@article {12036,
	title = {A Language for Human Action},
	journal = {Computer},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007/05//},
	pages = {42 - 51},
	abstract = {Human-centered computing (HCC) involves conforming computer technology to humans while naturally achieving human-machine interaction. In a human-centered system, the interaction focuses on human requirements, capabilities, and limitations. These anthropocentric systems also focus on the consideration of human sensory-motor skills in a wide range of activities. This ensures that the interface between artificial agents and human users accounts for perception and action in a novel interaction paradigm. In turn, this leads to behavior understanding through cognitive models that allow content description and, ultimately, the integration of real and virtual worlds. Our work focuses on building a language that maps to the lower-level sensory and motor languages and to the higher-level natural language. An empirically demonstrated human activity language provides sensory-motor-grounded representations for understanding human actions. A linguistic framework allows the analysis and synthesis of these actions.},
	keywords = {anthropocentric system, artificial agent, Artificial intelligence, cognitive model, Concrete, Databases, human action, human activity language, Human computer interaction, human factors, human sensory-motor skill, human-centered computing, human-machine interaction, HUMANS, Intelligent sensors, linguistic framework, linguistics, Mirrors, Morphology, natural language, natural languages, Neurons, Power system modeling, user interface, User interfaces},
	isbn = {0018-9162},
	doi = {10.1109/MC.2007.154},
	author = {Guerra-Filho,G. and Aloimonos, J.}
}
@conference {18679,
	title = {Modeling the Symptomatic Fixes Archetype in Enterprise Computer Security},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006/09//},
	pages = {178 - 188},
	abstract = {To support decision-making for security-risk mitigation and the appropriate selection of security countermeasures, we propose a system dynamics model of the security aspects of an enterprise system. We developed such an executable model, incorporating the concept of archetypes. We present here one archetype for computer security, namely symptomatic fixes (or shifting the burden). Using simulation, we show one instance of how this archetype can be used for recognizing and diagnosing typical situations, as well as for fixing problems. The global effects of changes and behavioral trends are examined, and other instances of symptomatic fixes in security are described as well},
	keywords = {business data processing, decision making, decision-making, enterprise computer security, human factors, security of data, security-risk mitigation, symptomatic fixes archetype modeling, system dynamics model, system modeling},
	doi = {10.1109/COMPSAC.2006.62},
	author = {Rosenfeld,S. N. and Rus,I. and Michel Cukier}
}
@conference {11979,
	title = {A sensory grammar for inferring behaviors in sensor networks},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks},
	series = {IPSN {\textquoteright}06},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006///},
	pages = {251 - 259},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {Nashville, Tennessee, USA},
	abstract = {The ability of a sensor network to parse out observable activities into a set of distinguishable actions is a powerful feature that can potentially enable many applications of sensor networks to everyday life situations. In this paper we introduce a framework that uses a hierarchy of Probabilistic Context Free Grammars (PCFGs) to perform such parsing. The power of the framework comes from the hierarchical organization of grammars that allows the use of simple local sensor measurements for reasoning about more macroscopic behaviors. Our presentation describes how to use a set of phonemes to construct grammars and how to achieve distributed operation using a messaging model. The proposed framework is flexible. It can be mapped to a network hierarchy or can be applied sequentially and across the network to infer behaviors as they unfold in space and time. We demonstrate this functionality by inferring simple motion patterns using a sequence of simple direction vectors obtained from our camera sensor network testbed.},
	keywords = {algorithms, behavior identification, human activity, human factors, pcfg, real-time and embedded systems, sensor grammars, sensor networks},
	isbn = {1-59593-334-4},
	doi = {10.1145/1127777.1127817},
	author = {Lymberopoulos, Dimitrios and Ogale, Abhijit S. and Savvides, Andreas and Aloimonos, J.}
}
@conference {14777,
	title = {Combining self-reported and automatic data to improve programming effort measurement},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th European software engineering conference held jointly with 13th ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on Foundations of software engineering},
	series = {ESEC/FSE-13},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {356 - 365},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {Lisbon, Portugal},
	abstract = {Measuring effort accurately and consistently across subjects in a programming experiment can be a surprisingly difficult task. In particular, measures based on self-reported data may differ significantly from measures based on data which is recorded automatically from a subject{\textquoteright}s computing environment. Since self-reports can be unreliable, and not all activities can be captured automatically, a complete measure of programming effort should incorporate both classes of data. In this paper, we show how self-reported and automatic effort can be combined to perform validation and to measure total programming effort.},
	keywords = {effort, experimentation, human factors, manual approaches, measurement, process metrics, verification},
	isbn = {1-59593-014-0},
	doi = {10.1145/1081706.1081762},
	author = {Hochstein, Lorin and Basili, Victor R. and Zelkowitz, Marvin V and Hollingsworth, Jeffrey K and Carver, Jeff}
}
@conference {19447,
	title = {Developing Locally Relevant Software Applications for Rural Areas: A South African Example},
	booktitle = {SAICSIT {\textquoteright}04},
	series = {SAICSIT {\textquoteright}04},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004///},
	pages = {239 - 243},
	publisher = {South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists},
	organization = {South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists},
	abstract = {The digital divide between rural and urban areas within developing countries is vast. We investigate how to address this divide by introducing Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) into remote rural areas. Our aim is to discover how to create locally relevant software applications with appropriate content for these areas. We use a user centred design approach and a modified software development lifecyle that is participatory, iterative and cyclical. This process is based on principles from Participatory Design and Action Research. This paper presents our initial experience of developing a telemedicine application for a rural village in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa using this process. We present an overview of the methodology, describe the software application we have developed and cite several challenges we have faced. Finally we conclude that an inter-organisational and inter-disciplinary approach is needed to develop software for remote areas.},
	keywords = {action research, design, human factors, participatory design, telemedicine},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1035053.1035083},
	author = {Marshini Chetty and Tucker, William and Blake, Edwin}
}
@article {17485,
	title = {Visual and textual consistency checking tools for graphical user interfaces},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997/11//},
	pages = {722 - 735},
	abstract = {Designing user interfaces with consistent visual and textual properties is difficult. To demonstrate the harmful effects of inconsistency, we conducted an experiment with 60 subjects. Inconsistent interface terminology slowed user performance by 10 to 25 percent. Unfortunately, contemporary software tools provide only modest support for consistency control. Therefore, we developed SHERLOCK, a family of consistency analysis tools, which evaluates visual and textual properties of user interfaces. It provides graphical analysis tools such as a dialog box summary table that presents a compact overview of visual properties of all dialog boxes. SHERLOCK provides terminology analysis tools including an interface concordance, an interface spellchecker, and terminology baskets to check for inconsistent use of familiar groups of terms. Button analysis tools include a button concordance and a button layout table to detect variant capitalization, distinct typefaces, distinct colors, variant button sizes, and inconsistent button placements. We describe the design, software architecture, and the use of SHERLOCK. We tested SHERLOCK with four commercial prototypes. The outputs, analysis, and feedback from designers of the applications are presented},
	keywords = {button analysis tools, Color, dialog box summary table, experiment, graphical analysis tools, Graphical user interfaces, human factors, inconsistent interface terminology, interface color, interface spell checker, Output feedback, Prototypes, SHERLOCK, Software architecture, Software design, software metrics, software prototyping, software tools, Terminology, terminology analysis tools, Testing, textual consistency checking tools, user interface management systems, User interfaces, user performance, visual consistency checking tools},
	isbn = {0098-5589},
	doi = {10.1109/32.637386},
	author = {Mahajan,R. and Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17104,
	title = {Dynamic queries for visual information seeking},
	journal = {IEEE Software},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994/11//},
	pages = {70 - 77},
	abstract = {Considers how dynamic queries allow users to "fly through" databases by adjusting widgets and viewing the animated results. In studies, users reacted to this approach with an enthusiasm more commonly associated with video games. Adoption requires research into retrieval and display algorithms and user-interface design. The author discusses how experts may benefit from visual interfaces because they will be able to formulate more complex queries and interpret intricate results.<>},
	keywords = {Algorithm design and analysis, animated results, animation, Application software, Command languages, complex queries, database management systems, Databases, display algorithms, Displays, dynamic queries, Educational institutions, Games, Graphical user interfaces, human factors, Query processing, retrieval, Runtime, Technological innovation, user-interface design, visual databases, visual information seeking, visual interfaces, widgets},
	isbn = {0740-7459},
	doi = {10.1109/52.329404},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17195,
	title = {Human Factors Experiments in Designing Interactive Systems},
	journal = {Computer},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1979},
	month = {1979/12//},
	pages = {9 - 19},
	abstract = {Successful industrial design gracefully unites esthetics and function at minimum cost. However, designers face special problems when they apply their skills to interactive computer systems.},
	keywords = {Application software, Computer languages, Design engineering, Home computing, human factors, interactive systems, Process design, Testing},
	isbn = {0018-9162},
	doi = {10.1109/MC.1979.1658571},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17226,
	title = {Improving the human factors aspect of database interactions},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Database Syst.},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1978},
	month = {1978/12//},
	pages = {417 - 439},
	abstract = {The widespread dissemination of computer and information systems to nontechnically trained individuals requires a new approach to the design and development of database interfaces. This paper provides the motivational background for controlled psychological experimentation in exploring the person/machine interface. Frameworks for the reductionist approach are given, research methods discussed, research issues presented, and a small experiment is offered as an example of what can be accomplished. This experiment is a comparison of natural and artificial language query facilities. Although subjects posed approximately equal numbers of valid queries with either facility, natural language users made significantly more invalid queries which could not be answered from the database that was described.},
	keywords = {Data models, Database systems, experimentation, human factors, natural language interfaces, Psychology, query languages},
	isbn = {0362-5915},
	doi = {10.1145/320289.320295},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/320289.320295},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben}
}
@article {17147,
	title = {Experimental investigations of the utility of detailed flowcharts in programming},
	journal = {Communications of the ACM},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1977},
	month = {1977/06//},
	pages = {373 - 381},
	abstract = {This paper describes previous research on flowcharts and a series of controlled experiments to test the utility of detailed flowcharts as an aid to program composition, comprehension, debugging, and modification. No statistically significant difference between flowchart and nonflowchart groups has been shown, thereby calling into question the utility of detailed flowcharting. A program of further research is suggested.},
	keywords = {Debugging, experimental testing, flowcharts, human factors, modification, program composition, program comprehension},
	isbn = {0001-0782},
	doi = {10.1145/359605.359610},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/359605.359610},
	author = {Shneiderman, Ben and Mayer,Richard and McKay,Don and Heller,Peter}
}
