A study of unpredictability in fault-tolerant middleware

TitleA study of unpredictability in fault-tolerant middleware
Publication TypeJournal Articles
Year of Publication2013
AuthorsDumitras T, Narasimhan P
JournalComputer Networks
Volume57
Issue3
Pagination682 - 698
Date Published2013/02/26/
ISBN Number1389-1286
KeywordsFault tolerance, latency, Middleware, Remote procedure call, Unpredictability
Abstract

In enterprise applications relying on fault-tolerant middleware, it is a common engineering practice to establish service-level agreements (SLAs) based on the 95th or the 99th percentiles of the latency, to allow a margin for unexpected variability. However, the extent of this unpredictability has not been studied systematically. We present an extensive empirical study of unpredictability in 16 distributed systems, ranging from simple transport protocols to fault-tolerant, middleware-based enterprise applications, and we show that the inherent unpredictability in the systems examined arises from at most 1% of the remote invocations. In the normal, fault-free operating mode most remote invocations have a predictable end-to-end latency, but the maximum latency follows unpredictable trends and is comparable with the time needed to recover from a fault. The maximum latency is not influenced by the system’s workload, cannot be regulated through configuration parameters and is not correlated with the system’s resource consumption. The high-latency outliers (up to three orders of magnitude higher than the average latency) have multiple causes and may originate in any component of the system. However, after filtering out 1% of the invocations with the highest recorded response-times, the latency becomes bounded with high statistical confidence (p < 0.01). We have verified this result on different operating systems (Linux 2.4, Linux 2.6, Linux-rt, TimeSys), middleware platforms (CORBA and EJB), programming languages (C, C++ and Java), replication styles (active and warm passive) and applications (e-commerce and online gaming). Moreover, this phenomenon occurs at all the layers of middleware-based systems, from the communication protocols to the business logic.

URLhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128612003696
Short TitleComputer Networks