%0 Journal Article %J Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on %D 2005 %T Data hiding in curves with application to fingerprinting maps %A Gou,Hongmei %A M. Wu %K (mathematics); %K algorithm; %K alignment-minimization %K B-spline %K CONTROL %K curve %K data %K detection; %K edge %K embedding; %K encapsulation; %K fingerprint %K geospatial %K hiding %K identification; %K image %K iterative %K method; %K methods; %K minimisation; %K point; %K protection; %K registration; %K sequence; %K spectrum %K splines %K spread %K watermarking; %X This paper presents a new data hiding method for curves. The proposed algorithm parameterizes a curve using the B-spline model and adds a spread spectrum sequence to the coordinates of the B-spline control points. In order to achieve robust fingerprint detection, an iterative alignment-minimization algorithm is proposed to perform curve registration and to deal with the nonuniqueness of B-spline control points. Through experiments, we demonstrate the robustness of the proposed data-hiding algorithm against various attacks, such as collusion, cropping, geometric transformations, vector/raster-raster/vector conversions, printing-and-scanning, and some of their combinations. We also show the feasibility of our method for fingerprinting topographic maps as well as writings and drawings. %B Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on %V 53 %P 3988 - 4005 %8 2005/10// %@ 1053-587X %G eng %N 10 %R 10.1109/TSP.2005.855411