@conference {12105, title = {A case study of measuring process risk for early insights into software safety}, booktitle = {Software Engineering (ICSE), 2011 33rd International Conference on}, year = {2011}, month = {2011/05//}, pages = {623 - 632}, abstract = {In this case study, we examine software safety risk in three flight hardware systems in NASA{\textquoteright}s Constellation spaceflight program. We applied our Technical and Process Risk Measurement (TPRM) methodology to the Constellation hazard analysis process to quantify the technical and process risks involving software safety in the early design phase of these projects. We analyzed 154 hazard reports and collected metrics to measure the prevalence of software in hazards and the specificity of descriptions of software causes of hazardous conditions. We found that 49-70\% of 154 hazardous conditions could be caused by software or software was involved in the prevention of the hazardous condition. We also found that 12-17\% of the 2013 hazard causes involved software, and that 23-29\% of all causes had a software control. The application of the TRPM methodology identified process risks in the application of the hazard analysis process itself that may lead to software safety risk.}, keywords = {analysis;software, and, computing;risk, constellation, control;software, Hardware, maintenance;, measurement;aerospace, measurement;software, NASA, process, program;TPRM;flight, risk, safety;technical, spaceflight, systems;process}, doi = {10.1145/1985793.1985881}, author = {Layman,L. and Basili, Victor R. and Zelkowitz, Marvin V and Fisher,K.L.} } @conference {13123, title = {Context and observation driven latent variable model for human pose estimation}, booktitle = {Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2008. CVPR 2008. IEEE Conference on}, year = {2008}, month = {2008/06//}, pages = {1 - 8}, abstract = {Current approaches to pose estimation and tracking can be classified into two categories: generative and discriminative. While generative approaches can accurately determine human pose from image observations, they are computationally expensive due to search in the high dimensional human pose space. On the other hand, discriminative approaches do not generalize well, but are computationally efficient. We present a hybrid model that combines the strengths of the two in an integrated learning and inference framework. We extend the Gaussian process latent variable model (GPLVM) to include an embedding from observation space (the space of image features) to the latent space. GPLVM is a generative model, but the inclusion of this mapping provides a discriminative component, making the model observation driven. Observation Driven GPLVM (OD-GPLVM) not only provides a faster inference approach, but also more accurate estimates (compared to GPLVM) in cases where dynamics are not sufficient for the initialization of search in the latent space. We also extend OD-GPLVM to learn and estimate poses from parameterized actions/gestures. Parameterized gestures are actions which exhibit large systematic variation in joint angle space for different instances due to difference in contextual variables. For example, the joint angles in a forehand tennis shot are function of the height of the ball (Figure 2). We learn these systematic variations as a function of the contextual variables. We then present an approach to use information from scene/objects to provide context for human pose estimation for such parameterized actions.}, keywords = {estimation;, estimation;image, Gaussian, gestures;pose, latent, learning;parameterized, model;human, observations;integrated, pose, process, processes;gesture, processing;pose, recognition;image, tracking;Gaussian, variable}, doi = {10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587511}, author = {Gupta,A. and Chen,T. and Chen,F. and Kimber,D. and Davis, Larry S.} } @article {18431, title = {Software process improvement in small organizations: a case study}, journal = {Software, IEEE}, volume = {22}, year = {2005}, month = {2005/12//nov}, pages = {68 - 75}, abstract = {The Capability Maturity Model for software has become a major force in software development process improvement. We looked at the role of process improvement in the context of a small organization. Although the Capability Maturity Model integration is replacing the CMM, we focused on the older CMM. We had to look at more than which CMM key process areas apply to small businesses. Our overall goal was to institute good software development practices, we used the language of the CMM to gain the management{\textquoteright}s cooperation. Applying these practices is essential to managing growth, yet undertaking this effort without prior experience could impede a small company{\textquoteright}s innovative nature. This case study{\textquoteright}s purpose was to investigate the success factors of a software process improvement effort for a small software development organization.}, keywords = {area;, aspects;, capability, CMM, development, improvement;, key, management;, Maturity, model;, organisational, organization;, process, small, software}, isbn = {0740-7459}, doi = {10.1109/MS.2005.162}, author = {Dangle,K.C. and Larsen,P. and Shaw,M. and Zelkowitz, Marvin V} } @article {12133, title = {Experience in implementing a learning software organization}, journal = {Software, IEEE}, volume = {19}, year = {2002}, month = {2002/06//may}, pages = {46 - 49}, abstract = {In an effort to improve software development and acquisition processes and explicitly reuse knowledge from previous software projects, DaimlerChrysler created a software experience center (SEC). The authors report on challenges the company faced in creating the SEC}, keywords = {ACQUISITION, center;software, centres;project, DaimlerChrysler;explicit, development, experience, improvement;, improvement;automobile, industry;computer, knowledge, management;software, organization;previous, process, processes;software, projects;software, reuse;learning, software}, isbn = {0740-7459}, doi = {10.1109/MS.2002.1003453}, author = {Schneider,K. and von Hunnius,J.-P. and Basili, Victor R.} } @article {18426, title = {SEL{\textquoteright}s software process improvement program}, journal = {Software, IEEE}, volume = {12}, year = {1995}, month = {1995/11//}, pages = {83 - 87}, abstract = {We select candidates for process change on the basis of quantified Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL) experiences and clearly defined goals for the software. After we select the changes, we provide training and formulate experiment plans. We then apply the new process to one or more production projects and take detailed measurements. We assess process success by comparing these measures with the continually evolving baseline. Based upon the results of the analysis, we adopt, discard, or revise the process}, keywords = {baseline;detailed, engineering, engineering;, evolving, improvement, Laboratory;continually, measurements;experiment, plans;production, process, program;software, projects;training;software, SEL, software}, isbn = {0740-7459}, doi = {10.1109/52.469763}, author = {Basili, Victor R. and Zelkowitz, Marvin V and McGarry,F. and Page,J. and Waligora,S. and Pajerski,R.} } @article {18434, title = {Standards-are software engineering process standards really necessary?}, journal = {Computer}, volume = {25}, year = {1992}, month = {1992/11//}, pages = {82 - 84}, abstract = {The need for software engineering process standards-as opposed to product standards-is discussed from two different viewpoints. M.V. Zelkowitz states that process standards are generally written as policy statements on how to conduct certain processes. As such, they give the framework of the underlying model, but not enough guidance to specify details. They are fuzzy and hard to implement, and they make conformance testing extremely difficult. F.J. Buckley responds to several significant issues raised in Zelkowitz{\textquoteright}s arguments}, keywords = {conformance, engineering, engineering;standards;, process, standards;software, statements;product, testing;policy}, isbn = {0018-9162}, doi = {10.1109/2.166422}, author = {Zelkowitz, Marvin V and Buckley,F.J.} }