@article {18287,
	title = {Unicity Distance of Robust Image Hashing},
	journal = {Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/09//},
	pages = {462 - 467},
	abstract = {An image hash is a randomized compact representation of image content and finds applications in image authentication, image and video watermarking, and image similarity comparison. Usually, an image-hashing scheme is required to be robust and secure, and the security issue is particularly important in applications, such as multimedia authentication, watermarking, and fingerprinting. In this paper, we investigate the security of image hashing from the perspective of unicity distance, a concept pioneered by Shannon in one of his seminal papers. Using two recently proposed image-hashing schemes as representatives, we show that the concept of unicity distance can be adapted to evaluate the security of image hashing. Our analysis shows that the secret hashing key, or its equivalent form, can be estimated with high accuracy when the key is reused several dozen times. The estimated unicity distance determines the maximum number of key reuses in the investigated hashing schemes. A countermeasure of randomized key initialization is discussed to avoid key reuse and strengthen the security of robust image hashing.},
	keywords = {authentication;image, authentication;randomized, coding;image, compact, comparison;multimedia, content;image, data;, distance;watermarking;image, fingerprinting;image, hashing;unicity, image, initialization;robust, key, of, representation;randomized, representation;security, similarity},
	isbn = {1556-6013},
	doi = {10.1109/TIFS.2007.902260},
	author = {Mao,Yinian and M. Wu}
}
@conference {18226,
	title = {Image Tampering Identification using Blind Deconvolution},
	booktitle = {Image Processing, 2006 IEEE International Conference on},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/10//},
	pages = {2309 - 2312},
	abstract = {Digital images have been used in growing number of applications from law enforcement and surveillance, to medical diagnosis and consumer photography. With such widespread popularity and the presence of low-cost image editing softwares, the integrity of image content can no longer be taken for granted. In this paper, we propose a novel technique based on blind deconvolution to verify image authenticity. We consider the direct output images of a camera as authentic, and introduce algorithms to detect further processing such as tampering applied to the image. Our proposed method is based on the observation that many tampering operations can be approximated as a combination of linear and non-linear components. We model the linear part of the tampering process as a filter, and obtain its coefficients using blind deconvolution. These estimated coefficients are then used to identify possible manipulations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed image authentication technique and compare our results with existing works},
	keywords = {(access, approximation;blind, authentication;image, coding;, compression;deconvolution;filtering, control);data, deconvolution;camera;consumer, diagnosis;surveillance;tampering, editing, identification;approximation, images;filter, photography;digital, process;image, softwares;medical, theory;biometrics, theory;image},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.2006.312848},
	author = {Swaminathan,A. and M. Wu and Liu,K. J.R}
}
@conference {18290,
	title = {Watermarking for image authentication},
	booktitle = {Image Processing, 1998. ICIP 98. Proceedings. 1998 International Conference on},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998/10//},
	pages = {437 -441 vol.2 - 437 -441 vol.2},
	abstract = {A data embedding method is proposed for image authentication based on table look-up in frequency domain. A visually meaningful watermark and a set of simple features are embedded invisibly in the marked image, which can be stored in the compressed form. The scheme can detect and localize alterations of the original image, such as the tampering of images exported from a digital camera},
	keywords = {alterations, analysis;image, analysis;message, authentication;image, authentication;table, camera;frequency, coding;image, colour, compression;frequency-domain, detection;alterations, domain;image, EMBEDDING, image, image;compressed, image;ownership, localisation;color, look-up;watermarking;data, lookup;, method;digital, protection;table, storage;data, tampering;marked},
	doi = {10.1109/ICIP.1998.723413},
	author = {M. Wu and Liu,Bede}
}
