@conference {17306,
	title = {NetVisia: Heat Map \& Matrix Visualization of Dynamic Social Network Statistics \& Content},
	booktitle = {Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust (PASSAT), 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on and 2011 IEEE Third International Confernece on Social Computing (SocialCom)},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011/10/09/11},
	pages = {19 - 26},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Visualizations of static networks in the form of node-link diagrams have evolved rapidly, though researchers are still grappling with how best to show evolution of nodes over time in these diagrams. This paper introduces NetVisia, a social network visualization system designed to support users in exploring temporal evolution in networks by using heat maps to display node attribute changes over time. NetVisia{\textquoteright}s novel contributions to network visualizations are to (1) cluster nodes in the heat map by similar metric values instead of by topological similarity, and (2) align nodes in the heat map by events. We compare NetVisia to existing systems and describe a formative user evaluation of a NetVisia prototype with four participants that emphasized the need for tool tips and coordinated views. Despite the presence of some usability issues, in 30-40 minutes the user evaluation participants discovered new insights about the data set which had not been discovered using other systems. We discuss implemented improvements to NetVisia, and analyze a co-occurrence network of 228 business intelligence concepts and entities. This analysis confirms the utility of a clustered heat map to discover outlier nodes and time periods.},
	keywords = {business intelligence concept, business intelligence entity, competitive intelligence, data visualisation, dynamic networks, dynamic social network, heat map, Heating, Image color analysis, Information Visualization, Layout, matrix visualization, measurement, NetVisia system, network evolution, network visualization, node-link diagrams, outlier node, social network content, Social network services, social network statistics, social networking (online), social networks, static network visualization, time period, topological similarity, Training, usability, user evaluation, User interfaces},
	isbn = {978-1-4577-1931-8},
	doi = {10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.216},
	author = {Gove,R. and Gramsky,N. and Kirby,R. and Sefer,E. and Sopan,A. and Dunne,C. and Shneiderman, Ben and Taieb-Maimon,M.}
}
@conference {17369,
	title = {Social discovery framework: building capacity and seeking solutions},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ACM conference on Creativity and cognition},
	series = {C\&$\#$38;C {\textquoteright}11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011///},
	pages = {307 - 308},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {While journalists often portray discovery as the thrilling insight of a brilliant individual, many discoveries require years of work by competing and collaborating teams. Often large amounts of foundational work are necessary and dialogs among participants help clarify goals. The Social Discovery Framework suggests that (1) there are important processes in building capacity and then seeking solutions and (2) those that initiate requests are often as important as those who seek solutions. The implications of the Social Discovery Framework are that improved social tools to build capacity, initiate requests, and support dialog would accelerate the discovery process as much as the more visible tools for individuals seeking solutions.},
	keywords = {Collaboration, collective intelligence, community, creativity support tools, crowdsourcing, search, social discovery, User interfaces},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-0820-5},
	doi = {10.1145/2069618.2069669},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2069618.2069669},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17250,
	title = {Interactive Entity Resolution in Relational Data: A Visual Analytic Tool and Its Evaluation},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008/10//Sept},
	pages = {999 - 1014},
	abstract = {Databases often contain uncertain and imprecise references to real-world entities. Entity resolution, the process of reconciling multiple references to underlying real-world entities, is an important data cleaning process required before accurate visualization or analysis of the data is possible. In many cases, in addition to noisy data describing entities, there is data describing the relationships among the entities. This relational data is important during the entity resolution process; it is useful both for the algorithms which determine likely database references to be resolved and for visual analytic tools which support the entity resolution process. In this paper, we introduce a novel user interface, D-Dupe, for interactive entity resolution in relational data. D-Dupe effectively combines relational entity resolution algorithms with a novel network visualization that enables users to make use of an entity{\textquoteright}s relational context for making resolution decisions. Since resolution decisions often are interdependent, D-Dupe facilitates understanding this complex process through animations which highlight combined inferences and a history mechanism which allows users to inspect chains of resolution decisions. An empirical study with 12 users confirmed the benefits of the relational context visualization on the performance of entity resolution tasks in relational data in terms of time as well as users{\textquoteright} confidence and satisfaction.},
	keywords = {algorithms, Computer Graphics, D-Dupe, data visualisation, database management systems, Databases, Factual, graphical user interface, Graphical user interfaces, human-centered computing, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Information Storage and Retrieval, Information Visualization, interactive entity resolution, relational context visualization, Relational databases, relational entity resolution algorithm, User interfaces, user-centered design, User-Computer Interface, visual analytic tool},
	isbn = {1077-2626},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2008.55},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Getoor, Lise and Shneiderman, Ben and Bilgic,M. and Licamele,L.}
}
@article {15411,
	title = {Designing and comparing automated test oracles for GUI-based software applications},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/02//},
	abstract = {Test designers widely believe that the overall effectiveness and cost of software testing depends largely on the type and number of test cases executed on the software. This article shows that the test oracle, a mechanism that determines whether a software is executed correctly for a test case, also significantly impacts the fault detection effectiveness and cost of a test case. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs), which have become ubiquitous for interacting with today{\textquoteright}s software, have created new challenges for test oracle development. Test designers manually {\textquotedblleft}assert{\textquotedblright} the expected values of specific properties of certain GUI widgets in each test case; during test execution, these assertions are used as test oracles to determine whether the GUI executed correctly. Since a test case for a GUI is a sequence of events, a test designer must decide: (1) what to assert; and (2) how frequently to check an assertion, for example, after each event in the test case or after the entire test case has completed execution. Variations of these two factors significantly impact the fault-detection ability and cost of a GUI test case. A technique to declaratively specify different types of automated GUI test oracles is described. Six instances of test oracles are developed and compared in an experiment on four software systems. The results show that test oracles do affect the fault detection ability of test cases in different and interesting ways: (1) Test cases significantly lose their fault detection ability when using {\textquotedblleft}weak{\textquotedblright} test oracles; (2) in many cases, invoking a {\textquotedblleft}thorough{\textquotedblright} oracle at the end of test case execution yields the best cost-benefit ratio; (3) certain test cases detect faults only if the oracle is invoked during a small {\textquotedblleft}window of opportunity{\textquotedblright} during test execution; and (4) using thorough and frequently-executing test oracles can compensate for not having long test cases.},
	keywords = {Graphical user interfaces, GUI state, GUI testing, test oracles, User interfaces, widgets},
	isbn = {1049-331X},
	doi = {10.1145/1189748.1189752},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1189748.1189752},
	author = {Xie,Qing and Memon, Atif M.}
}
@article {12036,
	title = {A Language for Human Action},
	journal = {Computer},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/05//},
	pages = {42 - 51},
	abstract = {Human-centered computing (HCC) involves conforming computer technology to humans while naturally achieving human-machine interaction. In a human-centered system, the interaction focuses on human requirements, capabilities, and limitations. These anthropocentric systems also focus on the consideration of human sensory-motor skills in a wide range of activities. This ensures that the interface between artificial agents and human users accounts for perception and action in a novel interaction paradigm. In turn, this leads to behavior understanding through cognitive models that allow content description and, ultimately, the integration of real and virtual worlds. Our work focuses on building a language that maps to the lower-level sensory and motor languages and to the higher-level natural language. An empirically demonstrated human activity language provides sensory-motor-grounded representations for understanding human actions. A linguistic framework allows the analysis and synthesis of these actions.},
	keywords = {anthropocentric system, artificial agent, Artificial intelligence, cognitive model, Concrete, Databases, human action, human activity language, Human computer interaction, human factors, human sensory-motor skill, human-centered computing, human-machine interaction, HUMANS, Intelligent sensors, linguistic framework, linguistics, Mirrors, Morphology, natural language, natural languages, Neurons, Power system modeling, user interface, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0018-9162},
	doi = {10.1109/MC.2007.154},
	author = {Guerra-Filho,G. and Aloimonos, J.}
}
@article {16077,
	title = {NetLens: Iterative Exploration of Content-Actor Network Data},
	journal = {Information VisualizationInformation Visualization},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/03/20/},
	pages = {18 - 31},
	abstract = {Networks have remained a challenge for information retrieval and visualization because of the rich set of tasks that users want to accomplish. This paper offers an abstract Content-Actor network data model, a classification of tasks, and a tool to support them. The NetLens interface was designed around the abstract Content-Actor network data model to allow users to pose a series of elementary queries and iteratively refine visual overviews and sorted lists. This enables the support of complex queries that are traditionally hard to specify. NetLens is general and scalable in that it applies to any data set that can be represented with our abstract data model. This paper describes the use of NetLens with a subset of the ACM Digital Library consisting of about 4000 papers from the CHI conference written by about 6000 authors, and reports on a usability study with nine participants.},
	keywords = {content-actor network data, digital library, incremental data exploration, iterative query refinement, User interfaces},
	isbn = {1473-8716, 1473-8724},
	doi = {10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500143},
	url = {http://ivi.sagepub.com/content/6/1/18},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Plaisant, Catherine and Lee,Bongshin and Bederson, Benjamin B.}
}
@article {17153,
	title = {Exploring personal media: A spatial interface supporting user-defined semantic regions},
	journal = {Journal of Visual Languages \& Computing},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/06//},
	pages = {254 - 283},
	abstract = {Graphical mechanisms for spatially organizing personal media data could enable users to fruitfully apply their conceptual models. This paper introduces Semantic regions, an innovative way for users to construct display representations of their conceptual models by drawing regions on 2D space and specifying the semantics for each region. Then users can apply personal categorizations to personal media data using the fling-and-flock metaphor. This allows personal media to be dragged to the spatially organized display and automatically grouped according to time, geography, family trees, groups of friends, or other spatially organized display representations of conceptual models. The prototype implementation for semantic regions, MediaFinder, was refined based on two small usability tests for usage and construction of user-defined conceptual models.},
	keywords = {dynamic queries, Fling-and-flock, Personal media management, Spatial information management, User interfaces},
	isbn = {1045-926X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvlc.2006.01.001},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045926X06000048},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17189,
	title = {Hierarchical Layouts for Photo Libraries},
	journal = {IEEE Multimedia},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/12//Oct},
	pages = {62 - 72},
	abstract = {We use an annotated digital photo collection to demonstrate a two-level auto-layout technique consisting of a central primary region with secondary regions surrounding it. Because the object sizes within regions can only be changed in discrete units, we refer to them as quantum content. Our real-time algorithms enable a compelling interactive display as users resize the canvas, or move and resize the primary region},
	keywords = {annotated digital photo collection, auto-layout technique, bi-level hierarchies, Computer science, data visualisation, digital libraries, document image processing, Information Visualization, interactive algorithms, interactive displays, Libraries, Lifting equipment, Organization Charts, photo collections, photo layouts, photo library, Photography, quantum content, Silver, Springs, User interfaces, Web pages},
	isbn = {1070-986X},
	doi = {10.1109/MMUL.2006.83},
	author = {Kustanowitz,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17272,
	title = {Knowledge discovery in high-dimensional data: case studies and a user survey for the rank-by-feature framework},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/06//May},
	pages = {311 - 322},
	abstract = {Knowledge discovery in high-dimensional data is a challenging enterprise, but new visual analytic tools appear to offer users remarkable powers if they are ready to learn new concepts and interfaces. Our three-year effort to develop versions of the hierarchical clustering explorer (HCE) began with building an interactive tool for exploring clustering results. It expanded, based on user needs, to include other potent analytic and visualization tools for multivariate data, especially the rank-by-feature framework. Our own successes using HCE provided some testimonial evidence of its utility, but we felt it necessary to get beyond our subjective impressions. This paper presents an evaluation of the hierarchical clustering explorer (HCE) using three case studies and an e-mail user survey (n=57) to focus on skill acquisition with the novel concepts and interface for the rank-by-feature framework. Knowledgeable and motivated users in diverse fields provided multiple perspectives that refined our understanding of strengths and weaknesses. A user survey confirmed the benefits of HCE, but gave less guidance about improvements. Both evaluations suggested improved training methods},
	keywords = {case study, Computer aided software engineering, Computer Society, Data analysis, data mining, data visualisation, Data visualization, database management systems, e-mail user survey, Genomics, Helium, Hierarchical Clustering Explorer, hierarchical clustering explorer., high-dimensional data, Histograms, Information visualization evaluation, interactive systems, interactive tool, knowledge discovery, multivariate data, Rank-by-feature framework, Scattering, Testing, user interface, User interfaces, user survey, visual analytic tools, visual analytics, visualization tools},
	isbn = {1077-2626},
	doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2006.50},
	author = {Seo,Jinwook and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {16951,
	title = {A Visual Interface for Multivariate Temporal Data: Finding Patterns of Events across Multiple Histories},
	booktitle = {Visual Analytics Science And Technology, 2006 IEEE Symposium On},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/11/31/Oct. },
	pages = {167 - 174},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Finding patterns of events over time is important in searching patient histories, Web logs, news stories, and criminal activities. This paper presents PatternFinder, an integrated interface for query and result-set visualization for search and discovery of temporal patterns within multivariate and categorical data sets. We define temporal patterns as sequences of events with inter-event time spans. PatternFinder allows users to specify the attributes of events and time spans to produce powerful pattern queries that are difficult to express with other formalisms. We characterize the range of queries PatternFinder supports as users vary the specificity at which events and time spans are defined. Pattern Finder{\textquoteright}s query capabilities together with coupled ball-and-chain and tabular visualizations enable users to effectively query, explore and analyze event patterns both within and across data entities (e.g. patient histories, terrorist groups, Web logs, etc.)},
	keywords = {ball-and-chain visualization, Chromium, Computer science, Data analysis, data visualisation, Data visualization, Database languages, event pattern discovery, Graphical user interfaces, History, Information Visualization, Medical treatment, multivariate temporal data, Pattern analysis, pattern recognition, PatternFinder integrated interface, Query processing, query visualization, result-set visualization, Spatial databases, tabular visualization, temporal pattern discovery, temporal pattern searching, Temporal query, user interface, User interfaces, visual databases, visual interface},
	isbn = {1-4244-0591-2},
	doi = {10.1109/VAST.2006.261421},
	author = {Fails,J. A and Karlson,A. and Shahamat,L. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17258,
	title = {Interactive sonification of choropleth maps},
	journal = {IEEE Multimedia},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/06//April},
	pages = {26 - 35},
	abstract = {Auditory information is an important channel for the visually impaired. Effective sonification (the use of non-speech audio to convey information) promotes equal working opportunities for people with vision impairments by helping them explore data collections for problem solving and decision making. Interactive sonification systems can make georeferenced data accessible to people with vision impairments. The authors compare methods for using sound to encode georeferenced data patterns and for navigating maps.},
	keywords = {audio signal processing, audio user interfaces, Auditory (non-speech) feedback, auditory information, cartography, choropleth maps, data collections, decision making, Evaluation, Feedback, georeferenced data, Guidelines, handicapped aids, Hardware, HUMANS, information resources, interaction style, Interactive sonification, interactive systems, Navigation, nonspeech audio, problem solving, Problem-solving, sound, universal usability, US Government, User interfaces, vision impairments, World Wide Web},
	isbn = {1070-986X},
	doi = {10.1109/MMUL.2005.28},
	author = {Zhao,Haixia and Smith,B. K and Norman,K. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17288,
	title = {Meaningful presentations of photo libraries: rationale and applications of bi-level radial quantum layouts},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, 2005. JCDL {\textquoteright}05},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/06/07/11},
	pages = {188 - 196},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Searching photo libraries can be made more satisfying and successful if search results are presented in a way that allows users to gain an overview of the photo categories. Since photo layouts on computer displays are the primary way that users get an overview, we propose a novel approach to show more photos in meaningful groupings. Photo layouts can be linear strips, or zoomable three dimensional arrangements, but the most common form is the two-dimensional grid. This paper introduces a novel bi-level hierarchical layout with motivating examples. In a bilevel hierarchy, one region is designated for primary content - an image, text, or combination. Adjacent to that region, groups of photos are placed radially in an ordered fashion, such that the relationship of the single primary region to its many secondary regions is apparent. A compelling aspect is the interactive experience in which the layout is dynamically resized, allowing users to rapidly, incrementally, and reversibly alter the dimensions and content. It can accommodate hundreds of photos in dozens of regions, can be customized in a corner or center layout, and can scale from an element on a web page to a large poster size. On typical displays (1024 times 1280 or 1200 times 1600 pixels), bi-level radial quantum layouts can conveniently accommodate 2-20 regions with tens or hundreds of photos per region},
	keywords = {1024 pixel, 1200 pixel, 1280 pixel, 1310720 pixel, 1600 pixel, 1920000 pixel, Application software, bi-level radial quantum layouts, Computer displays, Computer science, digital libraries, Educational institutions, Image retrieval, Layout, layout generation, Lifting equipment, linear strips, Permission, photo layouts, photo library searching, photo management, Photography, Quantum computing, software libraries, Strips, two-dimensional grid, User interfaces, visual databases, visual presentation, zoomable three dimensional arrangements},
	isbn = {1-58113-876-8},
	doi = {10.1145/1065385.1065431},
	author = {Kustanowitz,J. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17359,
	title = {Show Me! Guidelines for producing recorded demonstrations},
	booktitle = {2005 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/09/20/24},
	pages = {171 - 178},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Although recorded demonstrations (screen capture animations with narration) have become a popular form of instruction for user interfaces, little work has been done to describe guidelines for their design. Based on our experience in several projects, we offer a starting set of guidelines for the design of visually appealing and cognitively effective recorded demonstrations. Technical guidelines encourage users to keep file sizes small, strive for universal usability, and ensure user control etc. and provide tips to achieve those goals. Content guidelines include: create short demonstrations that focus on tasks, highlight each step with auditory and visual cues, synchronize narration and animation carefully, and create demonstrations with a clear beginning, middle, and end.},
	keywords = {animation, auditory cues, Computer aided instruction, Computer animation, Computer Graphics, Computer interfaces, computer literacy, content guidelines, documentation, Government, Graphical user interfaces, Guidelines, Laboratories, narration, recorded demonstrations, screen capture animation, technical guidelines, usability, User interfaces, visual appeal, visual cues},
	isbn = {0-7695-2443-5},
	doi = {10.1109/VLHCC.2005.57},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17444,
	title = {Turning information visualization innovations into commercial products: lessons to guide the next success},
	booktitle = {IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2005. INFOVIS 2005},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005/10/23/25},
	pages = {241 - 244},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {As information visualization matures as an academic research field, commercial spinoffs are proliferating, but success stories are harder to find. This is the normal process of emergence for new technologies, but the panel organizers believe that there are certain strategies that facilitate success. To teach these lessons, we have invited several key figures who are seeking to commercialize information visualization tools. The panelists make short presentations, engage in a moderated discussion, and respond to audience questions.},
	keywords = {Books, commercial development, commercial product, Computer interfaces, Computer science, data visualisation, Data visualization, Educational institutions, exploratory data analysis, information visualization innovation, information visualization tool, innovation management, Laboratories, Management training, new technology emergence, Technological innovation, technology transfer, Turning, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0-7803-9464-X},
	doi = {10.1109/INFVIS.2005.1532153},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Rao,R. and Andrews,K. and Ahlberg,C. and Brodbeck,D. and Jewitt,T. and Mackinlay,J.}
}
@article {18460,
	title = {Accelerated speech source localization via a hierarchical search of steered response power},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/09//},
	pages = {499 - 508},
	abstract = {Accurate and fast localization of multiple speech sound sources is a problem that is of significant interest in applications such as conferencing systems. Recently, approaches that are based on search for local peaks of the steered response power are becoming popular, despite their known computational expense. Based on the observation that the wavelengths of the sound from a speech source are comparable to the dimensions of the space being searched and that the source is broadband, we have developed an efficient search algorithm. Significant speedups are achieved by using coarse-to-fine strategies in both space and frequency. We present applications of the search algorithm to speed up simple delay-and-sum beamforming and steered response power phase-transform weighted (SRP-PHAT) source localization algorithms. A systematic series of comparisons with previous algorithms are made that show that the technique is much faster, robust, and accurate. The performance of the algorithm can be further improved by using constraints from computer vision.},
	keywords = {accelerated speech source localization, Acceleration, array signal processing, conferencing system, Delay, delay-and-sum beamforming, direction-of-arrival estimation, Frequency, hierarchical search algorithm, Inverse problems, multimedia applications, Multimedia communication, multiple speech sound source, Position measurement, Robustness, search problems, Sensor arrays, Signal processing algorithms, speech, speech enhancement, Speech processing, steered response power, steered response power phase-transform weighted source localization algorithm, transducer arrays, User interfaces},
	isbn = {1063-6676},
	doi = {10.1109/TSA.2004.832990},
	author = {Zotkin,Dmitry N and Duraiswami, Ramani}
}
@conference {17159,
	title = {Facilitating understanding of information visualizations: emerging principles and examples},
	booktitle = {Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2004. IV 2004. Proceedings},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/07/14/16},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Summary form only given. The enthusiasm for information visualization has generated a wide variety of interesting tools for multi-dimensional, hierarchical, and other kinds of visualizations. However, some designs are readily accepted as understandable and useful, while others are perceived as confusing and useless. Controlled studies have begun to sort of some of the issues, but the insights of designers and usability tests are contributing interesting cognitive hypotheses for researchers and practical guidelines for developers. This paper offers examples of what works and what doesn{\textquoteright}t with a preliminary set of principles that might have wide applicability.},
	keywords = {Computer science, data visualisation, Educational institutions, Guidelines, hierarchical visualization, HUMANS, Information Visualization, Laboratories, multidimensional visualization, Portable computers, Testing, usability, User interfaces, Visualization},
	isbn = {0-7695-2177-0},
	doi = {10.1109/IV.2004.1320117},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {18459,
	title = {Rendering localized spatial audio in a virtual auditory space},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Multimedia},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004/08//},
	pages = {553 - 564},
	abstract = {High-quality virtual audio scene rendering is required for emerging virtual and augmented reality applications, perceptual user interfaces, and sonification of data. We describe algorithms for creation of virtual auditory spaces by rendering cues that arise from anatomical scattering, environmental scattering, and dynamical effects. We use a novel way of personalizing the head related transfer functions (HRTFs) from a database, based on anatomical measurements. Details of algorithms for HRTF interpolation, room impulse response creation, HRTF selection from a database, and audio scene presentation are presented. Our system runs in real time on an office PC without specialized DSP hardware.},
	keywords = {-D audio processing, 3-D audio processing, Audio databases, audio signal processing, audio user interfaces, augmented reality, data sonification, Digital signal processing, head related transfer functions, head-related transfer function, Interpolation, Layout, perceptual user interfaces, Real time systems, Rendering (computer graphics), Scattering, spatial audio, Transfer functions, User interfaces, virtual audio scene rendering, virtual auditory spaces, virtual environments, Virtual reality, virtual reality environments},
	isbn = {1520-9210},
	doi = {10.1109/TMM.2004.827516},
	author = {Zotkin,Dmitry N and Duraiswami, Ramani and Davis, Larry S.}
}
@conference {17291,
	title = {MediaFinder: an interface for dynamic personal media management with semantic regions},
	booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}03 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI EA {\textquoteright}03},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003///},
	pages = {764 - 765},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Computer users deal with large amounts of personal media often face problems in managing and exploring it. This paper presents Semantic Regions, rectangular regions that enable users to specify their semantics or mental models, and the MediaFinder application, which uses Semantic Regions as the basis of a personal media management tool.},
	keywords = {dynamic queries, Fling-and-flock, Personal media management, spatial information organization, User interfaces},
	isbn = {1-58113-637-4},
	doi = {10.1145/765891.765977},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765977},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17508,
	title = {Why not make interfaces better than 3D reality?},
	journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003/12//Nov},
	pages = {12 - 15},
	abstract = {Many constrained interfaces are designed to be simpler than the real world by restricting movement, limiting interface actions, and keeping interface objects in a plane. However, the strong utility of pure 3D interfaces for medical, architectural, product design, and scientific visualization means that interface design for pure 3D remains an important challenge. An intriguing possibility is that enhanced 3D interfaces might offer simpler navigation, more compelling functionality, safer movements, and less occlusion, than 3D reality, especially for information exploration and visualization tasks. Such features can enable superhuman capabilities such as faster-than-light teleportation, flying through objects, and X-ray vision. Enhanced 3D interfaces might have supernatural tools such as magic wands for instantly shrinking, enlarging, duplicating, or sending objects and enchanted environments that provide error prevention, history keeping, and programming-by-demonstration. Playful game designers and creative application developers have already pushed the technology further than those who seek merely to mimic reality. Advanced designs are marked by their support of rapid situation awareness through effective overviews, reduced numbers of actions to accomplish tasks; and prompt, meaningful feedback for user actions. This article reviews these clever enhanced 3D-design features and encourages approaches that facilitate user tasks rather than mimic reality.},
	keywords = {3D interfaces, 3D reality, Atmosphere, Avatars, Cities and towns, Collaboration, Computer displays, Computer Graphics, error prevention, history keeping, information exploration, Information Visualization, movements, Navigation, occlusion, overviews, programming-by-demonstration, rapid situation awareness, Testing, usability, user action feedback, User interfaces, Virtual reality, Visualization},
	isbn = {0272-1716},
	doi = {10.1109/MCG.2003.1242376},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17098,
	title = {Dynamic layout management in a multimedia bulletin board},
	booktitle = {IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments, 2002. Proceedings},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {51 - 53},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {This paper proposes a novel user interface to manage the dynamic layout of multimedia objects in the Multimedia Bulletin Board (MBB) system. The MBB has been designed and implemented as a prototype of an asynchronous communication system that enables rich communication and collaboration among users of multimedia objects such as text, image, moving picture, sound, voice, Web, office document, and other files. The layout properties of the multimedia objects on a board (e.g. x-y position, size, z-order, explicit and implicit links, etc.) show important and useful information on the user dynamics occurring within a board. However, a fixed layout created and edited by multiple users may prevent users from recognizing and identifying other information. This paper resolves this problem with a novel user-controlled layout strategy made visible with dynamic layout templates (DLT). Users can reorganize the objects to extract meaningful information related to time, source, geographic location, or topic.},
	keywords = {Asynchronous communication, asynchronous communication system, Collaboration, data mining, dynamic layout management, dynamic layout templates, groupware, Human computer interaction, image, Information services, Laboratories, moving picture, Multimedia Bulletin Board system, multimedia computing, Multimedia databases, multimedia objects, multimedia systems, office document, Prototypes, sound, text, user interface, User interfaces, user-controlled layout strategy, voice, Web, Web pages},
	isbn = {0-7695-1644-0},
	doi = {10.1109/HCC.2002.1046344},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben and Wolff,G. J}
}
@conference {17227,
	title = {Improving Web-based civic information access: a case study of the 50 US states},
	booktitle = {2002 International Symposium on Technology and Society, 2002. (ISTAS{\textquoteright}02)},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002///},
	pages = {275 - 282},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {An analysis of the home pages of all fifty US states reveals great variety in key design features that influence efficacy. Some states had excessively large byte counts that would slow users connected by commonly-used 56 K modems. Many web sites had low numbers of or poorly organized links that would make it hard for citizens to find what they were interested in. Features such as search boxes, privacy policies, online help, or contact information need to be added by several states. Our analysis concludes with ten recommendations and finds many further opportunities for individual states to improve their Websites. However still greater benefits will come through collaboration among the states that would lead to consistency, appropriate tagging, and common tools.},
	keywords = {Computer aided software engineering, Computer science, contact information, Educational institutions, government data processing, Guidelines, home page design features, information resources, Laboratories, Modems, Navigation, online help, privacy, privacy policies, search boxes, Tagging, Uniform resource locators, US states, USA, User interfaces, Web sites, Web-based civic information access},
	isbn = {0-7803-7284-0},
	doi = {10.1109/ISTAS.2002.1013826},
	author = {Ceaparu,I. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17101,
	title = {Dynamic queries and brushing on choropleth maps},
	booktitle = {Fifth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2001. Proceedings},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001///},
	pages = {757 - 764},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Users who must combine demographic, economic or other data in a geographic context are often hampered by the integration of tabular and map representations. Static, paper-based solutions limit the amount of data that can be placed on a single map or table. By providing an effective user interface, we believe that researchers, journalists, teachers, and students can explore complex data sets more rapidly and effectively. This paper presents Dynamaps, a generalized map-based information visualization tool for dynamic queries and brushing on choropleth maps. Users can use color coding to show a variable on each geographic region, and then filter out areas that do not meet the desired criteria. In addition, a scatterplot view and a details-on-demand window support overviews and specific fact-finding},
	keywords = {brushing, business, cartography, choropleth maps, color coding, colour graphics, complex data sets, Computational Intelligence Society, Computer science, data visualisation, Data visualization, demographic data, Demography, Dynamaps, dynamic queries, economic data, Educational institutions, geographic information system, geographic information systems, Joining processes, map representations, map-based information visualization, Query processing, Scattering, scatterplot view, tabular representations, user interface, User interfaces, World Wide Web},
	isbn = {0-7695-1195-3},
	doi = {10.1109/IV.2001.942141},
	author = {Dang,G. and North,C. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {18463,
	title = {An audio-video front-end for multimedia applications},
	booktitle = {2000 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {786-791 vol.2 - 786-791 vol.2},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Applications such as video gaming, virtual reality, multimodal user interfaces and videoconferencing, require systems that can locate and track persons in a room through a combination of visual and audio cues, enhance the sound that they produce, and perform identification. We describe the development of a particular multimodal sensor fusion system that is portable, runs in real time and achieves these objectives. The system employs novel algorithms for acoustical source location, video-based person tracking and overall system control, which are also described},
	keywords = {Acoustic noise, acoustical source location, Application software, audio cues, audio-video front-end, CAMERAS, Computer vision, Microphones, multimedia applications, multimedia systems, multimodal sensor fusion system, multimodal user interfaces, Position measurement, REAL TIME, Real time systems, real-time systems, sensor fusion, sound, Speech recognition, User interfaces, video cameras, video gaming, video-based person tracking, Videoconference, videoconferencing, Virtual reality, visual cues, Working environment noise},
	isbn = {0-7803-6583-6},
	doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2000.885945},
	author = {Zotkin,Dmitry N and Duraiswami, Ramani and Davis, Larry S. and Haritaoglu,I.}
}
@conference {16919,
	title = {A comparison of voice controlled and mouse controlled web browsing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies},
	series = {Assets {\textquoteright}00},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {72 - 79},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {human-computer, interaction, User interfaces, voice browsers, voice recognition, web browsing},
	isbn = {1-58113-313-8},
	doi = {10.1145/354324.354345},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/354324.354345},
	author = {Christian,Kevin and Kules,Bill and Shneiderman, Ben and Youssef,Adel}
}
@conference {12197,
	title = {Domain name based visualization of Web histories in a zoomable user interface},
	booktitle = {11th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2000. Proceedings},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {591 - 598},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Users of hypertext systems like the World Wide Web (WWW) often find themselves following hypertext links deeper and deeper, only to find themselves {\textquotedblleft}lost{\textquotedblright} and unable to find their way back to the previously visited pages. We have implemented a Web browser companion called Domain Tree Browser (DTB) that builds a tree structured visual navigation history while browsing the Web. The Domain Tree Browser organizes the URLs visited based on the domain name of each URL and shows thumbnails of each page in a zoomable window},
	keywords = {Computer science, data visualisation, domain name, domain name based visualization, Domain Tree Browser, Educational institutions, History, hypermedia, hypertext links, hypertext systems, information resources, Navigation, online front-ends, thumbnails, Tree graphs, tree structured visual navigation history, Uniform resource locators, URLs, User interfaces, Visualization, Web browser companion, Web histories, Web pages, World Wide Web, zoomable user interface, zoomable window},
	isbn = {0-7695-0680-1},
	doi = {10.1109/DEXA.2000.875085},
	author = {Gandhi,R. and Kumar,G. and Bederson, Benjamin B. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17156,
	title = {Extending understanding of federal statistics in tables},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2000 annual national conference on Digital government research},
	series = {dg.o {\textquoteright}00},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1 - 7},
	publisher = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	organization = {Digital Government Society of North America},
	abstract = {This paper describes progress toward improving user interfaces for US Federal government statistics that are presented in tables. Based on studies of user behaviors and needs related to statistical tables, we describe interfaces to assist diverse users with a range of statistical literacy to explore, find, understand, and use US Federal government statistics.},
	keywords = {data exploration, dynamic queries, Statistics, tablular data, User interfaces},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1123075.1123079},
	author = {Marchionini,Gary and Hert,Carol and Liddy,Liz and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17498,
	title = {Visualization methods for personal photo collections: browsing and searching in the PhotoFinder},
	booktitle = {2000 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2000. ICME 2000},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000///},
	pages = {1539-1542 vol.3 - 1539-1542 vol.3},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Software tools for personal photo collection management are proliferating, but they usually have limited searching and browsing functions. We implemented the PhotoFinder prototype to enable non-technical users of personal photo collections to search and browse easily. PhotoFinder provides a set of visual Boolean query interfaces, coupled with dynamic query and query preview features. It gives users powerful search capabilities. Using a scatter plot thumbnail display and drag-and-drop interface, PhotoFinder is designed to be easy to use for searching and browsing photos},
	keywords = {Browsing, Computer science, digital photo library, Displays, drag-and-drop interface, dynamic query, Educational institutions, Filters, Histograms, Image retrieval, personal computing, personal photo collections, photo collection management, PhotoFinder, Prototypes, query preview, scatter plot thumbnail display, Scattering, searching, software libraries, software tools, User interfaces, visual Boolean query interfaces, visual databases, Visualization, visualization methods},
	isbn = {0-7803-6536-4},
	doi = {10.1109/ICME.2000.871061},
	author = {Kang,Hyunmo and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17080,
	title = {Developing the next generation of Earth science data systems: the Global Land Cover Facility},
	booktitle = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1999. IGARSS {\textquoteright}99 Proceedings. IEEE 1999 International},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999///},
	pages = {616-618 vol.1 - 616-618 vol.1},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {A recent initiative by NASA has resulted in the formation of a federation of Earth science data partners. These Earth Science Information Partners (ESIPs) have been tasked with creating novel Earth science data products and services as well as distributing new and existing data sets to the Earth science community and the general public. The University of Maryland established its ESIP activities with the creation of the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF). This joint effort of the Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS) and the Department of Geography has developed an operational data archiving and distribution system aimed at advancing current land cover research efforts. The success of the GLCF is tied closely to assessing user needs as well. As the timely delivery of data products to the research community. This paper discusses the development and implementation of a web-based interface that allows users to query the authors{\textquoteright} data holdings and perform user requested processing tasks on demand. The GLCF takes advantage of a scaleable, high performance computing architecture for the manipulation of very large remote sensing data sets and the rapid spatial indexing of multiple format data types. The user interface has been developed with the cooperation of the Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory (HCIL) and demonstrates advances in spatial and temporal querying tools as well as the ability to overlay multiple raster and vector data sets. Their work provides one perspective concerning how critical earth science data may be handled in the near future by a coalition of distributed data centers},
	keywords = {Computer architecture, data archiving, data distribution system, Data systems, Distributed computing, Earth science data products, Earth science data system, ESIP, geographic information system, geographic information systems, Geography, geophysical measurement technique, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, Geoscience, GIS, GLCF, Global Land Cover Facility, High performance computing, Indexing, information service, Information services, Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, land cover, NASA, next generation, PACS, Remote sensing, terrain mapping, UMIACS, University of Maryland, User interfaces, web-based interface},
	isbn = {0-7803-5207-6},
	doi = {10.1109/IGARSS.1999.773583},
	author = {Lindsay,F.E. and Townshend,J.R.G. and JaJa, Joseph F. and Humphries,J. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17209,
	title = {Human-centered computing, online communities, and virtual environments},
	journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999/12//Nov},
	pages = {70 - 74},
	abstract = {This report summarizes results of the first EC/NSF joint Advanced Research Workshop, which identified key research challenges and opportunities in information technology. The group agreed that the first joint research workshop should concentrate on the themes of human-centered computing and VEs. Human-centered computing is perceived as an area of strategic importance because of the move towards greater decentralization and decomposition in the location and provision of computation. The area of VEs is one where increased collaboration should speed progress in solving some of the more intractable problems in building effective applications},
	keywords = {Books, Collaboration, Collaborative work, Conferences, EC/NSF joint Advanced Research Workshop, Feeds, Human computer interaction, human-centered computing, Internet, Joining materials, Laboratories, Online communities, Research initiatives, USA Councils, User interfaces, Virtual environment, virtual environments, Virtual reality},
	isbn = {0272-1716},
	doi = {10.1109/38.799742},
	author = {Brown,J. R and van Dam,A. and Earnshaw,R. and Encarnacao,J. and Guedj,R. and Preece,J. and Shneiderman, Ben and Vince,J.}
}
@conference {17477,
	title = {Using elastic windows for World-Wide Web Browsing},
	booktitle = {CHI 98 conference summary on Human factors in computing systems},
	series = {CHI {\textquoteright}98},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998///},
	pages = {189 - 190},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {elastic windows, User interfaces, window management, World-wide web},
	isbn = {1-58113-028-7},
	doi = {10.1145/286498.286666},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/286498.286666},
	author = {Kandogan,Eser and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17056,
	title = {Design and evaluation of incremental data structures and algorithms for dynamic query interfaces},
	booktitle = {IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 1997. Proceedings},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/10/21/21},
	pages = {81 - 86},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {A dynamic query interface (DQI) is a database access mechanism that provides continuous real-time feedback to the user during query formulation. Previous work shows that DQIs are elegant and powerful interfaces to small databases. Unfortunately, when applied to large databases, previous DQI algorithms slow to a crawl. We present a new incremental approach to DQI algorithms and display updates that work well with large databases, both in theory and in practice.},
	keywords = {Algorithm design and analysis, Bars, Computer science, continuous real-time feedback, Data structures, data visualisation, Data visualization, database access mechanism, Displays, DQI algorithms, dynamic query interfaces, Feedback, Graphical user interfaces, Heuristic algorithms, incremental data structures, Information Visualization, large databases, Manipulator dynamics, NASA, query formulation, query languages, Query processing, real-time systems, small databases, User interfaces, very large databases, visual databases, visual languages},
	isbn = {0-8186-8189-6},
	doi = {10.1109/INFVIS.1997.636790},
	author = {Tanin,E. and Beigel,R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16925,
	title = {A framework for search interfaces},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/04//Mar},
	pages = {18 - 20},
	abstract = {Searching textual databases can be confusing for users. Popular search systems for the World Wide Web and stand alone systems typically provide a simple interface: users type in keywords and receive a relevance ranked list of 10 results. This is appealing in its simplicity, but users are often frustrated because search results are confusing or aspects of the search are out of their control. If we are to improve user performance, reduce mistaken assumptions, and increase successful searches, we need more predictable design. To coordinate design practice, we suggest a four-phase framework that would satisfy first time, intermittent, and frequent users accessing a variety of textual and multimedia libraries},
	keywords = {Abstracts, Cities and towns, Databases, Delay, design practice, four-phase framework, frequent users, Information retrieval, Information services, Libraries, multimedia libraries, online front-ends, popular search systems, predictable design, Protection, relevance ranked list, search interfaces, search results, stand alone systems, textual database searching, Thesauri, User interfaces, user performance, word processing, World Wide Web},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.582969},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17283,
	title = {Low-effort, high-payoff user interface reengineering},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/08//Jul},
	pages = {66 - 72},
	abstract = {Although increasingly sophisticated design methodologies for developing new user interfaces exist, low-effort, high-payoff user interface reengineering represents a new direction-and opportunity. Yet reengineering a working system is complex and risky because of the potential disruption to users and managers, their justifiable fear of change, and the lack of guarantees that such changes will be for the better. Our largely positive experiences with the projects described here lead us to believe that user interface reengineering is a viable and important process. Low effort, high-payoff improvement recommendations can probably be made for most existing systems. Nevertheless, a narrowly focused user interface reengineering plan may be inappropriate when the major problems lie outside the scope of the user interface, such as inadequate functionalities, frequent crashes, and network problems. Attempts at improving less severe problems while ignoring deeper ones may be perceived as insensitive by the users. In such cases it is important to consider either making similar short-term improvements for other parts of the systems or postponing short-term user interface reengineering in favour of a more complete system reengineering. Similarly, the need for interface stability might outweigh the benefits of the short-term improvements if a complete reengineering is planned for the near future. But most likely these proposed diagnostic strategies and opportunities for improvement are only a prelude to the much larger task of business reengineering, which implies extensive user interface reengineering},
	keywords = {Business process re-engineering, complete system reengineering, Design methodology, Error analysis, Hardware, inadequate functionalities, interface stability, iterative methods, low-effort high-payoff user interface reengineering, short-term improvements, short-term user interface reengineering, software engineering, Software testing, System analysis and design, System testing, systems re-engineering, User centered design, user centred design, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.595958},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Rose,A. and Shneiderman, Ben and Vanniamparampil,A. J}
}
@article {17485,
	title = {Visual and textual consistency checking tools for graphical user interfaces},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/11//},
	pages = {722 - 735},
	abstract = {Designing user interfaces with consistent visual and textual properties is difficult. To demonstrate the harmful effects of inconsistency, we conducted an experiment with 60 subjects. Inconsistent interface terminology slowed user performance by 10 to 25 percent. Unfortunately, contemporary software tools provide only modest support for consistency control. Therefore, we developed SHERLOCK, a family of consistency analysis tools, which evaluates visual and textual properties of user interfaces. It provides graphical analysis tools such as a dialog box summary table that presents a compact overview of visual properties of all dialog boxes. SHERLOCK provides terminology analysis tools including an interface concordance, an interface spellchecker, and terminology baskets to check for inconsistent use of familiar groups of terms. Button analysis tools include a button concordance and a button layout table to detect variant capitalization, distinct typefaces, distinct colors, variant button sizes, and inconsistent button placements. We describe the design, software architecture, and the use of SHERLOCK. We tested SHERLOCK with four commercial prototypes. The outputs, analysis, and feedback from designers of the applications are presented},
	keywords = {button analysis tools, Color, dialog box summary table, experiment, graphical analysis tools, Graphical user interfaces, human factors, inconsistent interface terminology, interface color, interface spell checker, Output feedback, Prototypes, SHERLOCK, Software architecture, Software design, software metrics, software prototyping, software tools, Terminology, terminology analysis tools, Testing, textual consistency checking tools, user interface management systems, User interfaces, user performance, visual consistency checking tools},
	isbn = {0098-5589},
	doi = {10.1109/32.637386},
	author = {Mahajan,R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {17335,
	title = {Query previews in networked information systems},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Forum on Research and Technology Advances in Digital Libraries, 1996. ADL {\textquoteright}96},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996/05/13/15},
	pages = {120 - 129},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {In a networked information system (such as the NASA Earth Observing System-Data Information System (EOS-DIS)), there are three major obstacles facing users in a querying process: network performance, data volume and data complexity. In order to overcome these obstacles, we propose a two phase approach to query formulation. The two phases are the Query Preview and the Query Refinement. In the Query Preview phase, users formulate an initial query by selecting rough attribute values. The estimated number of matching data sets is shown, graphically on preview bars which allows users to rapidly focus on a manageable number of relevant data sets. Query previews also prevent wasted steps by eliminating zero hit queries. When the estimated number of data sets is long enough, the initial query is submitted to the network which returns the metadata of the data sets for further refinement in the Query Refinement phase. The two phase approach to query formulation overcomes slow network performance, and reduces the data volume and data complexity, problems. This approach is especially appropriate for users who do not have extensive knowledge about the data and who prefer an exploratory method to discover data patterns and exceptions. Using this approach, we have developed dynamic query user interfaces to allow users to formulate their queries across a networked environment},
	keywords = {Computer networks, data complexity, data mining, data patterns, data volume, dynamic query user interfaces, Educational institutions, EOS-DIS, exploratory method, Information retrieval, Information services, Information systems, Intelligent networks, interactive systems, Laboratories, Manipulator dynamics, matching data sets, NASA Earth Observing System-Data Information System, Network performance, networked environment, networked information systems, query formulation, query preview, query refinement, querying process, rough attribute values, User interfaces, visual databases, zero hit queries},
	isbn = {0-8186-7403-2},
	doi = {10.1109/ADL.1996.502522},
	author = {Donn,K. and Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@conference {13769,
	title = {Experimental investigation of high performance cognitive and interactive text filtering},
	booktitle = {, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 1995. Intelligent Systems for the 21st Century},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/10/22/25},
	pages = {4398-4403 vol.5 - 4398-4403 vol.5},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Text filtering has become increasingly important as the volume of networked information has exploded in recent years. This paper reviews recent progress in that field and reports on the development of a testbed for experimental investigation of cognitive and interactive text selection based on a history of user evaluations. An interactive filtering system model is presented and a new cognitive filtering technique which the authors call the Gaussian User Model is described. Because development of analytic measures of text selection effectiveness has proven intractable, the authors have modified the Cornell SMART text retrieval system to create a flexible text filtering testbed for experimental determination of filtering effectiveness. The paper concludes with a description of the design of this testbed system},
	keywords = {Cause effect analysis, Computer science, Contracts, Cornell SMART text retrieval system, Educational institutions, Gaussian User Model, high performance cognitive interactive text filtering, History, Information filtering, Information filters, Information retrieval, information retrieval system evaluation, Libraries, Matched filters, online front-ends, Query processing, System testing, text selection effectiveness, user evaluations, User interfaces, user modelling},
	isbn = {0-7803-2559-1},
	doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.1995.538486},
	author = {Oard, Douglas and DeClaris,N. and Dorr, Bonnie J and Faloutsos,C. and Marchionini,G.}
}
@conference {17316,
	title = {Organization overviews and role management: inspiration for future desktop environments},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, 1995},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/04/20/22},
	pages = {14 - 22},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {In our exploration of future work environments for the World Bank we proposed two concepts. First, organization overviews provide a consistent support to present the results of a variety of manual or semi-automated searches. Second this view can be adapted or expanded for each class of users to finally map the multiple personal roles an individual has in an organization. After command line interfaces, graphical user interfaces, and the current {\textquotedblleft}docu-centric{\textquotedblright} designs, a natural direction is towards a role-centered approach where we believe the emphasis is on the management of those multiple roles. Large visual overviews of the organization can be rapidly manipulated and zoomed in on to reveal the multiple roles each individual plays. Each role involves coordination with groups of people and accomplishment of tasks within a schedule},
	keywords = {Asia, bank data processing, Databases, Environmental economics, Environmental management, future desktop environments, Graphical user interfaces, human resource management, management information systems, Management training, multiple personal roles, office automation, organization overviews, personnel, Project management, Prototypes, role management, role-centered approach, scheduling, semi-automated searches, User interfaces, Utility programs, World Bank},
	isbn = {0-8186-7019-3},
	doi = {10.1109/ENABL.1995.484544},
	author = {Plaisant, Catherine and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17481,
	title = {Using Treemaps to Visualize the Analytic Hierarchy Process},
	journal = {Information Systems ResearchInformation Systems Research},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995/12/01/},
	pages = {357 - 375},
	abstract = {Treemaps, a visualization method for large hierarchical data spaces, are used to augment the capabilities of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for decision-making. Two direct manipulation tools, presented metaphorically as a {\textquotedblleft}pump{\textquotedblright} and a {\textquotedblleft}hook,{\textquotedblright} were developed and applied to the treemap to support AHP sensitivity analysis. Users can change the importance of criteria dynamically on the two-dimensional treemap and immediately see the impact on the outcome of the decision. This fluid process dramatically speeds up exploration and provides a better understanding of the relative impact of the component criteria. A usability study with six subjects using a prototype AHP application showed that treemap representation was acceptable from a visualization and data operation standpoint.},
	keywords = {AHP, analytic hierarchy process, decision support, treemap, User interfaces, Visualization},
	isbn = {1047-7047, 1526-5536},
	doi = {10.1287/isre.6.4.357},
	url = {http://isr.journal.informs.org/content/6/4/357},
	author = {Asahi,Toshiyuki and Turo,David and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16970,
	title = {An exploratory evaluation of three interfaces for browsing large hierarchical tables of contents},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Inf. Syst.},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994/10//},
	pages = {383 - 406},
	abstract = {Three different interfaces were used to browse a large (1296 items) table of contents. A fully expanded stable interface, expand/contract interface, and multipane interface were studied in a between-groups experiment with 41 novice participants. Nine timed fact retrieval tasks were performed; each task is analyzed and discussed separately. We found that both the expand/contract and multipane interfaces produced significantly faster times than the stable interface for many tasks using this large hierarchy; other advantages of the expand/contract and multipane interfaces over the stable interface are discussed. The animation characteristics of the expand/contract interface appear to play a major role. Refinements to the multipane and expand/contract interfaces are suggested. A predictive model for measuring navigation effort of each interface is presented.},
	keywords = {Browsing, hierarchies, table of contents, User interfaces},
	isbn = {1046-8188},
	doi = {10.1145/185462.185483},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/185462.185483},
	author = {Chimera,Richard and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16988,
	title = {Beyond intelligent machines: just do it},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993/01//},
	pages = {100 - 103},
	abstract = {The author argues that users want a sense of direct and immediate control over computers that differs from how they interact with people. He presents several examples of these predictable and controllable interfaces developed in the lab. The examples include tree maps and dynamic queries.<>},
	keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Computer aided instruction, Computer errors, controllable interfaces, Displays, dynamic queries, Educational institutions, History, HUMANS, intelligent machines, learning systems, Machine intelligence, predictable interfaces, Speech recognition, tree maps, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.207235},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17430,
	title = {Touch screens now offer compelling uses},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991/03//},
	pages = {93 - 94},
	abstract = {Research on improving the user interfaces of touch screen applications is described. The advantages of touch screens are discusses, their current capabilities are examined, and possible future developments are considered.<>},
	keywords = {Application software, Computer aided instruction, Computer displays, Computer science, Cultural differences, Fingers, future developments, information resources, Marketing and sales, Mice, Psychology, touch screen applications, touch sensitive screens, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.73754},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {16791,
	title = {An efficient pictorial database system for PSQL},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988/05//},
	pages = {639 - 650},
	abstract = {Pictorial databases require efficient and direct spatial search based on the analog form of spatial objects and relationships instead of search based on some cumbersome alphanumeric encodings of the pictures. A description is given of PSQL, a query language that allows pictorial domains to be presented to the user in their analog form and allows him or her to do direct manipulation on the objects found on those domains. Direct spatial search and computation on the pictures is done using efficient data structures, R- and R+-trees (multidimensional B-trees), which are excellent devices for searching spatial objects and relationships found on pictures},
	keywords = {alphanumeric encodings, Computer science, Data structures, Database languages, database management systems, Database systems, Encoding, Image coding, Image databases, multidimensional B-trees, Object oriented databases, pictorial database system, PSQL, query language, query languages, R+-trees, Relational databases, Spatial databases, spatial objects, spatial search, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0098-5589},
	doi = {10.1109/32.6141},
	author = {Roussopoulos, Nick and Faloutsos,C. and Sellis,T.}
}
@article {17164,
	title = {Finding facts vs. browsing knowledge in hypertext systems},
	journal = {Computer},
	volume = {21},
	year = {1988},
	month = {1988/01//},
	pages = {70 - 80},
	abstract = {The authors discuss the role of information retrieval, interface design, and cognitive science in hypertext research. They present a user-centered framework for information-seeking that has been used in evaluating two hypertext systems. They apply the framework to key design issues related to information retrieval in hypertext systems.<>},
	keywords = {browsing knowledge, Cognitive science, cognitive systems, Electronic publishing, hypertext research, hypertext systems, Information retrieval, information retrieval systems, information-seeking, interface design, User interfaces, word processing},
	isbn = {0018-9162},
	doi = {10.1109/2.222119},
	author = {Marchionini,G. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17090,
	title = {Display Strategies for Program Browsing: Concepts and Experiment},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986/05//},
	pages = {7 - 15},
	abstract = {The new, larger display screens can improve program comprehension{\textemdash}if the added space is used for mome effective presentation, not just more code or larger type.},
	keywords = {Computer errors, Content management, Fault detection, Information analysis, Large screen displays, Microscopy, Phase detection, Programming profession, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/MS.1986.233405},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Shafer,P. and Simon,R. and Weldon,L.}
}
