@booklet {19456,
	title = {Making infrastructure visible: a case study of home networking},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/06/24/},
	abstract = {In this dissertation, I examine how making infrastructure visible affects users{\textquoteright} engagement with that infrastructure, through the case study of home networking. I present empirical evidence of the visibility issues that home networks present to users and how these results informed the design of a prototype called Kermit to visualize aspects of the home network. Through my implementation and evaluation of Kermit, I derive implications for making infrastructure visible in ways that enable end-users to manage and understand the systems they use everyday. I conclude with suggestions for future work for making home networks, and infrastructure more generally, more visible.},
	keywords = {Home computer networks, home networking, Human computer interaction, Human-computer interaction, infrastructure, Inspectability, Local area networks (Computer networks), visibility},
	doi = {Dissertation},
	url = {https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/41152},
	author = {Marshini Chetty}
}
@conference {12452,
	title = {Towards view-invariant expression analysis using analytic shape manifolds},
	booktitle = {2011 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face \& Gesture Recognition and Workshops (FG 2011)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/03/21/25},
	pages = {306 - 313},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Facial expression analysis is one of the important components for effective human-computer interaction. However, to develop robust and generalizable models for expression analysis one needs to break the dependence of the models on the choice of the coordinate frame of the camera i.e. expression models should generalize across facial poses. To perform this systematically, one needs to understand the space of observed images subject to projective transformations. However, since the projective shape-space is cumbersome to work with, we address this problem by deriving models for expressions on the affine shape-space as an approximation to the projective shape-space by using a Riemannian interpretation of deformations that facial expressions cause on different parts of the face. We use landmark configurations to represent facial deformations and exploit the fact that the affine shape-space can be studied using the Grassmann manifold. This representation enables us to perform various expression analysis and recognition algorithms without the need for the normalization as a preprocessing step. We extend some of the available approaches for expression analysis to the Grassmann manifold and experimentally show promising results, paving the way for a more general theory of view-invariant expression analysis.},
	keywords = {Databases, Deformable models, Face, face recognition, facial expression analysis, Geometry, Gold, Human-computer interaction, Manifolds, projective transformation, Riemannian interpretation, SHAPE, view invariant expression analysis},
	isbn = {978-1-4244-9140-7},
	doi = {10.1109/FG.2011.5771415},
	author = {Taheri, S. and Turaga,P. and Chellapa, Rama}
}
@article {17397,
	title = {Temporal Summaries: Supporting Temporal Categorical Searching, Aggregation and Comparison},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009/12//Nov},
	pages = {1049 - 1056},
	abstract = {When analyzing thousands of event histories, analysts often want to see the events as an aggregate to detect insights and generate new hypotheses about the data. An analysis tool must emphasize both the prevalence and the temporal ordering of these events. Additionally, the analysis tool must also support flexible comparisons to allow analysts to gather visual evidence. In a previous work, we introduced align, rank, and filter (ARF) to accentuate temporal ordering. In this paper, we present temporal summaries, an interactive visualization technique that highlights the prevalence of event occurrences. Temporal summaries dynamically aggregate events in multiple granularities (year, month, week, day, hour, etc.) for the purpose of spotting trends over time and comparing several groups of records. They provide affordances for analysts to perform temporal range filters. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach in two extensive case studies with analysts who applied temporal summaries to search, filter, and look for patterns in electronic health records and academic records.},
	keywords = {Aggregates, Collaborative work, Computational Biology, Computer Graphics, Data analysis, data visualisation, Data visualization, Databases, Factual, Displays, Event detection, Filters, Heparin, History, Human computer interaction, Human-computer interaction, HUMANS, Information Visualization, Interaction design, interactive visualization technique, Medical Records Systems, Computerized, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Performance analysis, Springs, temporal categorical data visualization, temporal categorical searching, temporal ordering, temporal summaries, Thrombocytopenia, Time factors},
	isbn = {1077-2626},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2009.187},
	author = {Wang,T. D and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben and Spring, Neil and Roseman,D. and Marchand,G. and Mukherjee,V. and Smith,M.}
}
@article {17475,
	title = {Users can change their web search tactics: Design guidelines for categorized overviews},
	journal = {Information Processing \& Management},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/03//},
	pages = {463 - 484},
	abstract = {Categorized overviews of web search results are a promising way to support user exploration, understanding, and discovery. These search interfaces combine a metadata-based overview with the list of search results to enable a rich form of interaction. A study of 24 sophisticated users carrying out complex tasks suggests how searchers may adapt their search tactics when using categorized overviews. This mixed methods study evaluated categorized overviews of web search results organized into thematic, geographic, and government categories. Participants conducted four exploratory searches during a 2-hour session to generate ideas for newspaper articles about specified topics such as {\textquotedblleft}human smuggling.{\textquotedblright} Results showed that subjects explored deeper while feeling more organized, and that the categorized overview helped subjects better assess their results, although no significant differences were detected in the quality of the article ideas. A qualitative analysis of searcher comments identified seven tactics that participants reported adopting when using categorized overviews. This paper concludes by proposing a set of guidelines for the design of exploratory search interfaces. An understanding of the impact of categorized overviews on search tactics will be useful to web search researchers, search interface designers, information architects and web developers.},
	keywords = {categorization, Categorized overviews, Categorized search results, Exploratory search, Human-computer interaction, information seeking, Search result visualization, Search user interfaces, Web search},
	isbn = {0306-4573},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ipm.2007.07.014},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457307001574},
	author = {Kules,Bill and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17203,
	title = {Human Responsibility for Autonomous Agents},
	journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/04//March},
	pages = {60 - 61},
	abstract = {Automated or autonomous systems can sometimes fail harmlessly, but they can also destroy data, compromise privacy, and consume resources, such as bandwidth or server capacity. What{\textquoteright}s more troubling is that automated systems embedded in vital systems can cause financial losses, destruction of property, and loss of life. Controlling these dangers will increase trust while enabling broader use of these systems with higher degrees of safety. Obvious threats stem from design errors and software bugs, but we can{\textquoteright}t overlook mistaken assumptions by designers, unanticipated actions by humans, and interference from other computerized systems. This article is part of a special issue on Interacting with Autonomy.},
	keywords = {Automatic control, Autonomous agents, autonomous systems, Bandwidth, Computer bugs, Computer errors, Control systems, data privacy, Human-computer interaction, HUMANS, Robots, Safety, Software design},
	isbn = {1541-1672},
	doi = {10.1109/MIS.2007.32},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17406,
	title = {The craft of information visualization: readings and reflections},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	organization = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	abstract = {Since the beginning of the computer age, researchers from many disciplines have sought to facilitate people{\textquoteright}s use of computers and to provide ways for scientists to make sense of the immense quantities of data coming out of them. One gainful result of these efforts has been the field of information visualization, whose technology is increasingly applied in scientific research, digital libraries, data mining, financial data analysis, market studies, manufacturing production control, and data discovery.This book collects 38 of the key papers on information visualization from a leading and prominent research lab, the University of Maryland{\textquoteright}s Human-Computer Interaction Lab (HCIL). Celebrating HCIL{\textquoteright}s 20th anniversary, this book presents a coherent body of work from a respected community that has had many success stories with its research and commercial spin-offs. Each chapter contains an introduction specifically written for this volume by two leading HCI researchers, to describe the connections among those papers and reveal HCIL{\textquoteright}s individual approach to developing innovations.*Presents key ideas, novel interfaces, and major applications of information visualization tools, embedded in inspirational prototypes.*Techniques can be widely applied in scientific research, digital libraries, data mining, financial data analysis, business market studies, manufacturing production control, drug discovery, and genomic studies.*Provides an "insider" view to the scientific process and evolution of innovation, as told by the researchers themselves.*This work comes from the prominent and high profile University of Maryland{\textquoteright}s Human Computer Interaction Lab},
	keywords = {Computers / Computer Graphics, Computers / Computer Science, Computers / Digital Media / Desktop Publishing, Computers / General, Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction, Computers / User Interfaces, Human-computer interaction, Information Visualization, Science / General, User-centered system design},
	isbn = {9781558609150},
	author = {Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17277,
	title = {Leonardo{\textquoteright}s Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/09/01/},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	abstract = {2003 IEEE-USAB Award for Distinguished Literary Contributions Furthering Public Understanding of the Profession. and Selected as a Finalist in the category of Computer/Internet in the 2002 Independent Publisher Book Awards (IPPYs) presented by Independent Publisher MagazineBen Shneiderman{\textquoteright}s book dramatically raises computer users{\textquoteright} expectations of what they should get from technology. He opens their eyes to new possibilities and invites them to think freshly about future technology. He challenges developers to build products that better support human needs and that are usable at any bandwidth. Shneiderman proposes Leonardo da Vinci as an inspirational muse for the "new computing." He wonders how Leonardo would use a laptop and what applications he would create.Shneiderman shifts the focus from what computers can do to what users can do. A key transformation is to what he calls "universal usability," enabling participation by young and old, novice and expert, able and disabled. This transformation would empower those yearning for literacy or coping with their limitations. Shneiderman proposes new computing applications in education, medicine, business, and government. He envisions a World Wide Med that delivers secure patient histories in local languages at any emergency room and thriving million-person communities for e-commerce and e-government. Raising larger questions about human relationships and society, he explores the computer{\textquoteright}s potential to support creativity, consensus-seeking, and conflict resolution. Each chapter ends with a Skeptic{\textquoteright}s Corner that challenges assumptions about trust, privacy, and digital divides.},
	keywords = {Computers / Data Processing, Computers / Data Processing / General, Computers / Data Processing / Storage \& Retrieval, Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction, Computers / System Administration / Storage \& Retrieval, Electronic data processing, Human-computer interaction, Technological forecasting, Technology \& Engineering / Social Aspects},
	isbn = {9780262692991},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17009,
	title = {CHI@20: fighting our way from marginality to power},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}02 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}02},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {688 - 691},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {The Special Interest Group on Computer Human Interaction (SIGCHI) has had a successful history of 20 years of growth in its numbers and influence. To help guide the continued evolution of the academic discipline and professional community, we invite several senior members to offer their visions for what the field of CHI actually accomplished over the past several decades, and what do we still need to accomplish? What do we need to do differently/ better/smarter? What haven{\textquoteright}t we tried because the technology, the money or the will wasn{\textquoteright}t there in the past, but perhaps is now.The CHI field is more than just technology. We understand that our work can have a profound effect on individuals, families, neighborhoods, corporations, and countries. We know that we can influence education, commerce, healthcare, and government. How can we contribute to bridging the digital divides in developed and developing countries? What agendas can we offer for the academic, research, industrial, and civic spheres for the next 20 years? How can we be more ambitious? How can we truly serve human needs.},
	keywords = {education, future vision, Human-computer interaction, practice, professional, THEORY, usability engineering},
	isbn = {1-58113-454-1},
	doi = {10.1145/506443.506548},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506548},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Card,Stuart and Norman,Donald A. and Tremaine,Marilyn and Waldrop,M. Mitchell}
}
@article {17312,
	title = {Ordered and quantum treemaps: Making effective use of 2D space to display hierarchies},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002/10//},
	pages = {833 - 854},
	abstract = {Treemaps, a space-filling method for visualizing large hierarchical data sets, are receiving increasing attention. Several algorithms have been previously proposed to create more useful displays by controlling the aspect ratios of the rectangles that make up a treemap. While these algorithms do improve visibility of small items in a single layout, they introduce instability over time in the display of dynamically changing data, fail to preserve order of the underlying data, and create layouts that are difficult to visually search. In addition, continuous treemap algorithms are not suitable for displaying fixed-sized objects within them, such as images.This paper introduces a new "strip" treemap algorithm which addresses these shortcomings, and analyzes other "pivot" algorithms we recently developed showing the trade-offs between them. These ordered treemap algorithms ensure that items near each other in the given order will be near each other in the treemap layout. Using experimental evidence from Monte Carlo trials and from actual stock market data, we show that, compared to other layout algorithms, ordered treemaps are more stable, while maintaining relatively favorable aspect ratios of the constituent rectangles. A user study with 20 participants clarifies the human performance benefits of the new algorithms. Finally, we present quantum treemap algorithms, which modify the layout of the continuous treemap algorithms to generate rectangles that are integral multiples of an input object size. The quantum treemap algorithm has been applied to PhotoMesa, an application that supports browsing of large numbers of images.},
	keywords = {hierarchies, Human-computer interaction, image browsers, Information Visualization, jazz, ordered treemaps, treemaps, TREES, zoomable user interfaces (ZUIs).},
	isbn = {0730-0301},
	doi = {10.1145/571647.571649},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/571647.571649},
	author = {Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben and Wattenberg,Martin}
}
@article {17036,
	title = {Creating creativity: user interfaces for supporting innovation},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000/03//},
	pages = {114 - 138},
	abstract = {A challenge for human-computer interaction researchers and user interf ace designers is to construct information technologies that support creativity. This ambitious goal can be attained by building on an adequate understanding of creative processes. This article offers a four-phase framework for creativity that might assist designers in providing effective tools for users: (1)Collect: learn from provious works stored in libraries, the Web, etc.; (2) Relate: consult with peers and mentors at early, middle, and late stages, (3)Create: explore, compose, evaluate possible solutions; and (4) Donate: disseminate the results and contribute to the libraries. Within this integrated framework, this article proposes eight  activities that require human-computer interaction research and advanced user interface design. A scenario about an architect illustrates the process of creative work within such an environment.},
	keywords = {creativity support tools, direct manipulation, Graphical user interfaces, Human-computer interaction, Information Visualization},
	isbn = {1073-0516},
	doi = {10.1145/344949.345077},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/344949.345077},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16922,
	title = {A Family of User Interface Consistency Checking Tools},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995///},
	abstract = {Incorporating evaluation metrics with GUI development tools will help designers create consistent interfaces in the future. Complexity in design of interfaces makes efficient evaluation impossible by a single consistency checking evaluation tool. Our focus is on developing a family of evaluation tools in order to make the evaluation process less cumbersome. We have developed a dialog box typeface and color table to facilitate detection of anomalies in color, font, font size, and font style. Concordance tools have been developed to spot variant capitalization and abbreviations globally in the interface and specifically in the button widgets. As buttons are frequently used widgets, a button layout table has been created to spot any inconsistencies in height, width and relative position between a given group of buttons if present. Finally, a terminology basket tool has been created to identify unwanted synonyms of computer related terms used in the interface which may be misleading to the end user.},
	keywords = {automated metrics, concordance tools, consistency checking tools, Human-computer interaction, spatial, Systems Integration Methodology, textual evaluation tools, user interface},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5640},
	author = {Mahajan,Rohit and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17379,
	title = {Split menus: effectively using selection frequency to organize menus},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994/03//},
	pages = {27 - 51},
	abstract = {When some items in a menu are selected more frequently than others, as is often the case, designers or individual users may be able to speed performance and improve preference ratings by placing several high-frequency items at the top of the menu. Design guidelines for split menus were developed and applied. Split menus were implemented and tested in two in situ usability studies and a controlled experiment. In the usability studies performance times were reduced by 17 to 58\% depending on the site and menus. In the controlled experiment split menus were significantly faster than alphabetic menus and yielded significantly higher subjective preferences. A possible resolution to the continuing debate among cognitive theorists about predicting menu selection times is  offered. We conjecture and offer evidence that, at least when selecting items from pull-down menus, a logarithmic model applies to familiar (high-frequency) items, and a linear model to unfamiliar (low-frequency) items.},
	keywords = {Human-computer interaction, menus, selection frequency, split menus, user interface},
	isbn = {1073-0516},
	doi = {10.1145/174630.174632},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/174630.174632},
	author = {Sears,Andrew and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16956,
	title = {Alpha Slider: Searching Textual Lists with Sliders},
	journal = {Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	abstract = {AlphaSlider is a query interface that uses a direct manipulation slider to select words, phrases, or names from an existing list. This paper introduces a prototype of AlphaSlider, describes the design issues, reports on an experimental evaluation, and offers directions for further research. The experiment tested 24 subjects selecting items from lists of 40, 80, 160, and 320 entries. Mean selection times only doubled with the 8-fold increase in list length. Users quickly accommodated to this selection method.},
	keywords = {direct manipulation, Human-computer interaction, keyboard data entry, sliders, Systems Integration, touchscreen},
	url = {http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5397},
	author = {Osada,M. and Liao,Holmes and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@book {17376,
	title = {Sparks of innovation in human-computer interaction},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993///},
	publisher = {Intellect Books},
	organization = {Intellect Books},
	abstract = {These key papers from the 10th anniversary of the Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory (HCIL) at the University of Maryland, exemplify different research methodologies, and show the maturation of human-computer interaction research. The first section introduces how HCIL does what they do, including some of their failures and background stories that are not appropriate for journal papers. This book is a tribute to the faculty, staff, visitors, and students who have shared in a decade of work.},
	keywords = {Computers / Interactive \& Multimedia, Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction, Human-computer interaction},
	isbn = {9781567500783},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
