2: Language from a computational perspective - What is computation? o Recognition o Analysis o Transformation o Maintenance of state o Behavior o Building systems - What level of abstraction are we at? o Representations and processes + Grammar formalisms + Information abstractions o Data structures and algorithms + Parsing + Inductive learning + Re-estimation + Parallel algorithms o Data types and procedures + Languages for working with language + Character encoding standards + Part-of-speech tag sets + Re-usable software and data - How is the computation organized? o Debates about modularity o Iteration and recursion o Stopping conditions - How long does it take? o Formal complexity results o Manual vs. automatic vs. semi-automated processing o Portability o The impact of quantitative methods - What constitutes a result or contribution? o Theoretical contributions o Empirical contributions o Applications + Enabling tasks + End-user applications