10.1016/0020-7373(91)90037-8},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0020737391900378},
	author = {Sears,Andrew and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17206,
	title = {Human values and the future of technology: a declaration of responsibility},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991/01//},
	pages = {11 - 16},
	abstract = {"We must learn to balance the material wonders of technology with the spiritual demands of our human nature."---John Naisbitt (1982).We can make a difference in shaping the future by ensurin g that computers "serve human needs (Mumford, 1934)." By making explicit the enduring values that we hold dear we can guide computer system designers and developers for the next decade, century, and thereafter. After setting our high-level goals we can pursue the components and seek the process for fulfilling them.High-level goals might include peace, excellent health care, adequate nutrition, accessible education, communication, freedom of expression, support for creative exploration, safety, and socially constructive entertainment. Computer technology can help attain these high-level goals if we clearly state measurable objectives, obtain participation of professionals, and design effective human-computer interfaces. Design considerations include adequate attention to individual differences among users, support of social and organizational structures, design for reliability and safety, provision of access by the elderly, handicapped, or illiterate, and appropriate user controlled adaptation. With suitable theories and empirical research we can achieve ease of learning, rapid performance, low error rates, and good retention over time, while preserving high subjective satisfaction.To raise the consciousness of designers and achieve these goals, we must generate an international debate, stimulate discussions within organizations, and interact with other intellectual communities. This paper calls for a focus on the "you" and "I" in developing improved user interface (UI) research and systems, offers a Declaration of Responsibility, and proposes a Social Impact Statement for major computing projects.},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/122672.122674},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/122672.122674},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17218,
	title = {Identifying aggregates in hypertext structures},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the third annual ACM conference on Hypertext},
	series = {HYPERTEXT {\textquoteright}91},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {63 - 74},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-461-9},
	doi = {10.1145/122974.122981},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/122974.122981},
	author = {Botafogo,Rodrigo A. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16232,
	title = {Scheduling on-off home control devices},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Reaching through technology},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}91},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {459 - 460},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-383-3},
	doi = {10.1145/108844.109002},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/108844.109002},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16947,
	title = {A taxonomy and rule base for the selection of interaction styles},
	journal = {Human factors for informatics usability},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991///},
	pages = {325 - 325},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17430,
	title = {Touch screens now offer compelling uses},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991/03//},
	pages = {93 - 94},
	abstract = {Research on improving the user interfaces of touch screen applications is described. The advantages of touch screens are discusses, their current capabilities are examined, and possible future developments are considered.<>},
	keywords = {Application software, Computer aided instruction, Computer displays, Computer science, Cultural differences, Fingers, future developments, information resources, Marketing and sales, Mice, Psychology, touch screen applications, touch sensitive screens, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.73754},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17438,
	title = {Tree-maps: a space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures},
	booktitle = {, IEEE Conference on Visualization, 1991. Visualization {\textquoteright}91, Proceedings},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991/10/22/25},
	pages = {284 - 291},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {A method for visualizing hierarchically structured information is described. The tree-map visualization technique makes 100\% use of the available display space, mapping the full hierarchy onto a rectangular region in a space-filling manner. This efficient use of space allows very large hierarchies to be displayed in their entirety and facilitates the presentation of semantic information. Tree-maps can depict both the structure and content of the hierarchy. However, the approach is best suited to hierarchies in which the content of the leaf nodes and the structure of the hierarchy are of primary importance, and the content information associated with internal nodes is largely derived from their children},
	keywords = {Computer displays, Computer Graphics, Computer science, Data analysis, display space, Educational institutions, Feedback, hierarchical information structures, HUMANS, Laboratories, Libraries, Marine vehicles, rectangular region, semantic information, space-filling approach, tree-map visualization technique, trees (mathematics), Two dimensional displays, Visualization},
	isbn = {0-8186-2245-8},
	doi = {10.1109/VISUAL.1991.175815},
	author = {Johnson,B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17510,
	title = {Window control strategies for hypertext traversal: An empirical study},
	journal = {Proc. 29th Annual ACM DC Technical Symposium},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991///},
	abstract = {Nowadays, larger and higher resolution screens supporting multiple windows are widely available. They are often used to traverse hypertext databases for fact retrieval, education or casual browsing. This paper describes a study comparing two methods of window control strategies for article placement in four, equal sized and tiled windows (By tiled we mean non-overlapping, non-movable and non-resizable windows, which together cover the entire screen.) The first placement strategy - Automatic Panning (A P) - was controlled by the system software and the second placement strategy - User Controlled Placement (UCP) - trasferred control to the users. The task required subjects to answer questions about the content of a hypertext. Statistical analysis shows that subjective preference was significantly higher and amount of backtracking was significantly lower for the user controlled placement. Speed differences did not prove to be significant, although there was consistent tendency favoring the automatic pa nning strategy.},
	author = {Lifshitz,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17403,
	title = {The advantages of hypertext for large information spaces; where are the big systems?},
	journal = {Hypertext: concepts, systems and applications: proceedings of the First European Conference on Hypertext, INRIA, France, November 1990},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990///},
	pages = {343 - 343},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Deter,R.}
}
@article {17139,
	title = {EVALUATING HYPERMEDIA SYSTEMS},
	journal = {Human factors in computing systems: CHI{\textquoteright}90 Conference proceedings, April 1-5, Seattle},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990///},
	pages = {387 - 387},
	author = {Ehrlich,K. and Microsytems,S. and Marchionini,G. and Nielsen,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17145,
	title = {Examining usability for a training-oriented hypertext: Can hyper-activity be good?},
	journal = {Electronic Publishing},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990///},
	pages = {207 - 225},
	abstract = {We describe the design and evaluation of a hypertext-based tutorial for hypertext authors. This85-article tutorial represents an innovative application of hypertext to procedural learning.
The work has been influenced by Carroll{\textquoteright}s minimalist model, and by the syntactic/semantic
semantic model of user behavior. The usability study involved eight subjects who studied the
Hyperties Author Tutorial (HAT) for approximately one hour and then performed a set of
authoring tasks in an average of 21 minutes. All users successfully completed the tasks. As a
result of the study, we provide a characterization of appropriate uses of hypertext for training,
and describe the meaning of a hyper-active environment.
},
	author = {Jones,T. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17173,
	title = {FORTRAN Programming: A Spiral Approach},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990///},
	publisher = {Harcourt Brace College Publishers},
	organization = {Harcourt Brace College Publishers},
	isbn = {0155280155},
	author = {Kreitzberg,C.B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17176,
	title = {Future directions for human-computer interaction},
	journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990///},
	pages = {73 - 90},
	abstract = {This article offers a set of goals for user interface development, followed by scenarios of future developments. The applications include home control, hypermedia, office automation, digital photography, collaborative meetings/classrooms, public access, professional workstations, and medical record keeping. Also, predictions are made for some of the underlying technologies such as User Interface Management Systems, remote control, flexible search, display devices, and touchscreens.This article offers a set of goals for user interface development, followed by scenarios of future developments. The applications include home control, hypermedia, office automation, digital photography, collaborative meetings/classrooms, public access, professional workstations, and medical record keeping. Also, predictions are made for some of the underlying technologies such as User Interface Management Systems, remote control, flexible search, display devices, and touchscreens.
},
	isbn = {1044-7318},
	doi = {10.1080/10447319009525971},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10447319009525971},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17205,
	title = {Human values and the future of technology: a declaration of empowerment},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the conference on Computers and the quality of life},
	series = {CQL {\textquoteright}90},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990///},
	pages = {1 - 6},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-403-1},
	doi = {10.1145/97344.97360},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/97344.97360},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17431,
	title = {Touchscreen field specification for public access database queries: let your fingers do the walking},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1990 ACM annual conference on Cooperation},
	series = {CSC {\textquoteright}90},
	year = {1990},
	month = {1990///},
	pages = {1 - 7},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Database query is becoming a common task in public access systems; touchscreens can provide an appealing interface for such a system. This paper explores three interfaces for constructing queries on alphabetic field values with a touchscreen interface; including a QWERTY keyboard, an Alphabetic keyboard, and a Reduced Input Data Entry (RIDE) interface. The RIDE interface allows field values to be entered with fewer {\textquotedblleft}keystrokes{\textquotedblright} (touches) than either keyboard while eliminating certain errors. In one test database, the RIDE interface required 69\% fewer keystrokes than either keyboard interface.},
	isbn = {0-89791-348-5},
	doi = {10.1145/100348.100349},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/100348.100349},
	author = {Sears,Andrew and Kochavy,Yoram and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16234,
	title = {Automatically transforming regularly structured linear documents into hypertext.},
	journal = {Electronic Publishing},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {211 - 229},
	abstract = {Fully automatic conversion of a paper-based document into hypertext can be achieved in manycases if the original document is naturally partitioned into a collection of small-sized pieces
that are unambiguously and consistently structured. We describe the methodology that we
have used successfully to design and implement several straightforward conversions from the
original document{\textquoteright}s machine-readable markup.
},
	author = {Furuta,R. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17115,
	title = {Dynamic versus static menus: an exploratory comparison},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989/04//},
	pages = {33 - 37},
	abstract = {Sixty-three subjects completed 24 tasks using a menu driven computer program. The menu items appeared in a fixed (static) order during 12 of the tasks. During the other 12 tasks the menu item order changed dynamically such that the most frequently selected items always appeared at the top of the menu. All the subjects tried both dynamic and static menus.The subjects that used adaptive dynamic menus for the first set of tasks were significantly slower than those who used static menus on the first set of tasks. Subjects{\textquoteright} performance during the second set of tasks was not affected by menu style. Eighty-one percent of the subjects preferred working with static menus to working with dynamic menus.},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/67243.67247},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/67243.67247},
	author = {Mitchell,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16969,
	title = {An experimental evaluation of three touch screen strategies within a hypertext database},
	journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {41 - 52},
	abstract = {High resolution touch screens and novel usage strategies have overcome earlier problems with parallax and inaccurate pointing. A study testing the utility of three touch screen strategies within the Hyperties hypertext environment was performed. This provided a replication and extension of an earlier touch screen strategy comparison that focused on small closely?spaced targets. The experiment compared three touch screen strategies in three experimental tasks that reflect hypertext usage. The results showed that a strategy that only uses the initial impact with the touch screen causes the user to miss the target more than other touch strategies. A statistically significant difference in errors was found. Our results should encourage system implementers and touch screen hardware designers to support ?touch mouse? strategies that enable cursor dragging on the touch screen surface.High resolution touch screens and novel usage strategies have overcome earlier problems with parallax and inaccurate pointing. A study testing the utility of three touch screen strategies within the Hyperties hypertext environment was performed. This provided a replication and extension of an earlier touch screen strategy comparison that focused on small closely?spaced targets. The experiment compared three touch screen strategies in three experimental tasks that reflect hypertext usage. The results showed that a strategy that only uses the initial impact with the touch screen causes the user to miss the target more than other touch strategies. A statistically significant difference in errors was found. Our results should encourage system implementers and touch screen hardware designers to support ?touch mouse? strategies that enable cursor dragging on the touch screen surface.
},
	isbn = {1044-7318},
	doi = {10.1080/10447318909525956},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10447318909525956},
	author = {Potter,Richard and Berman,Mitchell and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17210,
	title = {Human-computer interaction lab, University of Maryland},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Wings for the mind},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}89},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {309 - 310},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-301-9},
	doi = {10.1145/67449.67509},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/67449.67509},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17212,
	title = {Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory, University of Maryland, Center for Automation Research},
	journal = {CHI},
	volume = {89},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {309 - 310},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17215,
	title = {Hypertext and software engineering},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Hypertext},
	series = {HYPERTEXT {\textquoteright}89},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {395 - 396},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {The purpose of this panel is to bring together researchers in software engineering and hypertext and help identify the major issues in the application of hypertext technology and concepts to software engineering and vice versa.},
	isbn = {0-89791-339-6},
	doi = {10.1145/74224.74259},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/74224.74259},
	author = {Balzer,R. and Begeman,M. and Garg,P. K. and Schwartz,M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17216,
	title = {Hypertext hands-on!},
	journal = {Tech Report HCIL-89-06},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	abstract = {This innovative book/software package provides the first hands-on nontechnical introduction to hypertext. Hypertext is a computer technology for manipulating information; in a grander sense, it is a new way of reading and writing. With the IBM-PC disket tes provided in this package, you will learn about hypertext by experiencing it. You will discover what it is like to read interactively, to find information according to your own needs and interests. Both the book and the software versions cover the basic concepts of hypertext, typical hypertext applications, and currently available authoring systems. They also raise important design and implementations issues. The book is self-contained an can be read from beginning to end without a computer. The software is also self-contained and, presenting hypertext in hypertext form, can be read in any order you choose. Since the two versions contain largely similar material, they provide an interesting basis for comparison between conventional text presentation and hypertext.},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Kearsley,G.}
}
@article {17253,
	title = {Interactive graphics interfaces in hypertext systems},
	journal = {Proc. 28th Annual ACM DC Technical Symposium},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {28 - 28},
	abstract = {One of the key design aspects of hypertext systems is the rapid selection of items displayed on the screen in a direct manipulation manner. The user can select next or back page turning icons or buttons, or select another item that might jump to a remote destination. Authors and browsers are confronted with the problem of recognizing and selecting these choices in textual and graphic databases. This paper discusses the problems and offers a variety of solutions.},
	author = {Weiland,W. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17278,
	title = {Lessons learned from the ACM hypertext on hypertext project},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Hypertext},
	series = {HYPERTEXT {\textquoteright}89},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {385 - 386},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-339-6},
	doi = {10.1145/74224.74255},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/74224.74255},
	author = {Rous,B. and Shneiderman, Ben and Yankelovich,N. and Yoder,E.}
}
@article {17366,
	title = {Social and Individual Impact},
	journal = {Educational Media International},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {101 - 106},
	isbn = {0952-3987},
	doi = {10.1080/0952398890260208},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0952398890260208},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16235,
	title = {A spectrum of automatic hypertext constructions},
	journal = {Hypermedia},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {179 - 195},
	abstract = {We describe our experiences with four separate conversions from paper documents into hypertext and discuss the lessons we have learned. The paper document{\textquoteright}s organization affects the ease with which it can be converted and the appropriateness of the resu lting hypertext. The form of the paper document{\textquoteright}s machine-readable {\textquoteleft}markup{\textquoteright} description affects the ability to transform the structure automatically. Designing the link structures that tie together the parts of the hypertext takes special care in automa ting, as badly-designed and incorrectly-formed links destroy the integrity of the hypertext. Overall, each of the conversions followed the same basic methodology, providing the handle for the development of {\textquoteleft}power tools{\textquoteright} that can be applied to simplify s ubsequent conversions.},
	author = {Furuta,R. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17425,
	title = {The user interface in a hypertext, multiwindow program browser},
	journal = {Interacting with computers},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	pages = {301 - 337},
	author = {Seabrook,R.H.C. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17474,
	title = {User-Friendly Computer Interfaces},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989///},
	publisher = {Chantico Pub. Co.},
	organization = {Chantico Pub. Co.},
	address = {Carrollton, Texas},
	isbn = {1557110956},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17117,
	title = {Ecological studies of professional programmers},
	journal = {Commun. ACM},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988/11//},
	pages = {1256 - 1258},
	abstract = {For over two decades, software psychology researchers have been developing insights to software productivity and quality by investigating builders and users of software. This research has been diverse in both its approach and its impacts. It has introduced systematic behavioral measurement into the software development process and into research on new software techniques and technologies, and has also opened up new social and cognitive interpretations of software processes [5, 12].We now see evidence of a new thrust in software psychology coming to the fore, one in which usability researchers are direct participants in the definition and creation of new software artifacts. We call this paradigm Ecological Design, to emphasize (1) that realistic software situations are being confronted on their own terms, and (2) that the work is directed toward design results, not merely toward evaluation and description in the service of design goals.
The reorientation towards studying teamwork was prompted in 1971 by Weinberg and followed by a few researchers at that time, but the movement has accelerated with the recent and intense interest in computer supported collaborative work [15]. This was apparent in the papers presented at the two workshops on Empirical Studies of Programmers [10, 13]. An accompanying shift has also occurred in the software engineering community. The traditional waterfall model of software development with the precise specification of a provable topdown design is giving way to newer exploratory styles of program development that emphasize rapid prototyping and iterative refinement. The shift from product to process also puts greater emphasis on team organization, group processes, management policies, reusability, development tools, design methods, debugging strategies, and maintenance [6].
The three papers in this special section exemplify this new paradigm. Rosson, Maass, and Kellogg and Curtis, Krasner, and Iscoe describe highly qualitative studies of professional designers that produced specific technical proposals for improving software tools and the coordination of project management, an assessment of major bottlenecks, and a new framework for thinking about software design as a learning and communication process. Soloway, Pinto, Letovsky, Littman, and Lampert describe the design and exploration of software documentation that grew out of similarly qualitative studies of program maintenance.
We caution that this research paradigm is still in its infancy: setting design requirements and developing prototypes are not traditional activities of psychological researchers. These roles are still emerging, still being reconciled with the earlier paradigms. The particular projects highlighted here are only the beginning; the field continues to evolve, as more researchers are attracted, as more topics are explored, as more methods are developed. Thus, despite the shortcomings of any particular project, the trajectory of this paradigm seems clear to us: it is the development of ideas that directly impact productivity and quality in software. Indeed, part of our intention in presenting this special section is to encourage more and more rapid development of the new paradigm.
},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/50087.214900},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/50087.214900},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Carroll,John M.}
}
@conference {16962,
	title = {An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}88},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988///},
	pages = {95 - 100},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Menus are largely formatted in a linear fashion listing items from the top to bottom of the screen or window. Pull down menus are a common example of this format. Bitmapped computer displays, however, allow greater freedom in the placement, font, and general presentation of menus. A pie menu is a format where the items are placed along the circumference of a circle at equal radial distances from the center. Pie menus gain over traditional linear menus by reducing target seek time, lowering error rates by fixing the distance factor and increasing the target size in Fitts{\textquoteright}s Law, minimizing the drift distance after target selection, and are, in general, subjectively equivalent to the linear style.},
	isbn = {0-201-14237-6},
	doi = {10.1145/57167.57182},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/57167.57182},
	author = {Callahan,J. and Hopkins,D. and Weiser,M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17164,
	title = {Finding facts vs. browsing knowledge in hypertext systems},
	journal = {Computer},
	volume = {21},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988/01//},
	pages = {70 - 80},
	abstract = {The authors discuss the role of information retrieval, interface design, and cognitive science in hypertext research. They present a user-centered framework for information-seeking that has been used in evaluating two hypertext systems. They apply the framework to key design issues related to information retrieval in hypertext systems.<>},
	keywords = {browsing knowledge, Cognitive science, cognitive systems, Electronic publishing, hypertext research, hypertext systems, Information retrieval, information retrieval systems, information-seeking, interface design, User interfaces, word processing},
	isbn = {0018-9162},
	doi = {10.1109/2.222119},
	author = {Marchionini,G. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17217,
	title = {Hypertext on hypertext: IBM PC \& compatibles},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988///},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-280-2},
	editor = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17354,
	title = {Selection devices for user of an electronic encyclopedia: An empirical comparison of four possibilities},
	journal = {Information Processing \& Management},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988///},
	pages = {665 - 680},
	abstract = {This study measured the speed, error rates, and subjective evaluation of arrow-jump keys, a jump-mouse, number keys, and a touch screen in an interactive encyclopedia. A summary of previous studies comparing selection devices and strategies is presented to provide the background for this study. We found the touch screen to be the fastest in time, the least accurate but the overall favorite of the participants. The results are discussed and improvements are suggested accordingly.},
	isbn = {0306-4573},
	doi = {10.1016/0306-4573(88)90004-0},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306457388900040},
	author = {Ostroff,Daniel and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17471,
	title = {User interface strategies {\textquoteright}88 (videotape)},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988///},
	publisher = {University of Maryland at College Park},
	organization = {University of Maryland at College Park},
	address = {College Park, MD, USA},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Malone,Thomas and Norman,Donald and Foley,James}
}
@article {17505,
	title = {We can design better user interfaces: A review of human-computer interaction styles},
	journal = {Ergonomics},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988///},
	pages = {699 - 710},
	abstract = {The widespread use of computers has opened a new dimension of application for the ergonomic sciences. This review recommends three pillars to support the user interface design process: guidelines documents, User Interface Management Systems, and usability labs for iterative testing. Then it presents five primary interaction styles: menu selection, form fill-in, command language, natural language and direct manipulation. The author encourages greater attention to direct manipulation in which the objects and actions are visible, the actions are invoked by selection or pointing, and the impact is immediately visible and reversible.The widespread use of computers has opened a new dimension of application for the ergonomic sciences. This review recommends three pillars to support the user interface design process: guidelines documents, User Interface Management Systems, and usability labs for iterative testing. Then it presents five primary interaction styles: menu selection, form fill-in, command language, natural language and direct manipulation. The author encourages greater attention to direct manipulation in which the objects and actions are visible, the actions are invoked by selection or pointing, and the impact is immediately visible and reversible.
},
	isbn = {0014-0139},
	doi = {10.1080/00140138808966713},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00140138808966713},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17029,
	title = {Computer-supported cooperative work (panel): is this REALLY a new field of research?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI conference on Human factors in computing systems and graphics interface},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}87},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	pages = {227 - 228},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-213-6},
	doi = {10.1145/29933.275634},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/29933.275634},
	author = {Greif,Irene and Curtis,Bill and Krasner,Herb and Malone,Thomas W. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17058,
	title = {Design Guidebook for Interaction Styles: A Taxonomy, Rule-base, and Some Opinions},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	publisher = {University of Maryland},
	organization = {University of Maryland},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17074,
	title = {Designing the user interface: professional development courses from the University of Maryland},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	publisher = {University of Maryland at College Park},
	organization = {University of Maryland at College Park},
	address = {College Park, MD, USA},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17084,
	title = {Direct manipulation user interfaces for expert systems},
	booktitle = {Expert systems: the user interfaceExpert systems: the user interface},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	pages = {99 - 125},
	author = {Baroff,J. and Simon,R. and Gilman,F. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16965,
	title = {An evaluation of jump-ahead techniques in menu selection},
	journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	pages = {97 - 108},
	abstract = {Menu selection systems provide a means of selecting operations and retrieving information which requires little training and reduces the need for memorizing complex command sequences. However, a major disadvantage of many menu selection systems is that experienced users cannot traverse the menu tree significantly faster than novices. A common solution to this problem is to provide the menu selection system with a jump-ahead capability.The purpose of this research was to evaluate two jump-ahead methods (type-ahead and direct-access). In the type-ahead method the user anticipates a selection on each of several successive menus and enters as many selections at one time as desired. In the direct-access method, each menu frame is assigned a unique name which the user must enter to locate it.
Thirty-two students were given training on an information retrieval system for college course information and were required to learn the two jump-ahead methods in a counterbalanced design. The direct-access method resulted in fewer traversals to learn the system, lower error rates, and reduced learning time. The subjective impressions, obtained from post-experiment questionnaires and oral comments, indicated that the direct-access jump-ahead method was also preferred in a frequently used menu selection system.
},
	isbn = {0144-929X},
	doi = {10.1080/01449298708901820},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01449298708901820},
	author = {Laverson,Alan and Norman,Kent and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17384,
	title = {Subjective user evaluation of CF PASCAL programming tools},
	journal = {Department of Computer Science and Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Working Paper},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	abstract = {This study investigated subjective evaluations of two programming environments: 1) SUPPORT, an interactive programming environment with a syntax directed editor on a personal computer and 2) a batch run environment on a large mainframe computer. Participants were students in a 15 week introductory computer science course. In Part 1, one group of 128 first used SUPPORT, while another group of 85 programmed on a mainframe environment. After 6 weeks they were given an evaluative questionnaire and then switched programming environments. In Part 2, 68 used SUPPORT and 60 used the mainframe. At the twelfth week of the course, they were given two questionnaires, one evaluating the environment they had used in the last 6 weeks and one comparing both enviro nments. A measure of programming performance (exam and programming project grades) was also collected. SUPPORT was predicted to reduce the burden of remembering syntactic details resulting in better performance and higher subjective evaluations. Unexpectedly, the SUPPORT users did not earn statistically significantly higher grades. Furthermore, participants expressed a preference for the mainframe over SUPPORT. Specific items on the questionnaires were used to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of each environment. Designers of syntax directed editors should focus on reducing the syntactic burden not only in programming , but also in the user interface of these tools.},
	author = {Chin,JP and Norman,K. L and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17428,
	title = {Time Stress Effects on Two Menu Selection Systems},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual MeetingProceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987/09/01/},
	pages = {727 - 731},
	abstract = {The optimal number of menu items per display screen has been the topic of considerable debate and study. On the one hand, some designers have packed many items into each menu to conserve space and reduce the number of menus, whereas on the other hand there are designers who prefer a sparse display for menu structures and other videotex information. This study evaluated the effects of a broad/shallow menu compared to a narrow/deep menu structure under two conditions of time stress for inexperienced users. Results indicated that time stress both slowed performance, and increased errors. In addition, it was demonstrated that the broad/shallow menu was faster and resulted in fewer errors. Implications for menu design are discussed.},
	isbn = {1071-1813,},
	doi = {10.1177/154193128703100708},
	url = {http://pro.sagepub.com/content/31/7/727},
	author = {Wallace,Daniel F and Anderson,Nancy S and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17467,
	title = {User interface design and evaluation for an electronic encyclopedia},
	booktitle = {Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	abstract = {The Interactive Encyclopedia System (TIES) has been under development since Fall 1983. It enables users to easily traverse a database of articles by merely pointing at highlighted words in context. This embedded menus approach to hypertext and its user interface design are described with three exploratory studies of TIES use. Plans for future development and studies are offered.},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17468,
	title = {User interface design for the Hyperties electronic encyclopedia (panel session)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM conference on Hypertext},
	series = {HYPERTEXT {\textquoteright}87},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	pages = {189 - 194},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	isbn = {0-89791-340-X},
	doi = {10.1145/317426.317441},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/317426.317441},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17511,
	title = {Window control strategies for on-line text traversal},
	journal = {Department of Computer Science and Human Computer Interaction Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, MD (correspondence with B. Schneiderman)},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987///},
	abstract = {Larger and higher resolution screens that support multiple windows are now widely available. They are often used to traverse hypertext databases for fact retrieval, education or casual browsing. This paper introduces window control strategies that we implemented, describes their cognitive complexity, and characterizes the tasks that users might encounter. An infomal usage by dozens of visitors and a usability test with four subjects performing information search tasks revealed the limitations of several strategies and guided us to select user control of article placement in a tiled non-overlapping multiple window display.},
	author = {Lifshitz,K. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16978,
	title = {Applying direct manipulation concepts: direct manipulation dik operating system (DMDOS)},
	journal = {SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/04//},
	pages = {22 - 26},
	abstract = {Software engineers are often called upon to design user interfaces, but strategies and guidelines are only beginning to emerge. Shneiderman (1983) introduced the term "Direct Manipulation" to describe user interfaces which have:1) continuous representation of the objects of interest.2) physical actions (movement and selection by mouse, joystick, touch screen, etc.) or labeled button presses instead of complex Syntax.3) rapid, incremental, reversible operations whose impact on the object of interest is immediately visible.4) layered or spiral approach to learning that permits usage with minimal knowledge.The concepts of direct manipulation has been applied in some distinctive systems such as XEROX STAR and APPLE Macintosh, and many application software products such as spread sheets, word processors, drawing tools, desk-top managers, etc.However, the basic software of personal computers, the operating system, is still often based on command language concepts. This paper describes DMDOS (Direct Manipulation Disk Operating System), that we designed by applying the concepts of direct manipulation. to MS-DOS on the IBM PC.},
	isbn = {0163-5948},
	doi = {10.1145/382248.382815},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/382248.382815},
	author = {Iseki,Osamu and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17268,
	title = {Is Bigger Better?: The Effects of Display Size on Program Reading},
	journal = {Tech Report HCIL-86-08},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986///},
	abstract = {An experiment was conducted in which four window sizes (10, 22, 60 and 120 lines) were compared for their effectiveness for program reading. The largest window, in which the entire program could be seen at one time, was found significantly better, in both time to complete the reading task and the number of correct answers in the reading task. Subjects also preferred the larger windows to the smaller windows.},
	author = {Reisel,J.F. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17015,
	title = {Cognitive layouts of windows and multiple screens for user interfaces},
	journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/08//},
	pages = {229 - 248},
	abstract = {In order to make computers easier to use and more versatile many system designers are exploring the use of multiple windows on a single screen and multiple coordinated screens in a single work station displaying linked or related information. The designers of such systems attempt to take into account the characteristics of the human user and the structure of the tasks to be performed. Central to this design issue is the way in which the user views and cognitively processes information presented in the windows or in multiple screens. This paper develops a theory of the {\textquotedblleft}cognitive layout{\textquotedblright} of information presented in multiple windows or screens. It is assumed that users adopt a cognitive representation or layout of the type of information to be presented and the relationships among the windows or screens and the information they contain. A number of cognitive layouts are derived from theories in cognitive psychology and are discussed in terms of the intent of the software driving the system and congruence with the cognitive processing of the information. It is hypothesized that the particular layout adopted by a user will drastically affect the user{\textquoteright}s understanding and expectation of events at the human-computer interface and could either greatly facilitate or frustrate the interaction. Ways of ensuring the former and avoiding the latter are discussed in terms of implementations on existing multiple-window and multiple-screen systems.},
	isbn = {0020-7373},
	doi = {10.1016/S0020-7373(86)80077-3},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737386800773},
	author = {Norman,Kent L and Weldon,Linda J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17057,
	title = {Design and research on the interactive encyclopedia system (TIES)},
	journal = {Proc. 29th Conference of the Association for the Development of Computer Based Instructional Systems},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986///},
	pages = {19 - 21},
	abstract = {Printed books were an enormous stimulus to science, culture, commerce, and entertainment. Electronic books and hypertext systems may produce a similar stimulus in the next century, but current designs are poor. Typical screens are too small, too slow, too complicated, and too hard to read. With careful attention to the user interface and the underlying technology, we have a chance to create a new medium that is potentially more attractive and effective than printed books in many situations.},
	author = {Morariu,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17071,
	title = {Designing menu selection systems},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/03/01/},
	pages = {57 - 70},
	abstract = {Menu selection systems reduce training and memorization, simplify entry of choices, and structure the user{\textquoteright}s tasks. However, the use of menu selection is no guarantee that novices or experts will be satisfied or able to carry out their work. This article focuses on the multiple design issues in creating successful menu selection systems. These include the primary issue of semantic organization and the host of secondary issues such as response time and display rates, shortcuts for frequent users, titles, phrasing of menu items, graphic layout, and selection mechanisms. Novel approaches such as pop-up menus and embedded menus are covered. Experimental results and design guidelines are presented. {\textcopyright} 1986 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	isbn = {1097-4571},
	doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198603)37:2<57::AID-ASI2>3.0.CO;2-S},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198603)37:2\%3C57::AID-ASI2\%3E3.0.CO;2-S/abstract},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17090,
	title = {Display Strategies for Program Browsing: Concepts and Experiment},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/05//},
	pages = {7 - 15},
	abstract = {The new, larger display screens can improve program comprehension{\textemdash}if the added space is used for mome effective presentation, not just more code or larger type.},
	keywords = {Computer errors, Content management, Fault detection, Information analysis, Large screen displays, Microscopy, Phase detection, Programming profession, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/MS.1986.233405},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Shafer,P. and Simon,R. and Weldon,L.}
}
@article {17131,
	title = {Empirical studies of programmers: The territory, paths, and destinations},
	journal = {Empirical studies of programmers},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986///},
	pages = {1 - 12},
	abstract = {This paper attempts to describe the varied intellectual territory thatprogrammers work in.  It offers several paths for researchers
who wish to explore this territory: controlled experiments, observational 
or field studies, surveys, and cognitive
theories.  Finally, this paper suggests several important
destinations for researchers: refining the use of current
languages, improving present and future languages, developing
special purpose languages, and improving tools and methods.
},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16967,
	title = {An experimental comparison of a mouse and arrow-jump keys for an interactive encyclopedia},
	journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/01//},
	pages = {29 - 45},
	abstract = {This paper reports on an experiment which was conducted to examine relative merits of using a mouse or arrow-jump keys to select text in an interactive encyclopedia. Timed path traversais were performed by subjects using each device, and were followed by subjective questions. Personality and background of the subjects were recorded to see if those attributes would affect device preference and performance. The arrow-jump keys were found to have the quickest traversal times for paths with either short or long target distances. The subjective responses indicated that the arrow-jump method was overwhelmingly preferred over the mouse method. Personality type was not found to play a critical role.},
	isbn = {0020-7373},
	doi = {10.1016/S0020-7373(86)80038-4},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737386800384},
	author = {Ewing,John and Mehrabanzad,Simin and Sheck,Scott and Ostroff,Dan and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17213,
	title = {Human-computer interaction research at the University of Maryland},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/01//},
	pages = {27 - 32},
	abstract = {The Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory (HCIL) is a unit of the Center for Automation Research at the Univesity of Maryland. HCIL is an interdisciplinary research group whose participants are faculty in the Departments of Computer Science and Psychology and the Colleges of Library and Information Services, Business, and Education. In addition, staff scienctists, graduate students, and undergraduates contribute to this small, but lively community that pursues empirical studies of people using computers.Our support comes from industrial research projects, government grants, the State of Maryland, and the University of Maryland. Projects often become interrelated in surprising ways enabling individuals to cooperate constructively. Some of our efforts during the past year are described below.},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/15671.15673},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/15671.15673},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17261,
	title = {Interfaces: multi-media and multi-user},
	journal = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986///},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17275,
	title = {Learning Disabled Students{\textquoteright} Difficulties in Learning to Use A Word Processor: Implications for Instruction and Software Evaluation},
	journal = {Journal of Learning DisabilitiesJ Learn Disabil},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/04/01/},
	pages = {248 - 253},
	abstract = {Learning disabled (LD) students can derive great benefits from using word processors. The ability to produce a neat, printed copy can increase motivation and encourage writing for a wider audience. The editing power makes revision possible without tedious recopying, thus freeing students and teachers to approach writing as a process involving repeated drafts. Specific problems with handwriting and spelling can also be circumvented. However, learning to use a word processor often presents problems. Based on a study of LD students learning to use word processing, this paper makes recommendations for evaluating word processing software and designing instruction that is sensitive to students difficulties.},
	isbn = {0022-2194,},
	doi = {10.1177/002221948601900414},
	url = {http://ldx.sagepub.com/content/19/4/248},
	author = {MacArthur,Charles A. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17274,
	title = {Learning disabled students{\textquoteright} difficulties in learning to use a word processor: implications for design},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/01//},
	pages = {41 - 46},
	abstract = {Learning disabled students can derive great benefits from using work processors. The ability to produce a neat, printed copy can increase motivation and encourage writing for a wider audience. The editing power makes revision possible without tedious re-copying, thus freeing students and teachers to approach writing as a process involving repeated drafts. Specific problems with handwriting and spelling can also be circumvented. However, learning to use the editing capabilities often presents problems for students, especially those with learning difficulties. Word processors must be designed that are simple, easy to learn, and yet powerful. This study makes software design recommendations based on a study of learning disabled students learning to use word processing.Two groups of four LD students (4th-6th grade) were given twelve hours of word processing instruction using two word processors. Detailed records of progess and errors were made during learning and a final assessment task. Specific design problems are reported and recommendations are made for tasks such as cursor movement, insertion/deletion, use of nulls, blanks, and formatting characters, and overall organization.},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/15671.15675},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/15671.15675},
	author = {MacArthur,Charles A. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17308,
	title = {No members, no officers, no dues: A ten year history of the software psychology society},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin},
	volume = {18},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/10//},
	pages = {14 - 16},
	abstract = {For ten years we have joyfully overcome our insecurity with anarchy and successfully conducted the "business" of the Software Psychology Society. Our business has always been science; to improve our understanding of how people use computers. The two-horse team of computer science and psychology usually pulled in the same direction. Sometimes it leaned towards design guidelines, software, and hardware, other times it leaned towards cognitive models, personality theory, and human problem-solving. Mostly our travel was steadied by an appreciation of the importance of empirical studies, data collection, and controlled experiments with an occasional diversion into theoretical models or inspirational system designs. Our destinations have included programming and command language design, human-computer interaction models, menu selection strategies, natural language interaction, software engineering metrics and methods, educational packages, expert system user interfaces, voice communications and conferencing systems, screen readability, use of color, user interface management systems, and text editor design.},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/15683.15685},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/15683.15685},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17355,
	title = {Seven plus or minus two central issues in human-computer interaction},
	journal = {ACM SIGCHI Bulletin - Special issue: CHI {\textquoteright}86 Conference Proceedings},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/04//},
	pages = {343 - 349},
	abstract = {This paper offers seven issues and specific challenges for researchers and developers of human-computer interaction. These issues are: interaction styles, input techniques, output organization, response time, error handling, individual differences, explanatory and predictive theories.},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/22339.22394},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/22339.22394},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17017,
	title = {Cognitive Representations of Windows and Multiple Screen Layouts of Computer Interfaces},
	year = {1985},
	month = {1985///},
	publisher = {University of Maryland},
	organization = {University of Maryland},
	author = {Norman,K. L and Weldon,L.J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17198,
	title = {Human factors issues of manuals, online help, and tutorials},
	journal = {Empirical foundations of information and software science},
	volume = {1984},
	year = {1985},
	month = {1985///},
	pages = {107 - 107},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17273,
	title = {Learning a menu selection tree: training methods compared},
	journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1985},
	month = {1985///},
	pages = {81 - 91},
	abstract = {Abstract Abstract. Menu selection systems sometimes present learning problems for novice users. This comparison of four training methods for novice users found that the global tree diagram of the menu system was superior to command sequence and frame presentation methods, and somewhat better than trial and error. Methods were evaluated on the basis of (1) number of target nodes found, (2) mean number of selections to a target node, (3) recall of the menu structure, and (4) subjective rating of ease of learning.Abstract Abstract. Menu selection systems sometimes present learning problems for novice users. This comparison of four training methods for novice users found that the global tree diagram of the menu system was superior to command sequence and frame presentation methods, and somewhat better than trial and error. Methods were evaluated on the basis of (1) number of target nodes found, (2) mean number of selections to a target node, (3) recall of the menu structure, and (4) subjective rating of ease of learning.
},
	isbn = {0144-929X},
	doi = {10.1080/01449298508901790},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01449298508901790},
	author = {Parton,Diana and Huffman,Keith and Pridgen,Patty and Norman,Kent and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16935,
	title = {A model programming environment},
	journal = {Advances in Human-Computer Interaction},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1985},
	month = {1985///},
	pages = {105 - 132},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17320,
	title = {Performance on content-free menus as a function of study method},
	journal = {Tech Report HCIL-85-03},
	year = {1985},
	month = {1985///},
	author = {Schwartz,J.P. and Norman,K. L and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17420,
	title = {The Psychology of Program Documentation},
	journal = {Conference on Software Maintenance, 1985, Sheraton Inn Washington-Northwest, November 11-13, 1985},
	year = {1985},
	month = {1985///},
	pages = {191 - 191},
	author = {Brooks,R. and Sheppard,S. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17424,
	title = {The Structure of Information in Online and Paper Technical Manuals},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual MeetingProceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1985},
	month = {1985/10/01/},
	pages = {1110 - 1113},
	abstract = {An experiment was conducted to compare online computer manuals to paper manuals. For each type of manual there were two different database structures {\textendash} a linear (sequential) structure and a tree structure. The results showed that people using the paper manuals were faster at performing a switch setting task based on information in the manual than were people using the online manuals. No significant differences were found in speed of performance between the linear and tree structures. Nor were there any differences in the number of correct switch settings for the different types of manuals. The subjective evaluation data revealed that the online manuals were rated as better and judged to be more organized than the paper manuals.},
	isbn = {1071-1813,},
	doi = {10.1177/154193128502901207},
	url = {http://pro.sagepub.com/content/29/12/1110},
	author = {Weldon,Linda J. and Koved,Larry and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17069,
	title = {Designing Interactive Computer Systems: A Software Psychology Workshop},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984///},
	publisher = {University of California, Los Angeles, University Extension, Dept. of Engineering, Science, and Mathematics},
	organization = {University of California, Los Angeles, University Extension, Dept. of Engineering, Science, and Mathematics},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16968,
	title = {An experimental comparison of tabular and graphic data presentation},
	journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984/06//},
	pages = {545 - 566},
	abstract = {We present the results of our experiment designed to test the hypothesis that more usable information can be conveyed using a combination of graphical and tabular data then by using either form alone. Our independent variables were memory (recall and non-recall) and form (tables, graphs, or both). Comprehension was measured with a multiple choice exam consisting of three types of questions (retrieve, compare, or compare/calculate answers). Both non-recall and tabular treatments significantly increased comprehension. Combinations of graphs and tables produced slower but more accurate performance. An executive should use the form with which he/she is most familiar and comfortable.},
	isbn = {0020-7373},
	doi = {10.1016/S0020-7373(84)80029-2},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737384800292},
	author = {Powers,Matthew and Lashley,Conda and Sanchez,Pamela and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17196,
	title = {Human Factors in Interactive Medical Systems},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical CareProc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984/11/07/},
	pages = {96 - 96},
	isbn = {0195-4210},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17279,
	title = {Let{\textquoteright}s Learn BASIC: A Kids{\textquoteright} Introduction to BASIC Programming on IBM Personal Computers},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984///},
	publisher = {Little Brown and Company},
	organization = {Little Brown and Company},
	isbn = {0316787264},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17294,
	title = {Memory For Menus: Effects of Study Mode},
	journal = {University of Maryland Computer Science Technical Report Series, CS-TR-1412},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984///},
	abstract = {Menu selection systems require a certain amount of training in order for users to remember how to access target functions. In this experiment users studied four different types of documentation before searching for target words in a content-free menu containing no meaningful relationships among terms. Documentation was presented to subjects in one of four modes of study. In the Command Mode subjects studied sequences of choices to arrive at a desired target. In the Menu Frame Mode subjects studied individual frames in the menu system. In the Global Tree Mode subjects studied a diagram of the menu tree. Finally, in the Trial and Error Mode subjects studied the menu system by actually selecting alternatives. Although the Global Tree and Command Sequence Groups found the most target words during the test phase, the four groups did not differ significantly. On the other hand, differences in the ability to recall menu terms were significant with the command Sequence and Menu Frame Groups recalling the most terms. Furthermore, results indicated that the type of training fundamentally affected the type of information used in order to find targets. Subjects in the Command Sequence and Menu Frame Groups tended to rely on recall of menu terms. Furthermore, all groups relied heavily on memory of the menu tree except for the Command Squence Group. Results of this study are related to practical considerations for the design of menu selection systems.},
	author = {Norman,K. L and Schwartz,J.P. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17349,
	title = {Response time and display rate in human performance with computers},
	journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1984},
	month = {1984/09//},
	pages = {265 - 285},
	isbn = {0360-0300},
	doi = {10.1145/2514.2517},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2514.2517},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17410,
	title = {The effect of scope delimiters on program comprehension},
	journal = {Software: Practice and Experience},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983/09/01/},
	pages = {817 - 824},
	abstract = {Scope delimiters, such as BEGIN-END or DO-END, are used in many programming languages, but they can lengthen and clutter a program listing. This paper provides experimental evidence that ENDIF or ENDWHILE statement terminators make for easier to comprehend programs than BEGIN-END pairs surrounding compound statements.},
	keywords = {Programming language design, Scope delimiters, Software psychology},
	isbn = {1097-024X},
	doi = {10.1002/spe.4380130908},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spe.4380130908/abstract},
	author = {Sykes,Floyd and Tillman,Raymond T and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16963,
	title = {An empirical comparison of two PLATO text editors.},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Based Instruction},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983///},
	pages = {43 - 50},
	abstract = {Two PLATO system text editors were evaluated with 14 nonprogrammers and 14 programmers who were either university staff or college students. Half of each group learned the "plain" editor, which had 8 commands and 3 screens of HELP material; while the other half of each group learned the "fancy" editor, which had 15 commands and 1 screen of HELP material. The fancy editor is a subset of the widely used TUTOR editor, but nonprogrammers preferred the plain editor. Faster learning, faster performance, fewer invocations of HELP material, and fewer requests for human assistance were characteristic of the plain editor.},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Hill,R. and Jacob,R. and Mah,W.}
}
@article {17141,
	title = {Evaluating multiple coordinated windows for programming workstations},
	journal = {NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Eighth Ann. Software Eng. Workshop 11 p(SEE N 84-23137 13-61)},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983///},
	abstract = {Programmers might benefit from larger screens with multiple windows or multiple screens, especially if convenient coordination among screens are arranged. Uses for multiple coordinated displays in a programmers workstation are explored. Initial efforts focus on the potential applications, a command language for coordinating the displays, and the psychological basis for effective utilization so as to avoid information overload. Subsequent efforts will be devoted to implementing the concepts and performing controlled psychologically oriented experiments to validate the hypotheses.},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and GRANTHAM,C. and Norman,K. and ROGERS,J. and Roussopoulos, Nick}
}
@article {17191,
	title = {High-tech can stimulate creative action: the increased ease-of-use of computers supports individual competence and productive work},
	journal = {SIGCHI Bull.},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983/04//},
	pages = {6 - 7},
	abstract = {Jokes about the complexity and error-prone use of computer systems reflect the experience of many people. Computer anxiety, terminal terror, and network neurosis are modern maladies - but help is on the way!},
	isbn = {0736-6906},
	doi = {10.1145/1044188.1044189},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1044188.1044189},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17193,
	title = {Human engineering management plan for interactive systems},
	journal = {Proceedings COMPCON},
	volume = {83},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983///},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@inbook {17199,
	title = {Human factors of interactive software},
	booktitle = {Enduser Systems and Their Human FactorsEnduser Systems and Their Human Factors},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	volume = {150},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983///},
	pages = {9 - 29},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
	abstract = {There is intense interest about human factors issues in interactive computer systems for life-critical applications, industrial/commercial uses, and personal computing in the office or home. Primary design goals include proper functionality, adequate reliability, suitable cost, and adherence to schedule. Measurable human factors issues include time to learn, speed of performance, rate of errors, subjective satisfaction, and retention over time. Specific human factors acceptance tests are described as a natural complement to hardware and software acceptance tests. Project management ideas, information resources, and potential research directions are presented.},
	isbn = {978-3-540-12273-9},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-12273-7_16},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben},
	editor = {Blaser,Albrecht and Zoeppritz,Magdalena}
}
@article {17328,
	title = {Program indentation and comprehensibility},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983/11//},
	pages = {861 - 867},
	keywords = {indentation, program format, program readability},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/182.358437},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/182.358437},
	author = {Miara,Richard J. and Musselman,Joyce A. and Navarro,Juan A. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16959,
	title = {An architecture for automatic relational database sytem conversion},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Database Syst.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982/06//},
	pages = {235 - 257},
	abstract = {Changes in requirements for database systems necessitate schema restructuring, database translation, and application or query program conversion. An alternative to the lengthy manual revision process is proposed by offering a set of 15 transformations keyed to the relational model of data and the relational algebra. Motivations, examples, and detailed descriptions are provided.},
	keywords = {automatic conversion, Database systems, relational model, transformations},
	isbn = {0362-5915},
	doi = {10.1145/319702.319724},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/319702.319724},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Thomas,Glenn}
}
@conference {16981,
	title = {Automatic database system conversion: schema revision, data translation, and source-to-source program transformation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the June 7-10, 1982, national computer conference},
	series = {AFIPS {\textquoteright}82},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982///},
	pages = {579 - 587},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Changing data requirements present database administrators with a difficult problem: the revision of the schema, the translation of the stored database, and the conversion of the numerous application programs. This paper describes an automatic database system conversion facility which provides one approach for coping with this problem. The Pure Definition Language and the Pure Manipulation Language have been designed to facilitate the conversions specified in the Pure Transformation Language. Two conversions and their effect on retrievals are demonstrated.},
	isbn = {0-88283-035-X},
	doi = {10.1145/1500774.1500849},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1500774.1500849},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Thomas,Glenn}
}
@article {17031,
	title = {Control flow and data structure documentation: two experiments},
	journal = {Commun. ACM},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982/01//},
	pages = {55 - 63},
	abstract = {Two experiments were carried out to assess the utility of external documentation aids such as macro flowcharts, pseudocode, data structure diagrams, and data structure descriptions. A 223 line Pascal program which manipulates four arrays was used. The program interactively handles commands that allow the user to manage five lists of items. A comprehension test was given to participants along with varying kinds of external documentation. The results indicate that for this program the data structure information was more helpful than the control flow information, independently of whether textual or graphic formats were used.},
	keywords = {data structure diagrams, pseudocode},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/358315.358391},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/358315.358391},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17064,
	title = {Designing computer system messages},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982/09//},
	pages = {610 - 611},
	abstract = {tive computer systems and studies of their users, we have become increasingly aware of the importance of system messages. Novice users are unimpressed with CPU speeds, disk storage capabilities, or elegant file structures. For them, the system appears only in the form of the messages on their screens or printers. So when novices encounter violent messages such as {\textquotedblleft}FATAL ERROR, RUN ABORTED{\textquotedblright}, vague phases like {\textquotedblleft}ILLEGAL CMD{\textquotedblright}, or obscure codes such as {\textquotedblleft}OC7{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}IEH2191{\textquotedblright}, they are understandably shaken, confused, dismayed, and discouraged from continuing. The negative image that computer systems sometimes generate is, we believe, largely due to the difficulties users experience when they make mistakes or are unsure about what to do next.},
	keywords = {error messages, human/computer interaction, system messages},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/358628.358639},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/358628.358639},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17088,
	title = {Directions in human/computer interaction.},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982///},
	publisher = {ABLEX PUBL. CORP.},
	organization = {ABLEX PUBL. CORP.},
	address = {355 CHESTNUT ST., NORWOOD, NJ 07648, USA},
	abstract = {This book presents current research in interactive system design and human information processing. The contributions offer a mixture of survey, theory, practical recommendations and experimental results reflecting the diversity of research efforts in human/computer interaction.},
	author = {Badre,A. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17160,
	title = {Fighting for the User.},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Society for Information ScienceBulletin of the American Society for Information Science},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982///},
	pages = {27 - 29},
	abstract = {Redesign of human-computer interface for users of computerized information systems can make substantial difference in training time, performance speed, error rates, and user satisfaction. Information and computer scientists are using controlled psychologically oriented experimentation, and evaluations during system development and active use to test design impact on human performance measures. (EJS)},
	keywords = {Automation, design, Formative Evaluation, Human Factors Engineering, Information systems, Input Output Devices, Man Machine Systems, Online Systems, performance, Summative Evaluation, Systems Development, Technological Advancement},
	url = {http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ276739},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17415,
	title = {The future of interactive systems and the emergence of direct manipulation},
	journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982///},
	pages = {237 - 256},
	abstract = {Abstract This paper suggests three motivations for the strong interest in human factors{\textquoteright} aspects of user interfaces and reviews five design issues: command language versus menu selection, response time and display rates, wording of system messages, on-line tutorials, explanations and help messages and hardware devices. Five methods and tools for system development are considered: participatory design, specification methods, software implementation tools, pilot studies and acceptance tests and evolutionary refinement based on user feedback. The final portion of the paper presents direct manipulation, an approach which promises to become widely used in interactive systems. Direct manipulation involves representation of the object of interest, rapid incremental reversible actions and physical action instead of complex syntax.Abstract This paper suggests three motivations for the strong interest in human factors{\textquoteright} aspects of user interfaces and reviews five design issues: command language versus menu selection, response time and display rates, wording of system messages, on-line tutorials, explanations and help messages and hardware devices. Five methods and tools for system development are considered: participatory design, specification methods, software implementation tools, pilot studies and acceptance tests and evolutionary refinement based on user feedback. The final portion of the paper presents direct manipulation, an approach which promises to become widely used in interactive systems. Direct manipulation involves representation of the object of interest, rapid incremental reversible actions and physical action instead of complex syntax.
},
	isbn = {0144-929X},
	doi = {10.1080/01449298208914450},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01449298208914450},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17301,
	title = {Multiparty Grammars and Related Features for Defining Interactive Systems},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982/03//},
	pages = {148 - 154},
	abstract = {Multiparty grammars are introduced which contain labeled nonterminals to indicate the party that produces the terminal string. For interactive person-computer systems, both the user commands and system responses can be described by the linked BNF grammars. Multiparty grammars may also be used to describe communication among several people (by way of computers or in normal dialogue), network protocols among several machines, or complex interactions involving several people and machines. Visual features such as underlining, reversal, blinking, and color, window declarations, and dynamic operations dependent on cursor movement are also covered.},
	keywords = {Application software, Computer aided instruction, Computer displays, Computer languages, Computer networks, Debugging, HUMANS, interactive systems, Protocols, Writing},
	isbn = {0018-9472},
	doi = {10.1109/TSMC.1982.4308798},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17350,
	title = {Response to N. C. Rowe{\textquoteright}s review},
	journal = {ACM SIGMOD Record},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982/09//},
	pages = {98 - 98},
	isbn = {0163-5808},
	doi = {10.1145/984514.984521},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/984514.984521},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17390,
	title = {System message design: Guidelines and experimental results},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982///},
	publisher = {Ablex Publishing Company: Norwood, NJ},
	organization = {Ablex Publishing Company: Norwood, NJ},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17391,
	title = {SYSTEM MESSAGE GUIDELINES: POSITIVE TONE, CONSTRUCTIVE, SPECIFIC, AND USER CENTERED},
	journal = {Gathering Information for Problem Formulation},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982///},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17394,
	title = {Teaching software psychology experimentation through team projects},
	journal = {ACM SIGCSE Bulletin},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1982},
	month = {1982/09//},
	pages = {38 - 40},
	isbn = {0097-8418},
	doi = {10.1145/989322.989331},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/989322.989331},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17019,
	title = {Comments from a Letter Written on July 19, 1978},
	journal = {Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981///},
	pages = {370 - 371},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17087,
	title = {Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages (abstract only)},
	journal = {ACM SIGSOC Bulletin},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981/05//},
	pages = {143 - 143},
	abstract = {Direct manipulation is a style of interaction which has been used by implementers of widely varying systems. Direct manipulation permits novice users access to powerful facilities without the burden of learning to use a complex syntax and lengthy list of commands. Display editors use direct manipulation more than line editors. Form-fill-in is more direct than tag fields and delimiters. Spatial data management is more direct than query-by-example, which is more direct than SEQUEL. Computer arcade games and Visicalc are further examples.Direct manipulation involves three interrelated techniques:1. Provide a physically direct way of moving a cursor or manipulating the objects of interest.2. Present a concrete visual representation of the objects of interest and immediately change the view to reflect operations.3. Avoid using a command language and depend? on operations applied to the cognitive model which is shown on the display.},
	isbn = {0163-5794},
	doi = {10.1145/1015579.810991},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1015579.810991},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17151,
	title = {Exploratory research on training aids for naive users of interactive systems},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 44th ASIS Annual Meeting},
	volume = {18},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981///},
	pages = {65 - 67},
	author = {Stevens,P. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17192,
	title = {Human Aspects of Computing Editor Control Flow and Data Structure Documentation: Two Experiments},
	journal = {Human factors in software development},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981///},
	pages = {365 - 365},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17197,
	title = {HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES IN DESIGNING INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS},
	journal = {Proceedings-Compcon},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981///},
	pages = {116 - 116},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17201,
	title = {Human factors studies with system message styles (abstract only)},
	journal = {ACM SIGSOC Bulletin},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981/05//},
	pages = {138{\textendash} - 138{\textendash}},
	abstract = {Computer systems often contain messages which are imprecise ({\textquoteright}SYNTAX ERROR{\textquoteright}), hostile ({\textquoteright}FATAL ERROR, RUN ABORTED{\textquoteright}), cryptic ({\textquoteright}IEH291H{\textquoteright}), or obscure ({\textquoteright}CTL DAMAGE, TRANS ERR{\textquoteright}). Such messages may be acceptable to computer professionals who regularly use a specific system, but they lead to frustration for novices and for professionals who are using new features or facilities.We have conducted five studies using COBOL compiler syntax errors and text editor command errors to measure the impact of improving the wording of system messages. The results indicate that increased specificity, more positive tone, and greater clarity can improve correction rates and user satisfaction.An overview of the experimental results will be presented along with guidelines for writing system messages.},
	isbn = {0163-5794},
	doi = {10.1145/1015579.810979},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1015579.810979},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16939,
	title = {A note on human factors issues of natural language interaction with database systems},
	journal = {Information Systems},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981///},
	pages = {125 - 129},
	abstract = {Efforts at constructing natural language computer systems have turned to implementing database query facilities. If the application domain is limited there is renewed hope for the success of natural language interfaces. This paper reviews arguments for and against such facilities, stresses research in human semantic knowledge, and emphasizes controlled psychologically oriented experimentation. The results of recent experiments are reported.},
	isbn = {0306-4379},
	doi = {10.1016/0306-4379(81)90034-X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030643798190034X},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17334,
	title = {Putting the human factor into systems development},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the eighteenth annual computer personnel research conference},
	series = {SIGCPR {\textquoteright}81},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981///},
	pages = {1 - 13},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {As the community of computer users expands beyond experienced professionals to encompass novice users with little technical training, human factors considerations must play a larger role. {\textquotedblleft}Computer shock{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}terminal terror{\textquotedblright} cannot be cured, they must be prevented by more careful human engineering during the system design phase. This paper offers four approaches to including human factors considerations during system design. These approaches focus on increasing user involvement and emphasize extensive pilot testing. Human factors cannot be added as refinements to a completed design; they must be a central concern during the initial requirements analysis and through every design stage.},
	isbn = {0-89791-044-3},
	doi = {10.1145/800051.801845},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800051.801845},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16980,
	title = {Automatic database system conversion: A transformation language approach to sub-schema implementation},
	journal = {IEEE Computer Software and Applications Conference},
	year = {1980},
	month = {1980///},
	pages = {80 - 88},
	author = {Thomas,G. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16966,
	title = {An experiment using memorization/reconstruction as a measure of programmer ability},
	journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1980},
	month = {1980/10//},
	pages = {339 - 354},
	abstract = {Measuring the abilities of programmers in a classroom or organizational setting is not a trivial task. Current approaches are not always accurate or reliable. This paper describes an experiment which provides evidence that performance on a memorization/recon- struction test can be used as a measure or predictor of programmer ability. The contribution of indentation in program comprehension is also examined.},
	isbn = {0020-7373},
	doi = {10.1016/S0020-7373(80)80047-2},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737380800472},
	author = {Di Persio,Tom and Isbister,Dan and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17182,
	title = {Hardware options, evaluation metrics, and a design sequence for interactive information systems},
	journal = {Information \& Management},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1980},
	month = {1980///},
	pages = {3 - 18},
	abstract = {Interactive information systems must satisfy a wide variety of users, serve a broad range of tasks, and be suited to diverse hardware environments. This paper concentrates on three aspects of interactive information systems design: hardware options, evaluation metrics, and a possible design sequence. Rigorous pilot studies are emphasized, and supporting experimental evidence is offered.},
	keywords = {casual users, design sequence, evaluation metrics, ferminal design, human factor, Interactive information systems},
	isbn = {0378-7206},
	doi = {10.1016/0378-7206(80)90026-9},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378720680900269},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17194,
	title = {HUMAN FACTORS EXPERIMENTS FOR REFINING INTERACTIVE SYSTEM DESIGNS},
	journal = {Proceedings-Compcon},
	volume = {21},
	year = {1980},
	month = {1980///},
	pages = {123 - 123},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17200,
	title = {Human Factors of Software Design and Development},
	journal = {Software Configuration Management},
	year = {1980},
	month = {1980///},
	pages = {67 - 67},
	author = {Weiser,M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17304,
	title = {Natural vs. precise concise languages for human operation of computers: research issues and experimental approaches},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics},
	series = {ACL {\textquoteright}80},
	year = {1980},
	month = {1980///},
	pages = {139 - 141},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	address = {Stroudsburg, PA, USA},
	abstract = {This paper raises concerns that natural language front ends for computer systems can limit a researcher{\textquoteright}s scope of thinking, yield inappropriately complex systems, and exaggerate public fear of computers. Alternative modes of computer use are suggested and the role of psychologically oriented controlled experimentation is emphasized. Research methods and recent experimental results are briefly reviewed.},
	doi = {10.3115/981436.981478},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/981436.981478},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17318,
	title = {Path expressions for complex queries and automatic database program conversion},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Very Large Data Bases - Volume 6},
	series = {VLDB {\textquoteright}80},
	year = {1980},
	month = {1980///},
	pages = {33 - 44},
	publisher = {VLDB Endowment},
	organization = {VLDB Endowment},
	abstract = {Our efforts to develop an automatic database system conversion facility yielded a powerful, yet simple query language which was designed for ease of conversion. The path expression of this query language is a convenient and appealing notation for describing complex traversals with multiple boolean qualifications. This paper describes the path expression, shows how automatic conversions can be done, introduces the boolean functions as part of the basic path expression, offers four extensions (path macros, implied path, path replacement, and path optimization), and discusses some implementation issues.},
	keywords = {data definition language, data manipulation language, Database conversion, Database systems, path expressions, program conversion, query languages, transformation language},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1286887.1286891},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Thomas,Glenn}
}
@book {17374,
	title = {Software psychology: Human factors in computer and information systems (Winthrop computer systems series)},
	year = {1980},
	month = {1980///},
	publisher = {Winthrop Publishers},
	organization = {Winthrop Publishers},
	isbn = {0876268165},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17051,
	title = {Database Program Conversion: A Framework For Research},
	booktitle = {Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, 1979},
	year = {1979},
	month = {1979/10/03/5},
	pages = {299 - 312},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	keywords = {Application software, Costs, Data conversion, Data structures, Databases, Delay, Prototypes, Technology planning, US Government, Writing},
	doi = {10.1109/VLDB.1979.718145},
	author = {Taylor,R. W and Fry,J. P and Shneiderman, Ben and Smith,D. C.P and Su,S. Y.W}
}
@article {17195,
	title = {Human Factors Experiments in Designing Interactive Systems},
	journal = {Computer},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1979},
	month = {1979/12//},
	pages = {9 - 19},
	abstract = {Successful industrial design gracefully unites esthetics and function at minimum cost. However, designers face special problems when they apply their skills to interactive computer systems.},
	keywords = {Application software, Computer languages, Design engineering, Home computing, human factors, interactive systems, Process design, Testing},
	isbn = {0018-9162},
	doi = {10.1109/MC.1979.1658571},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17389,
	title = {Syntactic/semantic interactions in programmer behavior: A model and experimental results},
	journal = {International Journal of Parallel Programming},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1979},
	month = {1979///},
	pages = {219 - 238},
	abstract = {This paper presents a cognitive framework for describing behaviors involved in program composition, comprehension, debugging, modification, and the acquisition of new programming concepts, skills, and knowledge. An information processing model is presented which includes a long-term store of semantic and syntactic knowledge, and a working memory in which problem solutions are constructed. New experimental evidence is presented to support the model of syntactic/semantic interaction.},
	isbn = {0885-7458},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00977789},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Mayer,Richard}
}
@book {17047,
	title = {Data Bases: Improving Usability and Effectiveness},
	year = {1978},
	month = {1978///},
	publisher = {Academic Press, Inc.},
	organization = {Academic Press, Inc.},
	address = {Orlando, FL, USA},
	isbn = {0126421501},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17226,
	title = {Improving the human factors aspect of database interactions},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Database Syst.},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1978},
	month = {1978/12//},
	pages = {417 - 439},
	abstract = {The widespread dissemination of computer and information systems to nontechnically trained individuals requires a new approach to the design and development of database interfaces. This paper provides the motivational background for controlled psychological experimentation in exploring the person/machine interface. Frameworks for the reductionist approach are given, research methods discussed, research issues presented, and a small experiment is offered as an example of what can be accomplished. This experiment is a comparison of natural and artificial language query facilities. Although subjects posed approximately equal numbers of valid queries with either facility, natural language users made significantly more invalid queries which could not be answered from the database that was described.},
	keywords = {Data models, Database systems, experimentation, human factors, natural language interfaces, Psychology, query languages},
	isbn = {0362-5915},
	doi = {10.1145/320289.320295},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/320289.320295},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17232,
	title = {Information policy issues: selecting a policy framework and defining the schema horizon},
	journal = {Information \& Management},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1978},
	month = {1978///},
	pages = {207 - 218},
	abstract = {Technical advances in database management systems are rebalancing organizational structures as management seeks to accommodate these powerful new tools. Managers must participate in establishing a framework for policy decisions and in setting goals for database usage. First, responsibility and authority must be delegated to management and not technical personnel. Second, the bounds of the application, called the schema horizon, should be carefully considered. This paper covers ten information policy issues within these two caregories and attempts to clarify management tasks.},
	keywords = {conceptual schema, data independence, data mode theory, data submodels, database administrator, Database management, decision making, extended set theory, external schema, functional model, internal schema, management information systems, organizational behavior, organizational design, schema},
	isbn = {0378-7206},
	doi = {10.1016/0378-7206(78)90027-7},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378720678900277},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17270,
	title = {Jump searching: a fast sequential search technique},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {21},
	year = {1978},
	month = {1978/10//},
	pages = {831 - 834},
	abstract = {When sequential file structures must be used and binary searching is not feasible, jump searching becomes an appealing alternative. This paper explores variants of the classic jump searching scheme where the optimum jump size is the square root of the number of records. Multiple level and variable size jump strategies are explored, appropriate applications are discussed and performance is evaluated.},
	keywords = {database structures, file management, index searching, jump searching, search strategies, sequential files},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/359619.359623},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/359619.359623},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17321,
	title = {Personality and programming: Time-sharing vs. batch preference},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference - Volume 2},
	series = {ACM {\textquoteright}78},
	year = {1978},
	month = {1978///},
	pages = {561 - 569},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Only within the past ten years has some attention been given to psychological concerns of human-machine interface. A review of the literature in this area reveals that personality has received the least attention, but interest is growing. If critical personality factors can be isolated and associated with particular programming tasks, such information could be a useful tool for education as well as management. The hypothesis of this exploratory study was that two personality dimensions, assertiveness and locus of control, influence a programmer{\textquoteright}s choice of batch or interactive processing for program development. Locus of control relates to the perception an individual has of his/her influence over events. Assertiveness allows an individual expression in a manner that fully communicates personal desires without infringing upon the rights of others. These two dimensions and the programmer{\textquoteright}s preference for batch or interactive mode were studied through a questionnaire survey of experienced programmers.},
	keywords = {Assertive/passive, batch processing, Locus of control, Personality, Programming, Psychology, Time sharing},
	isbn = {0-89791-000-1},
	doi = {10.1145/800178.810092},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800178.810092},
	author = {Lee,Jeanne M. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17446,
	title = {Two experimental comparisons of relational and hierarchical database models},
	journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1978},
	month = {1978/11//},
	pages = {625 - 637},
	abstract = {The data model is a central feature which characterizes and distinguishes database management systems. This paper presents two experimental comparative studies of two prominent data models; the relational and hierarchical models. Comprehension, problem solving situation and memorization tasks were performed by undergraduate subjects. Significant effects were found for the data model, presentation order, subject background and tasks.},
	isbn = {0020-7373},
	doi = {10.1016/S0020-7373(78)80024-8},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737378800248},
	author = {Brosey,Margaret and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17059,
	title = {Design, development and utilization perspectives on database management systems},
	journal = {Information Processing \& Management},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1977},
	month = {1977///},
	pages = {23 - 33},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the historical development of integrated database management systems and examines the competing approaches. Topics covered include management and utilization perspectives, implementation and design issues, query languages, security, integrity, privacy and concurrency. Extensive references are provided.},
	isbn = {0306-4573},
	doi = {10.1016/0306-4573(77)90028-0},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306457377900280},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17140,
	title = {Evaluating introductory programming textbooks: A guide for students, instructors, authors and publishers},
	booktitle = {SIGCSE {\textquoteright}77 Proceedings of the eighth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1977},
	month = {1977/02//},
	pages = {56 - 58},
	abstract = {My father counseled me not to give advice to others. Inspite of that admonition, I have an irrepressible desire to make some highly subjective, potentially pompous remarks about introductory programming language textbooks. During the past nine years I have evaluated dozens of manuscripts for eight publishers and hundreds of books for teaching term-length introductory courses in FORTRAN, BASIC, PL/I, PASCAL, COBOL and assembly languages. I have co-authored two FORTRAN texts and developed two independent study guides to programming. Each time I see a text, I make judgments by reacting to the material, rather than by comparing the material to a pre-determined set of criteria. In order to provide a {\textquotedblleft}structured{\textquotedblright} review process (no computer-science oriented paper is complete without a reference to {\textquotedblleft}structure{\textquotedblright}), I offer the following criteria for evaluating texts. This list is far from complete, but it is a beginning.},
	doi = {10.1145/382175.803434},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/382175.803434},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17147,
	title = {Experimental investigations of the utility of detailed flowcharts in programming},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1977},
	month = {1977/06//},
	pages = {373 - 381},
	abstract = {This paper describes previous research on flowcharts and a series of controlled experiments to test the utility of detailed flowcharts as an aid to program composition, comprehension, debugging, and modification. No statistically significant difference between flowchart and nonflowchart groups has been shown, thereby calling into question the utility of detailed flowcharting. A program of further research is suggested.},
	keywords = {Debugging, experimental testing, flowcharts, human factors, modification, program composition, program comprehension},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/359605.359610},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/359605.359610},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Mayer,Richard and McKay,Don and Heller,Peter}
}
@article {17289,
	title = {Measuring computer program quality and comprehension},
	journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1977},
	month = {1977/07//},
	pages = {465 - 478},
	abstract = {Judging the relative quality of computer programs and a programmer{\textquoteright}s comprehension of a given program has proven to be a difficult task. Ability to debug, modify, hand simulate execution or respond to questions about the program all have their weaknesses as comprehension metrics. This paper offers experimental evidence which supports the use of memorization/recall tasks as a further basis for judging program quality and programmer comprehension. A syntactic/semantic model of programmer behavior is presented to provide a basis for this hypothesis.},
	keywords = {cognitive psychology, commenting, memorization, modification, program design, programmer behavior, Programming, programming experiments, programming languages, RECALL, structured programming},
	isbn = {0020-7373},
	doi = {10.1016/S0020-7373(77)80014-X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002073737780014X},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17341,
	title = {Reduced combined indexes for efficient multiple attribute retrieval},
	journal = {Information Systems},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1977},
	month = {1977///},
	pages = {149 - 154},
	abstract = {Combined indexes were proposed by Lum[4] as an alternative to the traditional approach of single attribute indexes. The combined index approach is appealing for queries requiring conjunctions of attribute values since it eliminates the time consuming intersections. The penalty of wasted auxiliary storage space in the combined index approach can be minimized by adopting the Reduced Combined Index technique proposed in this paper.},
	isbn = {0306-4379},
	doi = {10.1016/0306-4379(77)90003-5},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306437977900035},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17393,
	title = {Teaching programming: A spiral approach to syntax and semantics},
	journal = {Computers \& Education},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1977},
	month = {1977///},
	pages = {193 - 197},
	abstract = {Coupling the recently proposed syntactic/semantic model of programmer behavior [1] with classic educational psychological theories yields new insights to teaching programming to novices. These new insights should make programming education more natural to students. alleviate {\textquotedblleft}computer shock{\textquotedblright} (the analog of {\textquotedblleft}math anxiety{\textquotedblright} [2]) and promote the development of widespread {\textquotedblleft}computer literacy{\textquotedblright}.The spiral approach is the parallel acquisition of syntactic and semantic knowledge in a sequence which provokes student interest by using meaningful examples, builds on previous knowledge, is in harmony with the student{\textquoteright}s cognitive skills, provides reinforcement of recently acquired material and develops confidence through successful accomplishment of increasingly difficult tasks. The relationship of structured programming and flowcharts to the spiral approach is discussed.
},
	isbn = {0360-1315},
	doi = {10.1016/0360-1315(77)90008-2},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0360131577900082},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17463,
	title = {Use of peer ratings in evaluating computer program quality},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the fifteenth annual SIGCPR conference},
	series = {SIGCPR {\textquoteright}77},
	year = {1977},
	month = {1977///},
	pages = {218 - 226},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Peer review techniques can be useful tools for supplementing programmer education, improving cooperation and communication within programming teams, and providing programmer self-evaluation. This paper will explore the benefits of peer review for practicing professional programmers and describe a framework for administration of an annual or semi-annual peer review process.},
	doi = {10.1145/800100.803247},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/800100.803247},
	author = {Anderson,Nancy and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16984,
	title = {Batched searching of sequential and tree structured files},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Database Syst.},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1976},
	month = {1976/09//},
	pages = {268 - 275},
	abstract = {The technique of batching searches has been ignored in the context of disk based online data retrieval systems. This paper suggests that batching be reconsidered for such systems since the potential reduction in processor demand may actually reduce response time. An analysis with sample numerical results and algorithms is presented.},
	keywords = {<italic>B</italic>-trees, batched searching, Data structures, Database systems, file management, Indexes, informational retrieval, sequential files, tree structures},
	isbn = {0362-5915},
	doi = {10.1145/320473.320487},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/320473.320487},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17150,
	title = {Exploratory experiments in programmer behavior},
	journal = {International Journal of Parallel Programming},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1976},
	month = {1976///},
	pages = {123 - 143},
	abstract = {The techniques of cognitive psychological experimentation can help resolve specific issues in programming and explore the broader issues of programmer behavior. This paper describes the methodological questions of such experimentation and presents two exploratory experiments: a memorization task and a comparison of the arithmetic and logical IF statements infortran.},
	isbn = {0885-7458},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00975629},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16973,
	title = {An internship in information systems: Combining computer science education with realistic problems},
	journal = {SIGCSE Bull.},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1976},
	month = {1976/07//},
	pages = {80 - 83},
	abstract = {Computer science graduates who become professional programmers will have a direct and substantial influence on the impact of applications, but little in traditional computer science training curriculum prepares them for this serious responsibility. Recognizing this situation, we designed a two term sequence for advanced undergraduates and masters students which would not only provide them with the required academic knowledge. The educational atmosphere that we tried to create resembles the internship phase followed in teacher training, medical schools, law schools, clinical psychology and other disciplines.},
	isbn = {0097-8418},
	doi = {10.1145/952991.804761},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/952991.804761},
	author = {Buck,John and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17433,
	title = {Toward a theory of encoded data structures and data translation},
	journal = {International Journal of Parallel Programming},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1976},
	month = {1976///},
	pages = {33 - 43},
	abstract = {Several models of data base systems have distinguished levels of abstraction ranging from the high-level entity set model down to the low-level physical device level. This paper presents a model for describing data encodings, an intermediate level which focuses on the relationship among data items as demonstrated by contiguity or by pointer connections. Multiple data encodings for a file are shown and transformation functions that describe the translation between data encodings are discussed.},
	isbn = {0885-7458},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00991070},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Shapiro,Stuart C.}
}
@article {17436,
	title = {Travels in computerland or incompatibilities and interfaces::, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1974},
	journal = {Information Processing \& Management},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1976},
	month = {1976///},
	pages = {230 - 230},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17016,
	title = {Cognitive psychology and programming language design},
	journal = {ACM SIGPLAN Notices},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1975},
	month = {1975/07//},
	pages = {46 - 47},
	isbn = {0362-1340},
	doi = {10.1145/987305.987314},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/987305.987314},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17148,
	title = {Experimental testing in programming languages, stylistic considerations and design techniques},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition},
	series = {AFIPS {\textquoteright}75},
	year = {1975},
	month = {1975///},
	pages = {653 - 656},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {In the early stages of the development of high-level languages, radically differing alternatives were often promulgated. Each language had a dedicated corps of adherents who advocated the primacy of their facility. Turbulent debates among the protagonists were a common affair at conferences and in the trade journals. Now as the field matures, the vehement discussions have subsided and there is a widespread recognition of the usefulness of a variety of languages. Even the proponents of a single universal language have softened their tone and have accepted the multiple language condition.},
	doi = {10.1145/1499949.1500087},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1499949.1500087},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17447,
	title = {Two Exploratory Experiments in Program Comprehension},
	year = {1975},
	month = {1975///},
	publisher = {Indiana University, Computer Science Department},
	organization = {Indiana University, Computer Science Department},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Ho,M.H.}
}
@article {17405,
	title = {The chemistry of control structures},
	journal = {ACM SIGPLAN Notices},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1974},
	month = {1974/12//},
	pages = {29 - 34},
	isbn = {0362-1340},
	doi = {10.1145/953246.953249},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/953246.953249},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16934,
	title = {A model for optimizing indexed file structures},
	journal = {International Journal of Parallel Programming},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1974},
	month = {1974///},
	pages = {91 - 101},
	abstract = {Multilevel indexes have long been used for accessing records in sorted files. Given the access cost at each level, the total cost of retrieving a record from the file can be substantially reduced by selecting the proper size of the index at each level. Organizations involving a variable number of levels are covered and binary searching is compared to sequential searching.},
	isbn = {0885-7458},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01355589},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17310,
	title = {Opportunities for data base reorganization},
	journal = {ACM SIGMOD Record},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1974},
	month = {1974/12//},
	pages = {1 - 8},
	isbn = {0163-5808},
	doi = {10.1145/983082.983083},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/983082.983083},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17383,
	title = {Structured data structures},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1974},
	month = {1974/10//},
	pages = {566 - 574},
	abstract = {Programming systems which permit arbitrary linked list structures enable the user to create complicated structures without sufficient protection. Deletions can result in unreachable data elements, and there is no guarantee that additions will be performed properly. To remedy this situation, this paper proposes a Data Structure Description and Manipulation Language which provides for the creation of a restricted class of data structures but ensures the correctness of the program. This is accomplished by an explicit structure declaration facility, a restriction on the permissible operations, and execution-time checks.},
	keywords = {data base management system, Data structures, structured programming},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/355620.361170},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/355620.361170},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Scheuermann,Peter}
}
@article {17171,
	title = {Flowchart techniques for structured programming},
	journal = {ACM SIGPLAN Notices},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1973},
	month = {1973/08//},
	pages = {12 - 26},
	abstract = {With the advent of structured programming and GOTO-less programming a method is needed to model computation in simply ordered structures, each representing a complete thought possibly defined in terms of other thoughts as yet undefined. A model is needed which prevents unrestricted transfers of control and has a control structure closer to languages amenable to structured programming. We present an attempt at such a model.},
	isbn = {0362-1340},
	doi = {10.1145/953349.953350},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/953349.953350},
	author = {Nassi,I. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17311,
	title = {Optimum data base reorganization points},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1973},
	month = {1973/06//},
	pages = {362 - 365},
	abstract = {In certain data base organization schemes the cost per access may increase due to structural inefficiencies caused by update. By reorganizing the data base the cost per access may be reduced. However, the high cost of a reorganization prohibits frequent reorganizations. This paper examines strategies for selecting the optimum reorganization points.},
	keywords = {data base, files, Information retrieval, reorganization},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/362248.362267},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/362248.362267},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17411,
	title = {The Elements of FORTRAN Style: Techniques for Effective Programming},
	year = {1972},
	month = {1972///},
	publisher = {Harcourt Brace College Publishers},
	organization = {Harcourt Brace College Publishers},
	isbn = {0155221566},
	author = {Kreitzberg,Charles B and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16927,
	title = {A graph theoretic model of data structures},
	journal = {SIGIR Forum},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1972},
	month = {1972/12//},
	pages = {36 - 44},
	abstract = {The widespread development of large shared data bases has proceeded mainly on empirical notions. Only in the past few years have there been attempts at formalizing the underlying concepts into a theory of data structures. The present models have been founded on the well-established mathematical theories of sets, relations and graphs, but few descriptions have been sufficiently developed to meet the needs of a complete theory of data structures. The set theoretic formalism offered by Childs(1) or Schwartz(2) or the relational model by Codd(3) are useful but fail to give a complete description of the complex structures found in modern data bases. The graph theoretic concepts found in papers by Harary and Hsiao(4) and Earley(5) are more appealing but need further elaboration. This paper is an attempt to develop a graph theoretic model into a useful formalism for describing and manipulating data structures.},
	isbn = {0163-5840},
	doi = {10.1145/1095495.1095499},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1095495.1095499},
	author = {Heller,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17028,
	title = {Computer science education and social relevance},
	journal = {ACM SIGCSE Bulletin},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1971},
	month = {1971/03//},
	pages = {21 - 24},
	abstract = {The rise of computer science as a theoretical discipline should not be allowed to proceed without promoting the study of the social implications and applications of the field. This paper describes an undergraduate course whose primary goal is to foster an understanding of how computers can be used for socially relevant purposes. The students were required to propose and execute a project which could benefit people directly. The projects are described and suggestions for further work are given.The rapid rise of Computer Science as a major field of university study is unprecedented. In 25 years digital computers have risen from a laboratory experiment to a full-fledged academic discipline. Most major universities have created Departments of Computer Science and offer advanced degrees.},
	isbn = {0097-8418},
	doi = {10.1145/873674.873677},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/873674.873677},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
