@conference {12281,
	title = {Misbehaving TCP receivers can cause internet-wide congestion collapse},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th ACM conference on Computer and communications security},
	series = {CCS {\textquoteright}05},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005///},
	pages = {383 - 392},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {An optimistic acknowledgment (opt-ack) is an acknowledgment sent by a misbehaving client for a data segment that it has not received. Whereas previous work has focused on opt-ack as a means to greedily improve end-to-end performance, we study opt-ack exclusively as a denial of service attack. Specifically, an attacker sends optimistic acknowledgments to many victims in parallel, thereby amplifying its effective bandwidth by a factor of 30 million (worst case). Thus, even a relatively modest attacker can totally saturate the paths from many victims back to the attacker. Worse, a distributed network of compromised machines ("zombies") attacking in parallel can exploit over-provisioning in the Internet to bring about wide-spread, sustained congestion collapse.We implement this attack both in simulation and in a wide-area network, and show it severity both in terms of number of packets and total traffic generated. We engineer and implement a novel solution that does not require client or network modifications allowing for practical deployment. Additionally, we demonstrate the solution{\textquoteright}s efficiency on a real network.},
	keywords = {Congestion control, distributed denial of service},
	isbn = {1-59593-226-7},
	doi = {10.1145/1102120.1102170},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1102120.1102170},
	author = {Sherwood,Rob and Bhattacharjee, Bobby and Braud,Ryan}
}
