@article {16970,
	title = {An exploratory evaluation of three interfaces for browsing large hierarchical tables of contents},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Inf. Syst.},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994/10//},
	pages = {383 - 406},
	abstract = {Three different interfaces were used to browse a large (1296 items) table of contents. A fully expanded stable interface, expand/contract interface, and multipane interface were studied in a between-groups experiment with 41 novice participants. Nine timed fact retrieval tasks were performed; each task is analyzed and discussed separately. We found that both the expand/contract and multipane interfaces produced significantly faster times than the stable interface for many tasks using this large hierarchy; other advantages of the expand/contract and multipane interfaces over the stable interface are discussed. The animation characteristics of the expand/contract interface appear to play a major role. Refinements to the multipane and expand/contract interfaces are suggested. A predictive model for measuring navigation effort of each interface is presented.},
	keywords = {Browsing, hierarchies, table of contents, User interfaces},
	isbn = {1046-8188},
	doi = {10.1145/185462.185483},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/185462.185483},
	author = {Chimera,Richard and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
