| Relationship Type |
Example |
Where Normalized |
| Syntactic variation |
The gangster killed at least 3 innocent bystanders. vs. At least 3 innocent bystanders were killed by the gangster. |
IL0 |
| Lexical synonymy |
The toddler sobbed, and he attempted to console her. vs. The baby wailed, and he tried to comfort her. |
IL1 |
| Morphological derivation |
I was surprised that he destroyed the old house. vs. I was surprised by his destruction of the old house. |
IL2 |
| Clause subordination vs. anaphorically linked sentences |
This is Joe’s new car, which he bought in New York. vs. This is Joe’s new car. He bought it in New York. |
IL2 |
| Different argument realizations |
Bob enjoys playing with his kids. vs. Playing with his kids pleases Bob. |
IL2 |
| Noun-noun phrases |
She loves velvet dresses. vs. She loves dresses made of velvet. |
IL2 |
| Head switching |
Mike Mussina excels at pitching. vs. Mike Mussina pitches well. vs. Mike Mussina is a good pitcher. |
IL2 |
| Overlapping meanings |
Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic Ocean. vs. Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic Ocean by plane. |
IL2 |
| Comparatives vs. superlatives |
He’s smarter than everybody else. vs. He’s the smartest one. |
Not normalized yet |
| Different sentence types |
Who composed the Brandenburg Concertos? vs. Tell me who composed the Brandenburg Concertos. |
Not normalized yet |
| Inverse relationship |
Only 20% of the participants arrived on time. vs. Most of the participants arrived late. |
Not normalized yet |
| Inference |
The tight end caught the ball in the end zone. vs. The tight end scored a touchdown. |
Not normalized yet |
| Viewpoint variation |
The U.S.-led invasion/liberation/occupation of Iraq . . .; You’re getting in the way. vs. I’m only trying to help. |
Not normalized yet |
| Discourse Structure |
John stepped on a banana. He broke his leg. vs John broke his leg because he stepped on a banana |
IL 3? |
| Equivalent subordinations (?) |
I went to school, but I didn't do any work vs. Although I went to school, I didn't do any work |
Not normalized yet |
| Translation Errors |
the engineer of the elevated train (wrong) vs. the engineer in the elevated civil service track (correct) |
Never normalized |